韩国的能源问题

本文介绍了韩国能源供应、消费现状,并对未来能源需求以及石油需求进行了预测,阐述了韩国石油、天然气安全供应以及石油储备等问题。     

保障长江三角洲地区一次能源供应安全的思考

一次能源供应是长江三角洲地区能源供应安全的重要组成部分.在分析地区一次能源资源与供应状况的基础上,提出了扩大石油储备规模、引进LNG、共同规划地区输油、输气管网和公共能源平台建设等保障措施.对地区能源供应安全有一定的参考价值.     

印度:拟建天然气储备库

正印度目前正考虑在石油战略储备的基础上建设天然气应急储备,以应对印度在对进口燃料不断加深的依赖中可能产生的供应中断。据了解,印度政府鼓励在天然气生产、进口、运输和配送等基础设施方面进行大规模投资,预计至2030年,其国内天然气使用量可增长2.5倍。另据印度油气部门人士透露,印度的第一个储备库可     

天然气的稳定可靠供应

天然气的稳定可靠供应是天然气市场发展的基础,也是天然气有效利用的保证。结合上海的天然气供应,从市场需求特点,多气源供应方式、合理配置管网、扩大储备、有效的调峰方式等方面分析了对确保天然气稳定可靠供应的作用。     

上海天然气发展概况

天然气作为一种清洁高效的能源,是低碳经济的重要支柱。为了保证天然气的有效利用,稳定可靠的天然气供应是前提。文章以上海的天然气供应体系为例,分析了多气源供应、LNG储备、合理的管网配置、有效的调峰方式等对确保天然气稳定可靠供应的作用。     

上海天然气发展概况

天然气作为一种清洁高效的能源,是低碳经济的重要支柱。为了保证天然气的有效利用,稳定可靠的天然气供应是前提。文章以上海的天然气供应体系为例,分析了多气源供应、LNG储备、合理的管网配置、有效的调峰方式等对确保天然气稳定可靠供应的作用。     

上海天然气市场和液化天然气的现状与展望

2009年,上海能源供应体系自从引入液化天然气以来,进口液化天然气对全市天然气供应总量和来源多元化做出了重要贡献。2013年,液化天然气消费在全市天然气消费总量中占比达50%,在天然气供应体系中发挥了越来越重要的作用。近年来,上海天然气市场发生了深刻变化,天然气需求增长放缓,与2013年之前十多年的两位数增长形成了鲜明对比。为了更好地理解市场的基本面,首先回顾了上海天然气消费的历史趋势,随后分析了影响需求增长的驱动因素和约束条件,以判断未来天然气需求的趋势和液化天然气在市场中扮演的角色,认为天然气需求增长的潜力主要在民用及商业领域。结合分析可能的供应选择,其结论是未来液化天然气将继续作为上海天然气供应体系的主力气源,同时提供市场急需的灵活性以保障高峰时段的用气需求。     

广东天然气市场发展现状与前景

由于具备清洁环保优势,天然气市场发展备受社会各界关注。讨论了天然气市场的消费现状,在分析广东省天然气市场规模及空间分布的基础上,重点从消费规模、客户结构及供应保障3个方面讨论了广东省天然气市场的发展前景,并对天然气市场相关的定价机制、储备调峰和管网建设等关键问题进行思考,为谋划未来天然气市场新格局提供参考。     

基于马尔可夫转移矩阵的城市能源供应结构预测模型

在马尔可夫转移矩阵理论的基础上,根据城市能源规划引入约束条件,建立带有约束条件的能源供应结构预测模型.利用上海市“十五“期间能源供应结构数据和“十一五“能源发展规划,对上海市“十一五“期间的能源供应结构进行实证计算,预测结果切合实际,表明该约束模型可以作为城市能源结构预测的理论依据.     

东海平湖油气田的开发利用

1987年至1992年,在国家经委和上海市经委的领导和组织下,由上海市等有关单位参加的“东海天然气早期开采可行性研究课题组”,对东海平湖油气田天然气早期开采供应上海用于城市燃气,进行了大量的调查研究工作.课题组在完成《东海天然气早期开采可行性研究最终报告》后上海市政府、地质矿产部、中国海洋石油总公司等三家联合向国家计委正式上报了《东海天然气早期开采供应上海城市燃气工程》项目建议书.经国务院批准,国家计委印发了《关于审批东海天然气早期开采供应上海城市燃气工程项目建议书的请示》的通知(计能源)[1992]868号文和754号文);同意由上海牵头,与地质矿产部上海海洋地质调查局和中国海洋石油总公司东海石油公司共同组建经济实体,在限定的平湖油气田范围内,开发东海平湖油气田.根据这一精神,于1992年9月在上海组建了“上海石油天然气公司”实施对东海平湖油气田的开发.     

Management of natural gas resources and search for alternative renewable energy resources: A case study of Pakistan

Energy usage in Pakistan has increased rapidly in past few years due to increase in economic growth. Inadequate and inconsistent supply of energy has created pressure on the industrial and commercial sectors of Pakistan and has also affected environment. Demand has already exceeded supply and load shedding has become common phenomenon. Due to excessive consumption of energy resources it would become difficult to meet future energy demands. This necessitates proper management of existing and exploration of new energy resources. Energy resource management is highly dependent on the supply and demand pattern. This paper highlights the future demands, production and supply of energy produced from natural gas based on economic and environmental constraints in Pakistan with special emphasis on management of natural gas. An attempt has been made by proposing a suitable course of action to meet the rising gas demand. A mechanism has been proposed to evaluate Pakistan's future gas demand through quantitative analysis of base, worst and best/chosen option. CO₂ emission for all cases has also been evaluated. The potential, constraints and possible solutions to develop alternative renewable energy resources in the country have also been discussed. This work will be fruitful for the decision makers responsible for energy planning of the country. This work is not only helpful for Pakistan but is equally important to other developing countries to manage their energy resources.     

Gas-on-gas competition in Shanghai

In common with other major economic centres in China, Shanghai's energy consumption has been increasing rapidly to support the high growth rate of its economy. To achieve rational, efficient and clean use of energy, together with improved environmental quality within the city, the Shanghai municipal government has decided to expand the supply and utilization of natural gas. Shanghai plans to increase the share of natural gas in its primary energy mix to 7 per cent by 2010, up from 3 per cent in 2005. This increase in natural gas demand has to be matched with a corresponding increase in supply. To date, the Shanghai region has relied on offshore extracted natural gas but this supply is limited due to the size of the reserves. Since 2005, the West–East pipeline has provided an alternative for Shanghai but demands from other regions could reduce the potential for expanding supplies from that source. Since domestic production will not be sufficient to meet demand in the near future, Shanghai is building a liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification terminal at the Yangshan deep-water port that would allow an additional supply of more than 3 billion cubic meters per year of natural gas. Malaysia has already committed to supply LNG to the Shanghai terminal at a price that is significantly higher than the wholesale “city-gate” price for natural gas transported via pipeline, but still lower than the gas price to end-use consumers. The presence of both an LNG terminal and a transmission pipeline that connects Shanghai to domestic gas-producing regions will create gas-on-gas competition. This study assesses the benefits of introducing such competition to one of China's most advanced cities under various scenarios for demand growth. In this paper, the impact of imported LNG on market concentration in Shanghai's gas market will be analysed using the Herfindahl–Hirschmann index (HHI) and the residual supply index (RSI). Our results show that Shanghai remains a supply-constrained gas market that will continue to rely upon gas supplies from the western provinces and imported LNG. After 2017, the gas market in Shanghai can be regarded as unconcentrated since its HHI fall below 1800 under a very high growth scenario. In terms of RSI, the gas market can be considered competitive at low, moderate and high growth consumption between 2012 and 2015.     

An analysis of industrial demand for natural gas

Several analysts have proposed the theory that there is a frustrated demand for natural gas in the United States. According to this theory, the natural gas curtailments of the 1970s have convinced industrial users that natural gas is not reliably available. The users are willing to buy fuel oil at a premium and store it to assure a reliable energy supply. If this theory is correct, as the supply of natural gas becomes more reliable, natural gas should be able to recapture the market share it lost to fuel oil.To investigate this theory, a state-level data base on demand for fuel oil and natural gas by all manufacturing sectors for 1971 and 1974 to 1979 was developed. Then a model was developed to explain manufacturers' demand for fuel oil and natural gas during this period on the basis of fuel price and the availability of natural gas. Rather than a frustrated demand for natural gas, we find an excess demand for natural gas in several states. Fuel oil may be able to capture the market from natural gas in these states.     

Indicators of security of natural gas supply in Asia

Natural gas has become an increasingly valuable resource and a global commodity. The demand for it has significantly increased. Japan, Korea and Taiwan heavily rely on liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports for their gas supplies from Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Australia and the Middle East. On the other hand, countries like Thailand and Singapore import gas via trans-border pipelines. Gas supply interruptions, volatile gas prices, transportation and distribution bottlenecks, and a growing reliance on imports over longer distances have renewed interest on gas security in Asia. This paper examines the relative vulnerability to natural gas supply disruptions of seven gas-importing countries in Asia for year 2008. Based on four indicators of security of gas supply, a composite gas supply security index is estimated as an overall indication of gas vulnerability for our sample countries. The results demonstrate that there are differences in the values of the overall indicator of gas vulnerability among countries and the assessment is useful in developing an effective strategy of natural gas supply security in countries in the Asian region.     

Current situation and future perspectives of European natural gas sector

Gas market in Europe is experiencing a radical change for different reasons, partially determined and accelerated by economic downturn of the last period. In the past few years, many European countries adopted energy policies largely based on the utilization of natural gas. In fact, a sharp increase of the demand was observed and, at the same time, a lot of infrastructures were developed to assure the necessary supply. In the last few years, due to the economic downturn, natural gas demand decreased, causing a consistent oversupply on the market, which altered the consolidated dynamics of the sector. Understanding the changes currently under development in the European gas market is of paramount importance in order to design future strategies for the sector; in particular, it is necessary to understand if the present situation will cause a reshaping of the sector.     

The future of natural gas consumption in Beijing,Guangdong and Shanghai: An assessment utilizing MARKAL

Natural gas could possibly become a si0gnificant portion of the future fuel mix in China. However, there is still great uncertainty surrounding the size of this potential market and therefore its impact on the global gas trade. In order to identify some of the important factors that might drive natural gas consumption in key demand areas in China, we focus on three regions: Beijing, Guangdong, and Shanghai. Using the economic optimization model MARKAL, we initially assume that the drivers are government mandates of emissions standards, reform of the Chinese financial structure, the price and available supply of natural gas, and the rate of penetration of advanced power generating and end-use. The results from the model show that the level of natural gas consumption is most sensitive to policy scenarios, which strictly limit SO₂ emissions from power plants. The model also revealed that the low cost of capital for power plants in China boosts the economic viability of capital-intensive coal-fired plants. This suggests that reform within the financial sector could be a lever for encouraging increased natural gas use.     

The future of the European natural gas market: A quantitative assessment

The debate over the availability of conventional natural gas has been nearly as strong as that for conventional oil. In Europe, the debate is strengthened due to the region’s dependence on natural gas from outside countries. In addition, concern has been expressed by some energy experts in recent years about an imminent shortage of natural gas from Europe, caused supposedly by dwindling natural gas resources. Thus, the purpose of this analysis is to address the concern by assessing the availability of natural gas in the region. This is done by estimating a cumulative availability curve showing natural gas endowment versus production costs. The findings indicate that natural gas in Europe is more available and economic than often assumed. Increased research and development of this potential could help increase energy security in the region.     

British gas buying rights and natural gas depletion

The UK Government has decided to remove the British Gas Corporation's buying rights for natural gas on the UK Continental Shelf. Here P. Lehmann and N. Shaw look at the possible consequences. They suggest that, in the case of the natural resources market forces will not necessarily result in optimal solutions for society as a whole. Thus, the proposed change is likely to result in over-rapid depletion of natural gas reserves, with consequences for the rest of the economy and other energy industries. It will do little to improve the available information about the amount of unused gas reserves in UK waters. It will increase still further the dominant role of the major oil companies in the energy market and will leave more of the economic rent from North Sea gas with the producing companies     

径向热管换热器在天然气工业炉低温烟气中的应用

当前我国的能源形势紧张,能源利用状况令人担忧.在一些高耗能的企业,工业生产中排放的中低温烟气余热由于回收难度高、回收成本大等问题,一直得不到合理的利用,如何合理回收成为亟待解决的难题之一.简要介绍了一种新型余热利用换热设备——径向热管换热器,提出了计算热管换热器经济性评价指标的方法,并以某工厂低温烟气余热回收工程为实例,对烟气余热的回收利用进行了技术和经济效益分析.实践应用证明,径向热管换热器在工业低温烟气余热回收中有很好的实用性和可行性.     

天然气在空调行业与其它能源竞争的探讨

对“西气东输”的天然气到达上海之后,天然气在空调行业中与其它能源的竞争作了分析探讨。提出一种用用经济系数来评价用能系统的热经济性的方法,并用此方法对上海某一办公楼空调系统的四种方案进行了比较分析,探讨了天然气空调的热经济性及其与其它空调的竞争,并说明其优越性。火