冰与柔性结构作用挤压破坏形成的动荷载

基于现场原型结构测量,研究了冰与柔性直立结构作用产生挤压破坏过程形成的交变冰力。结果发现:随着冰速的增加,可以出现三种不同冰力形式并分别引起结构准静态振动、稳态振动和随机振动响应。进一步对形成不同冰力模式的机理进行了分析,提出了随着冰速变化,冰与结构相对速率变化导致结构近场冰可以出现塑性破坏、裂纹损伤破坏与纯脆性破坏三种破坏模式,并解释形成交变荷载过程。     

冰激桥墩振动室内模型试验研究

鉴于模型试验是研究冰激结构振动特点和机理的一种非常有效的方法和手段,本文以某桥墩为背景,通过一修正的动冰力模型试验相似律设计了一桥墩模型,应用DUT-1模型冰,模拟了不同冰速下冰-桥墩动力相互作用过程,并实测了冰力和桥墩各测点处的响应。进而得到了一些有价值的试验现象和试验结果,这将为寒冷区域实际冰工程的建设提供一定的借鉴意义,同时可为冰激结构振动的发展提供探索性的意义,也能够在一定程度上完善室内冰激振动模型试验。     

冲击荷载下单层球面网壳动力响应分析与试验研究

为分析带下部支承结构的Kiewitt-6型单层球面网壳在冲击荷载下动力响应,在ANSYS/LS-DYNA中建立钢管柱支承的单层球面网壳数值分析模型,据冲击响应特点,总结四种响应模式,研究冲击能量、冲击位置、环梁刚度对上部网壳动力响应影响。进行钢管柱支承的单层球壳模型冲击试验,测量、分析结构的动应力、动位移及加速度,研究冲击柱破坏模式。结果表明,四种响应模式以冲击柱破坏模式(轻微损伤、局部凹陷、压弯破坏、剪切破坏)为典型特征;除响应模式4,网壳动力响应随冲击能量增大而增大;柱中为最不利冲击位置;环梁刚度增大,网壳动力响应减小;有限元分析结果与实测结果吻合较好,验证数值计算方法的正确性。     

基于最大熵法的单层球面网壳在地震作用下的破坏模式预测

从数学与信息论中引入最大熵法概念,同时充分考虑了结构响应的随机性,通过结构最大位移概率密度函数来判断与预测结构的破坏模式.以跨度40m、50m、矢跨比1/5、1/7的K8型单层球面网壳结构为例,同时考虑几何非线性与材料非线性,对网壳结构进行了地震作用下破坏模式的分析.利用有限元方法计算得到的若干样本,通过最大熵原理建立了破坏最大位移概率密度函数与结构破坏模式的定量关系,进而合理选取两级地震动,通过这两级地震动下的最大位移概率密度函数最大峰值差来预测结构的破坏模式.     

近断层地震动作用下大跨度曲线刚构桥台阵试验研究

为了研究近断层地震动对大跨度曲线刚构桥抗震性能的影响,以某一大跨度曲线刚构桥为原型,设计制作1/40缩尺比例模型,选取同一地震中的近断层地震动记录和远场地震动记录,利用多子台积木式模拟振动台台阵系统,完成了横向、纵向、横向+纵向一致输入及行波输入的对比试验。研究结果表明:近断层地震动中所含的速度脉冲会对曲线刚构桥的动力响应产生显著影响,并且行波效应会进一步提升其对结构响应的放大作用;近断层效应的放大作用对刚度较大的结构或者结构某一个方向更为明显,而行波效应对结构的影响主要取决于由多点激励所激发的高阶反对称模态;与直线桥相比较,曲率半径会增大曲线梁桥的水平刚度,从而使近断层效应和行波效应对曲线桥的动力响应产生更不利的影响。因此,在靠近断层的区域遭受同样的地震作用,曲线梁桥将产生更为严重的破坏,建议在抗震设计中应特别注意处于断层附近的曲线桥结构。     

三维地震动下结构最不利入射角度研究

当地震波沿不同的方向输入时,结构具有不同的动力响应,并存在最不利入射角度使结构响应最大。传统的最不利入射角度计算只考虑平面内水平两向地震动作用,没有考虑竖向地震动对结构最不利反应的影响。论证了弹性力学中的平面最大主应力方向理论与平面内结构最不利入射角度在机理上是相通的。在此基础上推导了空间最大主应力方向的表达式,进而提出结构考虑三维地震动的最不利入射角度计算公式。提出了基于有限元分析的弹塑性结构瞬时最不利入射角度计算方法。通过数值模拟讨论了空间最不利入射角度的特性和变化规律。通过计算实例证明对于以竖向振型为主的结构应考虑多维地震动并计算空间最不利入射角度。同时,结构弹塑性最不利入射角度具有瞬变特性并与结构损伤程度相关。     

轴压比对RC剪力墙剪切破坏尺寸效应影响的细观分析

剪切破坏是剪力墙破坏的主要模式之一,借助细观数值分析方法对高宽比为1.0的钢筋混凝土(RC)剪力墙的破坏行为进行了分析,研究了轴压比对不同尺寸剪力墙的破坏模式、抗剪承载力、延性、耗能能力等性能的影响,分析了剪力墙剪切破坏的尺寸效应行为,并揭示了轴压比对名义抗剪强度尺寸效应的影响规律。结果表明:不同轴压比作用下的RC剪力墙均发生了明显的剪切破坏,且破坏模式一致;轴压比增大,剪力墙抗剪承载力提高,但延性降低,变形能力下降;随剪力墙尺寸的增大,其名义抗剪强度降低,即存在明显的尺寸效应;轴压比越大,剪切破坏更具脆性,尺寸效应更明显;当剪力墙长度大于1600 mm后,其名义抗剪强度趋于稳定值,尺寸效应逐渐消失。     

火灾运行模式模拟计算中最复杂模式的确定

在地铁隧道通风设计中，有很多种模式，其中有一种是最复杂的，由最复杂的这种模式就可以判断在最不利情况下设备的配置是否能满足火灾要求。本文讲述了最简单的几种最不利工况的判断方法。     

单个建筑物对平屋面风荷载的干扰效应试验研究

提出采用整体平均风压系数、第1阶振型广义力和屋面各区域最不利极值风压系数的干扰因子分别综合反映干扰效应对平屋面平均风荷载、脉动风荷载和极值风压的影响,采用刚性模型测压风洞试验,对被单个相同形体建筑所干扰的平屋面表面风压进行测量,研究改变建筑物之间的相对位置和风向角,平屋面整体平均风压系数和屋面第1阶振型广义力和最不利极值风压系数干扰因子的变化规律。研究结果表明:屋面整体平均风压系数干扰因子与第1阶振型广义力干扰因子分布规律相似;施扰物在受扰物的迎风上游,遮挡效应引起的缩小效应显著;沿与风向垂直方向,施扰物与受扰物并列布置时,放大干扰效应显著;斜风向条件下的干扰效应比0#x000b0;风向的影响范围大;干扰效应对屋面角部最不利极值风压影响显著,但对屋面中心区域的影响较小。     

基于构形易损性理论的单层网壳结构静力稳定性研究

经典构形易损性理论基于结构初始构形度,无法考虑荷载、约束等外在因素,但网壳结构的稳定性却与上述因素密切相关。在经典构形度的基础上,该文创新地引入几何刚度矩阵,提出了可以考虑荷载条件、几何非线性及约束的节点构形度计算方法。在此基础上,分析引入几何刚度矩阵前后节点构形度的变化梯度,识别了球壳结构的最不利稳定荷载模式并揭示了失稳机理。最不利稳定荷载模式具有构形度变化梯度显著、稳定承载力最低的特征。对于球壳结构,顶点集中荷载为最不利荷载模式。点失稳、局部失稳以及整体失稳模态均与构形度变化梯度相联系。当受荷点及其周边节点构形度显著退化时,结构发生点失稳破坏,对应顶点集中荷载模式;当部分节点区域构形度明显退化时,结构呈现局部失稳的模态,对应半跨均布荷载模式;当所有节点构形度发生同等程度的退化时,结构发生整体失稳,对应满跨均布荷载模式。     

海冰与锥体抗冰结构动力作用的数值模拟

结合渤海海冰的实际情况,应用显式动力分析软件LS-DYNA模拟海冰和海洋平台锥体抗冰结构相互作用的弯曲断裂过程。模拟结果展示出和现场观测一致的弯曲断裂过程,海冰断裂长度和冰力分布符合现场实测数据结果。平台结构所受最大冰力出现在环向裂纹出现时;通过分析不同冰速对断裂长度、冰力和平台响应的影响可以发现断裂长度对冰速变化并不敏感,对海冰破碎周期有明显的影响。     

地震作用下海冰与桥墩的间距对桥墩动力响应的影响研究

位于冰水海域的桥墩,在波浪力作用下,桥墩结构与周围海冰往往出现间隙,地震作用下海冰与结构的动力相互作用呈现复杂多样化。本文在弹性力学中的弹性波传播理论及结构动力学的基础上,考虑不同的海冰与桥墩间距,建立了地震作用下桥墩、冰与水体的流固耦合动力方程。并以一矩形桥墩为研究对象,研究了地震作用下,海冰与桥墩的间距对矩形桥墩结构的动力响应及动水压力的影响。研究表明:地震作用下,海冰与桥墩间距对桥墩顶部的最大位移和最大加速度响应的影响不显著,但是对桥墩侧面动水压力和墩底内力影响较大;当海冰与桥墩存在间距且小于1倍结构尺寸时,墩底的弯矩和剪力达到最大值。     

Model tests of ice forces on fixed and oscillating cones

A series of model tests has been carried out on downward breaking conical structures using low salinity model ice. Comparison with information in the literature showed that a downward breaking cone experiences lower ice forces than an upward breaking cone. Fixed cones of angles of 15, 30, 45 and 60 deg were tested in 50-mm-thick ice of 60 kPa flexural strength at velocities ranging from 0.01 to 0.5 m/s. The effects of thickness and flexural strength variations were also investigated. Horizontal forces were observed to increase with increasing velocity. Ice thickness variation was observed to have a stronger influence on the vertical forces than on the horizontal forces. Vertical and horizontal forces showed a decrease with decreasing flexural strength.Two test series were run with the 45 deg conical structure arranged so that it oscillated. Horizontal force reductions of up to two thirds were observed.     

考虑初始缺陷的平整冰-锥体结构碰撞数值模拟

基于非线性有限元数值方法,对含初始缺陷的平整冰与锥体结构碰撞场景进行了模拟。将标记为初始缺陷的实体冰单元从平整冰模型中删除,并将黏聚单元插入到实体冰单元之间。在实尺度下对平整冰与锥体碰撞场景进行了数值模拟,分析了平整冰的断裂破坏模式并预报了锥体所受冰载荷,并将数值模拟结果与不考虑初始缺陷的数值模拟结果进行了比较。分别分析了初始缺陷分布位置和含量对锥体所受冰载荷的影响。结果表明,初始缺陷对于平整冰的断裂破坏模式和冰载荷均有重要的影响。     

Dynamic ice forces of slender vertical structures due to ice crushing

The dynamic ice forces and structure vibrations generated by crushing failure of ice sheet were investigated by full-scale tests conducted on a cylindrical compliant monopod platform in Bohai Bay, China. The load panels recorded three ice force modes distinguished by ice speed, which cause structure quasi-static, steady-state and random vibrations respectively. Based on the tests data, the physical process of dynamic ice forces in crushing failure was probed, by analysis of mechanical behaviour of ice under compressive loading related to relative loading speed of ice-structure interaction. It is proved that the three ice force modes takes place in loading speeds which make ice fail in ductile, ductile–brittle transition and brittle range respectively. In addition, the key problem from the structure design point of view involved in each ice force mode is discussed.     

破冰船在层冰中运动的数值模拟方法

为研究破冰船在层冰中运动的特点与海冰的破坏方式,该文建立了包含冰载荷、敞水阻力、螺旋桨推力与舵力的六自由度动力学方程。考虑海冰的弹性弯曲对破冰力的影响,引入海冰的二次断裂与动态弯曲破坏准则,提出了更加精确、完善的船-冰动态接触模型。在此基础上,对瑞典破冰船Tor Viking Ⅱ在层冰中的直航与回转运动进行了数值模拟,并与全尺寸试验数据对比,验证了数值模拟结果的合理性。结果表明:模拟运动轨迹与真实运动轨迹相符,最大回转直径的相对误差仅为3.32%,因此本文建立的数值模拟方法能够真实地模拟破冰船在层冰中的运动。     

Mitigating ice-induced jacket platform vibrations utilizing a TMD system

Field observations conducted on oil platforms in the Bohai Sea revealed that the offshore jacket structures, which can withstand the maximum static ice force, might suffer from severe vibrations when ice sheets pass through the legs of the structure. It has been proved that, when the natural frequency of narrow or flexible structures is close to or coincides with the predominant frequency of cyclical ice forces, severe ice-induced vibrations will be evoked. Excessive and consistent vibration will cause the discomfort of working crew, failure of deck facilities even structural fatigue failure. Therefore, it is imperative to seek economical ways to reduce the vibrations to an acceptable level. Based on full-scale tests and technical feasibility, the strategies of vibration mitigation are investigated and compared in this paper. The primary studies demonstrate that adding a Tuned Mass Damper (TMD, also called a Dynamic Vibration Absorber, DVA) is a feasible and practical approach to reduce vibrations. The efficiency of optimally designed TMD and one-directional conceptual TMD device has been presented in this study. Field ice load time history was used as loading scenario to assess the performance of TMD system. The results show that the supplemental device can favorably reduce the dynamic response of platform.     

Experiments on level ice loading on an icebreaking tanker with different ice drift angles

A series of tests was performed with a laboratory-scale model ship to simulate the effects of ice load parameters on an icebreaking tanker. A model of the icebreaking tanker Uikku was mounted on a rigid carriage and towed through an unbroken ice sheet in the ice tank of the Marine Technology Group at Aalto University. Two ice sheets and 11 different experimental configurations were used. The carriage speed, heading angle of the model ship, and ice thickness were varied, and the forces, accelerations, ice cusp sizes, carriage positions, and ice pile dimensions under the intact ice sheets were measured.This paper includes results for the measurements of ice rubble loads against the model hull in the horizontal plane. Phenomena such as ice failure modes and ice rubble accumulation on the upstream side of the hull beneath the ice sheet were observed in some tests. The icebreaking lengths and dimensions of ice rubble were analyzed for some tests. The effects of towing speed, heading angle under the intact ice sheet in front of the hull, and the accompanying ice loads on the formation and build-up of ice rubble were analyzed. In addition, the evolution of ice rubble geometry, in cross sections and the horizontal plane, was investigated. There was good agreement over several orders of magnitude between the measured and calculated values of the lateral ice forces. These results are relevant to the modeling of ice loading on hulls and the design of moored or dynamic positioned structures for operation in ice-covered waters. Some parameters obtained from these tests can be used as input for future numerical simulations.     

基于GPU并行的锥体导管架平台结构冰激振动DEM-FEM耦合分析

该文为分析海冰与锥体海洋平台的相互作用,采用离散元（DEM）-有限元（FEM）耦合方法建立冰激海洋平台结构的耦合模型。通过具有粘结-破碎性能的球体离散单元对海冰的漂移及破碎现象进行计算,海洋平台锥体部分采用平板型壳单元构造,其整体构架及锥体内部的加劲肋采用梁单元构造,即建立壳单元与梁单元组合的锥体海洋平台有限元模型。为提高DEM-FEM耦合算法的计算规模和效率,发展了离散单元与平板型壳单元接触算法及GPU并行环境下参数传递算法。基于此耦合模型分别讨论了平台结构的冰载荷、冰激振动以及锥体应力分布,并与相关实测数据进行对比,为寒区锥体海洋平台的结构设计提供有益的参考。