Microstructure modeling and virtual test of asphalt mixture based on three-dimensional discrete element method

The objective of this work is to model the microstructure of asphalt mixture and build virtual test for asphalt mixture by using Particle Flow Code in three dimensions(PFC~(3D))based on three-dimensional discrete element method.A randomly generating algorithm was proposed to capture the three-dimensional irregular shape of coarse aggregate.And then,modeling algorithm and method for graded aggregates were built.Based on the combination of modeling of coarse aggregates,asphalt mastic and air voids,three-dimensional virtual sample of asphalt mixture was modeled by using PFC~(3D).Virtual tests for penetration test of aggregate and uniaxial creep test of asphalt mixture were built and conducted by using PFC~(3D).By comparison of the testing results between virtual tests and actual laboratory tests,the validity of the microstructure modeling and virtual test built in this study was verified.Additionally,compared with laboratory test,the virtual test is easier to conduct and has less variability.It is proved that microstructure modeling and virtual test based on three-dimensional discrete element method is a promising way to conduct research of asphalt mixture.     

基于数字图像处理和有限元建模方法的沥青混合料劈裂试验数值模拟

应用数字图像处理技术及工业CT扫描获得试件图像,结合有限元建模方法,建立了包含集料、空隙和胶浆在内的沥青混合料有限元模型,并模拟研究了沥青混合料劈裂试验。结果表明:通过定义应力集中因子,可用来描述沥青混合料内部应力的不均匀分布,级配类型、模量比、有无空隙及加载位置都对模拟结果有较大影响。采用DIP-FEM方法能够很好地将沥青混合料的微观结构和宏观力学性能结合起来。     

基于数字图像处理技术的沥青混合料微观结构有限元分析

论述一种将沥青混合料微结构和其力学行为仿真联系在一起的方法.该方法利用数字图像处理技术将计算机断层扫描(CT)图像转换为数字格式,并与有限元建模结合,使得根据CT图像建立的有限元模型可以较真实地再现沥青混合料的微结构,进行有限元分析时可以充分考虑沥青混合料颗粒和微空隙分布非均匀特性.计算分析了各向异性和空隙分布对沥青混合料劈裂试验的影响,数值计算结果发现沥青混合料颗粒和空隙分布的非均匀性对拉应力分布影响极大.研究结果表明:采用基于CT图像处理技术的有限元模型进行沥青混合料粘弹特性的研究是可行的.     

Discrete element modeling of asphalt concrete cracking using a user-defined three-dimensional micromechanical approach

We established a user-defined micromechanical model using discrete element method (DEM) to investigate the cracking behavior of asphalt concrete (AC). Using the “Fish” language provided in the particle flow code in 3-Demensions (PFC3D), the air voids and mastics in asphalt concrete were realistically built as two distinct phases. With the irregular shape of individual aggregate particles modeled using a clump of spheres of different sizes, the three-dimensional (3D) discrete element model was able to account for aggregate gradation and fraction. Laboratory uniaxial complex modulus test and indirect tensile strength test were performed to obtain input material parameters for the numerical simulation. A set of the indirect tensile test were simulated to study the cracking behavior of AC at two levels of temperature, i e, −10 °C and 15 °C. The predicted results of the numerical simulation were compared with laboratory experimental measurements. Results show that the 3D DEM model is able to predict accurately the fracture pattern of different asphalt mixtures. Based on the DEM model, the effects of air void content and aggregate volumetric fraction on the cracking behavior of asphalt concrete were evaluated.     

Predicting the dynamic behavior of asphalt concrete using three-dimensional discrete element method

A user-defined three-dimensional(3D)discrete element model was presented to predict the dynamic modulus and phase angle of asphalt concrete(AC).The 3D discrete element method(DEM)model of AC was constructed employing a user-defined computer program developed using the "Fish" language in PFC3D.Important microstructural features of AC were modeled,including aggregate gradation,air voids and mastic.The irregular shape of aggregate particle was modeled using a clump of spheres.The developed model was validated through comparing with experimental measurements and then used to simulate the cyclic uniaxial compression test,based on which the dynamic modulus and phase angle were calculated from the output stress-strain relationship.The effects of air void content,aggregate stiffness and volumetric fraction on AC modulus were further investigated.The experimental results show that the 3D DEM model is able to accurately predict both dynamic modulus and phase angle of AC across a range of temperature and loading frequencies.The user-defined 3D model also demonstrated significant improvement over the general existing two-dimensional models.     

孔隙走向引起的大空隙沥青混合料渗水性能方向差异

为了分析大空隙沥青混合料中孔隙走向特征及其引起的渗水性能方向差异,采用X射线CT扫描4组不同空隙率的大空隙沥青混合料马歇尔试件,通过图像处理技术测试试件在径向和竖向截面内孔隙形状参数,分析混合料中竖向和径向孔隙的分布差异。对旋转压实成型的大空隙沥青混合料试件,沿着径向和竖向钻孔取芯,采用开发的渗水仪,测试芯样12个方向的渗水系数,分析旋转压实试件在径向平面内12个角度和竖向平面内12个角度上渗水系数的差异。结果表明,大空隙沥青混合料径向与竖向孔隙具有不同的分布特征,径向空隙率更大,孔径更均匀,单位截面上径向孔隙数量更多;大空隙沥青混合料的渗水系数存在明显的方向差异性,竖直平面内不同角度上渗水系数的差异高于水平面内,竖直平面内在越趋于水平的方向上渗水系数越大。     

基于X-CT技术的多孔排水沥青混合料空隙竖向分布特性

采用X-CT技术、数字图像处理技术与分形理论相结合对多孔沥青混合料的空隙竖向分布特性进行了研究,结果表明:空隙特征图像可以定性描述多孔沥青混合料的连通情况和分布特性,多孔沥青混合料中没有面内连通情况;所研究的6个截面空隙率分布范围为17.7%~22.2%;不同截面的空隙数量最大相差16个,约占空隙总量的四分之一;空隙轮廓分维数均大于其相应的空隙面积分维数,且与空隙数量和空隙率无关。空隙级配图显示,同一试件内两个正交截面空隙的级配大多分布在4~8 mm内,但分布形态各异。经对比分析发现,横向空隙与竖向空隙除最大直径相差2 mm外,等效直径分布较为接近。     

废轮胎橡胶粉改性沥青对混合料空隙结构的影响

为了研究废旧轮胎橡胶粉改性沥青对混合料空隙结构的影响,在我国SMA13级配范围内选择9条级配曲线,测试橡胶沥青混合料的体积参数;采用3种不同成型方法测试其对体积参数的影响,同时变化不同的矿粉用量,分析橡胶粉改性沥青对混合料空隙结构的影响。试验结果表明:SMA13混合料级配范围能够满足橡胶粉改性沥青的空隙结构的需要;采用橡胶粉改性沥青后的室内成型方法为双面击实50次;掺有橡胶沥青的混合料空隙率要比不掺的小2.5%,随着矿粉用量的增加,矿料间隙率不断下降,基质沥青的降幅达到1.2%,橡胶沥青的降幅仅为0.4%。     

Discrete Element Modeling of Asphalt Concrete Cracking Using a User-defined Three-dimensional Micromechanical Approach

We established a user-defined micromechanical model using discrete element method (DEM) to investigate the cracking behavior of asphalt concrete (AC). Using the Fish language provided in the particle flow code in 3-Demensions (PFC3D), the air voids and mastics in asphalt concrete were realistically built as two distinct phases. With the irregular shape of individual aggregate particles modeled using a clump of spheres of different sizes, the three-dimensional (3D) discrete element model was able to account ...     

动水作用对沥青混合料低温抗裂性的影响

摘 要: 为了研究动水作用对沥青混合料低温抗裂性能的影响,本文将动水作用引入试验,利用自行开发的模拟实际沥青路面受动水作用的室内实验装置,提出了荷载、水、温度三者共同参与的动水作用试验方法。基于此方法,从沥青标号、级配类型、空隙率三种因素出发,对7种沥青混合料动水作用前后的低温抗裂性能进行研究。研究表明动水作用对沥青混合料的低温抗裂性存在不利影响。不同因素下,其影响的程度是有差异的。对于空隙率为10%的混合料,其低温抗裂性能受动水作用的影响程度最高;在最不利的空隙率10%下,骨架结构的沥青混合料低温性能受动水影响比悬浮结构的要小;粘度大的沥青制成的混合料其低温抗裂性能受动水作用的影响较大。     

改性多孔沥青混合料水稳定性与损伤规律

为了提高季冻区多孔沥青路面的使用质量、减轻路面冻融损伤,采用玻璃纤维、硅藻土与沥青路面旧料以改善多孔沥青混合料性能。分析不同材料掺量的多孔沥青混合料在冻融循环下的抗压强度、空隙率及应变变化,并考虑不同材料与不同材料掺量对多孔沥青混合料水稳定性的影响;基于损伤力学理论以抗压强度为指标表示强度率,研究改性多孔沥青混合料的冻融损伤演化规律;基于CT无损检测与数字图像处理技术,分析玻璃纤维多孔沥青混合料冻融前后空隙数量与空隙面积的变化规律。结果表明：混合料抗压强度随冻融循环次数的增加而降低,而空隙率与应变呈上升趋势;具有玻璃纤维掺量0.7%、沥青路面旧料掺量15%、硅藻土掺量25%和掺量15%沥青路面旧料及20%硅藻土的4种多孔沥青混合料水稳定性能最好,其中玻璃纤维的改性效果最佳;掺入玻璃纤维、15%掺量硅藻土与15%掺量沥青路面旧料能减轻多孔沥青混合料的冻融损伤,但硅藻土再生多孔沥青混合料损伤程度均较大,损伤前期强度较高,更适用于短时冻土区;与硅藻土再生多孔沥青混合料相比,玻璃纤维多孔沥青混合料、再生多孔沥青混合料与硅藻土多孔沥青混合料经历了长时间的快速损伤期、短时间的损伤稳定期与损伤发展期;玻璃纤维掺量较低的试样空隙数量增加,平均单个空隙面积减小,而掺量较高的试样表现相反。     

冻融循环对泡沫沥青再生混合料微观结构的影响

为了探究泡沫沥青冷再生混合料抗水损害能力的衰变情况,选取6种不同级配泡沫沥青冷再生混合料,采用劈裂强度试验及电子断层扫描试验,系统研究了不同冻融循环次数下混合料强度衰减特性、空隙级配及最可几孔径的变化规律.结果表明:随着冻融循环的增加,冷再生混合料的强度明显减小,微空隙显著减小,大空隙显著增加,空隙数目的变化直接影响到混合料的强度.电子断层扫描试验及劈裂强度试验结果表明:在总空隙率相同的条件下,微空隙越多混合料强度越高;大空隙越多混合料强度越低.以此为基础提出再生混合料内部空隙的3种分类:无害孔、少害孔及有害孔.前2次冻融循环对冷再生混合料最可几孔径影响最大.在相同的冻融次数下初始空隙率越大泡沫沥青冷再生混合料的最可几孔径越大.     

基于X-ray CT的沥青混合料空隙测试精度影响因素分析

为了分析细观尺度下沥青混合料空隙率测试精度的影响因素,采用德国Phoenix v|tome|x S240型工业X-ray CT机,结合正交试验设计与方差分析,研究不同CT参数及级配类型对沥青混合料三维重构体积参数的影响．通过对不同级配类型马歇尔试件扫描并进行三维重构与体积分析,建立影响因素与空隙率测试结果之间的关系,进而确定最优扫描参数．试验结果表明,基于细观尺度对沥青混合料进行三维体积分析是可行的;扫描电压、电流及级配类型对重构结果有不同程度的影响;适当提高电压、电流及选择恰当的滤波片可提高测试结果的准确性;在恰当的设备参数条件下,基于细观尺度与宏观尺度下得到的沥青混合料空隙率具有良好的相关性,有助于提高测试结果的准确性与试验的经济性．     

Micromechanical analysis of damage evolution in splitting test of asphalt mixtures

A methodology was presented relating the microstructure of asphalt mixtures to their damage behavior. Digital image techniques were used to capture the asphalt mixture microstructure, and the finite element method was used to simulate the damage evolution of asphalt mixture through splitting test. Aggregates were modeled to be linearly elastic, and the mastics were modeled to be plastically damaged. The splitting test simulation results show that the material heterogeneity, the properties of aggregates and air voids have significant effects on the damage evolution approach. The damage behavior of asphalt mixture considering material heterogeneity is quite different from that of the conventional hypothesis of homogeneous material. The results indicate that the proposed method can be extended to the numerical analysis for the other micromechanical behaviors of asphalt concrete.     

基于离散元方法的沥青混凝土断裂机理分析

为了从细观角度深入分析沥青混凝土的断裂机理,根据概率理论,建立了集料质量级配与二维数量级配的关系,并通过计算机随机投放技术生成了具有2种不同沥青膜厚度的沥青混合料二维数字试件;利用离散元方法,模拟了沥青混合料小梁试件的断裂过程,分析了沥青砂浆抗拉强度、砂浆与集料黏结强度和沥青膜厚度对沥青混合料断裂过程的影响.结果表明:对于沥青膜较厚的沥青混合料而言,起裂阶段和扩展阶段的裂纹主要出现在沥青砂浆中,沥青砂浆的抗拉强度是影响混合料断裂的主要因素;当沥青膜较薄时,起裂和扩展阶段的裂纹在沥青砂浆内部和砂浆与集料界面中都有发现,砂浆抗拉强度决定着混合料的破坏应力和应变,砂浆与集料的黏结强度决定着混合料裂纹扩展的速率.     

Effects of high temperature on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of hard coal

Coal is a common porous sedimentary rock whose microstructure and mechanical behavior are often affected by high temperature. In order to deeply investigate the effect of high temperature on the structure and mechanical properties of coal, six groups of coal samples with different heating temperatures were prepared. Various testing methods, including ultrasonic test, scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and uniaxial compression test, were used in this study. The results showed that the physical and chemical change processes of coal samples under high temperature can be divided into two stages: the stage of drying and degassing and the stage of pyrolysis of the coal matrix. With the increase of heating temperature, the total porosity of coal samples increases, while the integrity and the deformation resistance of coal samples decrease. In addition, the elastic modulus and uniaxial compressive strength of the coal sample decrease with the increase of heating temperature. The Poisson's ratio decreases firstly and then increases with the increase of heating temperature.     

动水作用对沥青混合料低温抗裂性的影响

为了研究动水作用对沥青混合料低温抗裂性能的影响,将动水作用引入试验,利用自行开发的模拟实际沥青路面受动水作用的室内实验装置,提出了荷载、水、温度三者共同参与的动水作用试验方法.从沥青标号、级配类型、空隙率3种因素出发,对7种沥青混合料动水作用前后的低温抗裂性能进行研究.研究表明,动水作用对沥青混合料的低温抗裂性存在不利影响.不同因素下,影响的程度有差异.对于空隙率为10%的混合料,其低温抗裂性能受动水作用的影响程度最高;在最不利的空隙率10%下,骨架结构的沥青混合料低温性能受动水影响比悬浮结构的要小;粘度大的沥青制成的混合料其低温抗裂性能受动水作用的影响较大.     

考虑沥青混合料泊松比影响的路面结构应力分析

基于数字图像测量方法,通过间接拉伸试验测定了不同温度下沥青混合料的泊松比μ变化规律。低温下,μ在荷载比为0.3~0.8时保持相对稳定,而在接近峰值荷载时呈非线性增长;高温下,μ随荷载比的增大而增大。采用三维有限元计算模型,考虑不同温度下沥青层模量及泊松比的变化,对三种典型路面结构进行分析。结果表明,沥青面层的泊松比对沥青路面结构的最大横向应变和最大剪应变有显著影响:当上中面层模量比小于0.8且沥青面层泊松比增大到一定程度时,轮迹带边缘的沥青混合料在荷载作用下有向车辙两侧流动的趋势,容易产生失稳性车辙。这说明在进行沥青路面结构设计时,有必要考虑沥青结构层的协调组合关系和材料泊松比的影响。     

多年冻土地区沥青混合料抗压回弹模量性能研究

针对多年冻土地区常年温度低、温差大等特殊气候条件,通过沥青混合料室内抗压回弹模量试验,分析温度、油石比、沥青种类和级配对混合料抗压回弹模量的影响。结果表明,沥青混合料回弹模量随温度的升高而降低;对比不同级配沥青混合料可知,低温下,SBR改性AC-16混合料的抗压回弹模量与AC-13相当;存在对应于抗压回弹模量达到最大值时的最佳油石比,范围约在6.0%～7.0%之间;SBR改性沥青混合料的低温抗压回弹模量明显优于130#道路石油沥青混合料。混合料抗压回弹模量值的常对数与温度及油石比的关系符合二元一次函数。用SPSS相关分析方法分析各个影响因素对混合料抗压特性的影响程度可知,温度和沥青种类对抗压回弹模量影响显著。     

Statistical analysis of the asphalt mixtures volumetric properties

Based on statistics principle, random error and systematic error were considered and the volumetric properties of the two mixtures types, namely A and B, were statistically analyzed using different distribution methods. Seventy-two samples of mixture A and fifty-two of mixture B were fabricated using the Marshall method. The probability distributions were compared on the basis of goodness of fit. Weibull model was found to be most appropriate model for describing the asphalt mixtures volumetric properties distribution. The two-parameter Weibull distribution function applied well to model the bulk specific gravity and voids filled with asphalt data, whereas, the three-parameter Weibull distribution appeared to be more appropriate in the discussing of air voids and voids in mineral aggregate. The experimetal results is revealed that compared with the mean value, the peak value of Weibull distribution was suggested as an alternative and more powerful parameter for describing the test data distribution characteristic. The analysis of test results also revealed that there were significant differences in the volumetric properties of the two tested mixtures for the same confidence level. The confidence interval decreased with the decreasing in reliability.