Mass spectrometry for small molecule pharmaceutical product development: a review

Developing a pharmaceutical product has become increasingly difficult and expensive. With an emphasis on developing project knowledge at an earlier stage in development, the use of information-rich technologies (particularly MS) has continued to expand throughout product development. Continued improvements in LC/MS technology have widened the scope of utilizing MS methods for performing both qualitative and quantitative applications within product development. This review describes a multi-tiered MS strategy designed to enhance and accelerate the identification and profiling of both process- and degradation-related impurities in either the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or formulated product. Such impurities can be formed either during chemical synthesis, formulation, or during storage. This review provides an overview of a variety of orthogonal-mass spectrometric methodologies, namely GC/MS, LC/MS, and ICP-MS, in support of product development. This review is not meant to be all inclusive; however, it has been written to highlight the increasing use of hyphenated MS techniques within the pharmaceutical development area.     

液相色谱技术及液质联用技术在食品及农产品残留检测中的应用

讨论液相色谱相关技术及其在残留分析中的应用。介绍了用于样品前处理的固相提取技术（SPE）、液相色谱技术（HPLC）、液质联用技术（LC／MS）的特点，及其在食品及农产品中兽药、农药及毒素类有毒有害物质残留分析中的应用。     

质谱新技术在毒品分析中的应用

毒品分析是办理涉毒犯罪案件的重要环节之一,为案件侦破和证据收集提供重要依据。质谱分析法具有灵敏度高、分析速度快、所需样品量少等特点,因其出色的分析性能越来越受到分析人员的重视。本文综述了色谱质谱联用技术和新兴原位直接电离质谱技术在毒品分析领域的应用情况,并展望了质谱新技术在毒品分析领域的发展前景。     

MALDI-TOF生物质谱成像技术的进展

随着MALDI-TOF等生物质谱仪器性能的提升和应用领域的扩大,基于MALDI的质谱成像技术已成为研究肿瘤标志物、药物代谢、脂类分布等方面的有力手段。最新样品前处理方法以及自动化基质喷涂等技术的发展,大大提高了质谱成像技术的灵敏度和分辨率。利用原位酶切技术直接鉴定组织切片上的蛋白质和多肽是IMS当前的热点和关键。体内药物代谢物分布、脂类物质分布以及植物组织的质谱成像等研究逐渐成为新的应用热点。本文较系统地介绍了生物组织质谱成像技术的研究进展。     

液相色谱-质谱联用技术在药物代谢产物鉴定中的应用

药物代谢研究贯穿药物开发的整个过程。生物基质中药物代谢产物的快速、准确鉴定有助于理解药物或候选化合物的生物转化途径,确定代谢软位点,从而帮助优化先导物结构,筛选出具有更高代谢稳定性的药物。利用亲核性捕获试剂开展体外代谢实验,检测反应性代谢产物的生成,相关结果可以帮助规避候选化合物进入临床后可能产生的毒性风险。由于液相色谱-质谱联用技术（LC/MS）具有分析通量高、检测灵敏度高、选择性好、能提供丰富的结构相关信息等优点,其在药物代谢研究中的作用越来越重要。本工作综述了近年来作者所在实验室采用LC/MS法开展的药物代谢产物鉴定研究,提出了基于LC/MS技术的药物代谢产物鉴定研究的基本流程和药物在人体内的主要代谢产物,可为临床药动学研究和药物相互作用研究提供数据基础。     

Mass spectrometry‐based holistic analytical approaches for metabolite profiling in systems biology studies

Metabonomics and metabolomics represent one of the three major platforms in systems biology. To perform metabolomics it is necessary to generate comprehensive “global” metabolite profiles from complex samples, for example, biological fluids or tissue extracts. Analytical technologies based on mass spectrometry (MS), and in particular on liquid chromatography–MS (LC–MS), have become a major tool providing a significant source of global metabolite profiling data. In the present review we describe and compare the utility of the different analytical strategies and technologies used for MS‐based metabolomics with a particular focus on LC–MS. Both the advantages offered by the technology and also the challenges and limitations that need to be addressed for the successful application of LC–MS in metabolite analysis are described. Data treatment and approaches resulting in the detection and identification of biomarkers are considered. Special emphasis is given to validation issues, instrument stability, and QA/quality control (QC) procedures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:884–906, 2011     

Biochemical applications of mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical drug discovery

Biochemical applications of mass spectrometry (MS) are important in the pharmaceutical industry. They comprise compositional analyses of biomolecules, especially proteins, and methods that measure molecular functions such as ligand binding. In early drug discovery, MS is used to characterize essential reagents and in structural biology. A number of MS-based methods have been proposed for use in high-throughput screening (HTS), but are unlikely to supplant established radiometric and fluorometric methods for this purpose. These methods, which include pulsed-ultrafiltration MS, frontal affinity chromatography-MS, and size-exclusion chromatography-MS, may ultimately be most successful in the post-screening lead development phase. In full development, MS is used heavily in the search for biomarkers that can be used to gauge disease progression and drug action. This review gives equal attention to the technical aspects of MS-based methods and to selective pressures present in the industrial environment that influence their chances of gaining wide application.     

Application of mass spectrometry in the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers

This review summarized the applications of mass spectrometric techniques for the analysis of the important flame retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to understand the environmental sources, fate and toxicity of PBDEs that were briefly discussed to give a general idea for the need of analytical methodologies. Specific performance of various mass spectrometers hyphenated with, for example, gas chromatograph, liquid chromatograph, and inductively coupled plasma (GC/MS, LC/MS, and ICP/MS, respectively) for the analysis of PBDEs was compared with an objective to present the information on the evolution of MS techniques for determining PBDEs in environmental and human samples. GC/electron capture negative ionization quadrupole MS (GC/NCI qMS), GC/high resolution MS (GC/HRMS) and GC ion trap MS (GC/ITMS) are most commonly used MS techniques for the determination of PBDEs. New analytical technologies such as fast tandem GC/MS and LC/MS become available to improve analyses of higher PBDEs. The development and application of the tandem MS techniques have helped to understand environmental fate and transformations of PBDEs of which abiotic and biotic degradation of decaBDE is thought to be one major source of Br_1‐9BDEs present in the environment in addition to direct loading from commercial mixtures. MS‐based proteomics will offer an insight into the molecular mechanisms of toxicity and potential developmental and neurotoxicity of PBDEs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 29:737–775, 2010     

A review of clinical diagnostic applications of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) technology is emerging as a complementary method to traditional methodology used for clinical applications. Enhanced specificity and high-throughput capabilities are providing significant benefits to clinical diagnostic laboratories conducting routine analyses. This technology is expected to expand rapidly as scientists focus on more complicated challenges that can be solved efficiently by adding LC/MS/MS to their arsenal of techniques.     

LC/MS技术在寡核苷酸类药物生物样品定量分析和代谢物鉴定中的应用

寡核苷酸是药物发展的新领域,这类药物是人工合成的DNA或RNA片段,一般由15~50个核苷酸组成,其药动学研究的经典方法是酶联免疫法,但由于该方法的建立耗时、耗资,因此成为新药研发的瓶颈。液相色谱-质谱（LC/MS）联用技术在寡核苷酸类药物生物分析中面临的主要问题有：待测物离子化效率低、基质效应严重、色谱分离条件与质谱不易兼容,样品处理回收率低,但该方法建立快速且选择性强,并能够同时进行代谢产物研究,因此,这项技术尽管存在一些缺点但依然备受关注。本文综述了过去15年中LC/MS技术在寡核苷酸类药物生物样品定量分析和代谢物鉴定中的发展和应用。     

全自动整体式毛细管规模液相色谱系统——Waters CapLC~(TM)系统

毛细管液相色谱系统是Waters多年心血的杰作。它利用最先进的光纤技术,使系统可以提供比传统分析规模HPLC高50倍的灵敏度。毛细管水平的流路不仅几乎无死体积,而且可以平稳而高度重现地输出低至1ul/min的流动相,非常适合与质谱检测器的连接。精心的设计与制作,使CapLC系统能够提供优于传统HPLC系统的保留时间重现性与分辨率。系统很适合分析样品量很小的被测物,在疾病目标识别、生化分子和小分子药物的药代动力学研究等方面有广阔的应用前景。 CapLC配以快速高吞吐量进样器和二极管矩阵检测器,是全自动的毛细管LC/MS系统组件     

Mass spectrometric based approaches in urine metabolomics and biomarker discovery

Urine metabolomics has recently emerged as a prominent field for the discovery of non‐invasive biomarkers that can detect subtle metabolic discrepancies in response to a specific disease or therapeutic intervention. Urine, compared to other biofluids, is characterized by its ease of collection, richness in metabolites and its ability to reflect imbalances of all biochemical pathways within the body. Following urine collection for metabolomic analysis, samples must be immediately frozen to quench any biogenic and/or non‐biogenic chemical reactions. According to the aim of the experiment; sample preparation can vary from simple procedures such as filtration to more specific extraction protocols such as liquid‐liquid extraction. Due to the lack of comprehensive studies on urine metabolome stability, higher storage temperatures (i.e. 4°C) and repetitive freeze‐thaw cycles should be avoided. To date, among all analytical techniques, mass spectrometry (MS) provides the best sensitivity, selectivity and identification capabilities to analyze the majority of the metabolite composition in the urine. Combined with the qualitative and quantitative capabilities of MS, and due to the continuous improvements in its related technologies (i.e. ultra high‐performance liquid chromatography [UPLC] and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography [HILIC]), liquid chromatography (LC)‐MS is unequivocally the most utilized and the most informative analytical tool employed in urine metabolomics. Furthermore, differential isotope tagging techniques has provided a solution to ion suppression from urine matrix thus allowing for quantitative analysis. In addition to LC‐MS, other MS‐based technologies have been utilized in urine metabolomics. These include direct injection (infusion)‐MS, capillary electrophoresis‐MS and gas chromatography‐MS. In this article, the current progresses of different MS‐based techniques in exploring the urine metabolome as well as the recent findings in providing potentially diagnostic urinary biomarkers are discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:115–134, 2017.     

GC/MS/MS和LC/MS/MS在现代农产品分析中的应用

介绍了食品安全的影响及食品中有害物质分析的特点，着重介绍了GC／MS／MS和LC／MS／MS法在食品中的农药残留和兽药残留的分析应用。     

超高效液相色谱(UPLCTM)与质谱联用技术:-改善药残和代谢物分析的结果质量

介绍了最新的UPLC^TM技术及其与质谱联用对药残及代谢物分析。UPLC与质谱联用不仅获得高速、高分离度，而且显著地提高质谱检测的灵敏度。对于需要高灵敏度的药残及其痕量代谢物的分析，UPIC/MS/MS技术是当今最有效的工具之一。     

Analytical strategies for identifying drug metabolites

With the dramatic increase in the number of new chemical entities (NCEs) arising from combinatorial chemistry and modern high-throughput bioassays, novel bioanalytical techniques are required for the rapid determination of the metabolic stability and metabolites of these NCEs. Knowledge of the metabolic site(s) of the NCEs in early drug discovery is essential for selecting compounds with favorable pharmacokinetic credentials and aiding medicinal chemists in modifying metabolic "soft spots". In development, elucidation of biotransformation pathways of a drug candidate by identifying its circulatory and excretory metabolites is vitally important to understand its physiological effects. Mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have played an invaluable role in the structural characterization and quantification of drug metabolites. Indeed, liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with atmospheric pressure ionization (API) MS has now become the most powerful tool for the rapid detection, structure elucidation, and quantification of drug-derived material within various biological fluids. Often, however, MS alone is insufficient to identify the exact position of oxidation, to differentiate isomers, or to provide the precise structure of unusual and/or unstable metabolites. In addition, an excess of endogenous material in biological samples often suppress the ionization of drug-related material complicating metabolite identification by MS. In these cases, multiple analytical and wet chemistry techniques, such as LC-NMR, enzymatic hydrolysis, chemical derivatization, and hydrogen/deuterium-exchange (H/D-exchange) combined with MS are used to characterize the novel and isomeric metabolites of drug candidates. This review describes sample preparation and introduction strategies to minimize ion suppression by biological matrices for metabolite identification studies, the application of various LC-tandem MS (LC-MS/MS) techniques for the rapid quantification and identification of drug metabolites, and future trends in this field.     

药物免修饰的药靶鉴定蛋白质组方法研究进展

药物靶蛋白的筛选是现代药物研发过程必不可少的步骤.传统的药物靶点筛选通常使用假设驱动的生物学实验进行药物靶点的逐个验证,近年来高通量、高分辨质谱技术的进步以及液相色谱-质谱联用技术的发展,促进了蛋白质组学技术在药物靶蛋白筛选领域的广泛应用.化学蛋白质组学技术在药物-蛋白相互作用研究领域已取得巨大突破,因其需要在药物小分...     

毛细管电泳-质谱联用技术及其在药物和生物分析中的应用

毛细管电泳-质谱（CE-MS）联用技术是在液相色谱-质谱联用技术基础上发展起来的一项新型分析技术,它结合了毛细管电泳具有的分离效率高、分离速度快、样品消耗量少以及质谱检测具有的高灵敏度和强结构解析能力等优点,现已成为倍受分析化学工作者关注的新型微量分析技术。目前,CE-MS联用技术是中药有效成分分析,体内药物分析以及生物样品,如氨基酸、多肽、蛋白质和多糖等分析的重要手段。本文对CE-MS联用技术中同轴鞘流及无鞘流纳流电喷雾等几种接口装置的研究进展,CE-MS技术在中药活性成分分析及多级质谱结构解析以及氨基酸、多肽及蛋白质等生物样品分析中的应用研究进行了综述,并对该技术的发展进行了展望。     

Enhancement of the capabilities of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with derivatization: general principles and applications

The integration of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with derivatization is a relatively new and unique strategy that could add value and could enhance the capabilities of LC-MS-based technologies. The derivatization process could be carried out in various analytical steps, for example, sampling, storage, sample preparation, HPLC separation, and MS detection. This review presents an overview of derivatization-based LC-MS strategy over the past 10 years and covers both the general principles and applications in the fields of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, biomarker and metabolomic research, environmental analysis, and food-safety evaluation. The underlying mechanisms and theories for derivative reagent selection are summarized and highlighted to guide future studies.     

Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry applications in endocrinology

Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) has been recognized as a primary methodology for the accurate analysis of endogenous steroid hormones in biological samples. This review focuses on the use of LC–MS/MS in clinical laboratories to assist with the diagnosis of diverse groups of endocrine and metabolic diseases. Described analytical methods use on‐line and off‐line sample preparation and analytical derivatization to enhance analytical sensitivity, specificity, and clinical utility. Advantages of LC–MS/MS as an analytical technique include high specificity, possibility to simultaneously measure multiple analytes, and the ability to assess the specificity of the analysis in every sample. All described analytical methods were extensively validated, utilized in routine diagnostic practice, and were applied in a number of clinical and epidemiological studies, including a study of the steroidogenesis in ovarian follicles. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 29:480‐502, 2010     

应用IKA分散设备在脂肪乳制备中有效降低卵磷脂的颗粒粒径

卵磷脂由于其独特的营养保健作用,在医药和食品应用方面具有非常重要的意义,本实验主要以蛋黄卵磷脂空白乳的分散为例,采用IKA Magiclab小型实验室在线分散系统,有效降低物料颗粒粒径,直达纳米级,提高并保证有效的药物到达效果。该分析通用于各种以磷脂为表面活性剂的混合物通过有效的分散设备提高其乳化性能为目的的应用。