铸造双相不锈钢点腐蚀行为研究

采用化学浸泡腐蚀试验及微观组织和化学成分分析研究了5种铸造双相不锈钢在6%Fe Cl3溶液中的点腐蚀行为,并与316L奥氏体不锈钢进行了对比。结果表明,铸造双相不锈钢的抗点腐蚀性能均优于316L的,腐蚀速率和点腐蚀深度均小于316L奥氏体不锈钢的;双相不锈钢主要耐点蚀能力合金元素在奥氏体和铁素体相内分布不均匀,铬、钼更多地分配于铁素体相内,而镍、氮则更多地分配于奥氏体相内,铁素体相的耐点蚀指数PRE(Cr%+3.3Mo%+16N%)大于奥氏体相;双相不锈钢的耐点腐蚀性能与化学成分有关,随着PRE的增加,双相不锈钢的耐点腐蚀性能提高,铜元素在铁素体内析出的富铜相导致点蚀优先在铁素体内发生和发展。     

Annealing temperature effects on superduplex stainless steel UNS S32750 welded joints. II: pitting corrosion resistance evaluation

This study deals with the effect of the annealing temperature on the pitting corrosion resistance of UNS S32750 submerged-arc welded joints. In a companion article (Part I), the influence of post-weld annealing temperature on microstructure evolution and chemical composition of austenite and ferrite was analyzed; this study can thus be considered directly connected with the previous one. The pitting corrosion resistance of the heat-treated welded joints was evaluated by using both electrochemical measurements and ASTM G48 standard gravimetric tests; examinations of initiation sites of pitting attack were carried out in order to correlate the experimental data obtained in this study with the predicted pitting corrosion behavior obtained by using the results described in Part I. Generally, the post-weld annealing treatment enhances the pitting corrosion resistance of UNS S32750 welded joints. By using PREN analysis of single phases, a correlation between the chemical composition evolution of ferrite and austenite and the experimental pitting behavior of the welded joints was found, in relation to welding and post-welding heat treatment temperature. In particular, an exponential relationship between PREN of weaker phase and pitting potential in 3.5% NaCl solution at 80 °C for the weld metal was obtained. The most favorable annealing temperature for the analyzed welded joints was found to be 1100 °C.     

Effect of annealing temperature on the pitting corrosion resistance of super duplex stainless steel UNS S32750

The pitting corrosion resistance of commercial super duplex stainless steels SAF2507 (UNS S32750) annealed at seven different temperatures ranging from 1030 °C to 1200 °C for 2 h has been investigated by means of potentiostatic critical pitting temperature. The microstructural evolution and pit morphologies of the specimens were studied through optical/scanning electron microscope.Increasing annealing temperature from 1030 °C to 1080 °C elevates the critical pitting temperature, whereas continuing to increase the annealing temperature to 1200 °C decreases the critical pitting temperature. The specimens annealed at 1080 °C for 2 h exhibit the best pitting corrosion resistance with the highest critical pitting temperature. The pit morphologies show that the pit initiation sites transfer from austenite phase to ferrite phase as the annealing temperature increases. The aforementioned results can be explained by the variation of pitting resistance equivalent number of ferrite and austenite phase as the annealing temperature changes.     

Characterization of microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of dissimilar welded joint between 2205 duplex stainless steel and 16MnR

The joint of dissimilar metals between 2205 duplex stainless steel and 16MnR low alloy high strength steel are welded by tungsten inert gas arc welding (GTAW) and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) respectively. The microstructures of welded joints are investigated using scanning electron microscope, optical microscope and transmission electron microscopy respectively. The relationship between mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and microstructure of welded joints is evaluated. Results indicate that there are a decarburized layer and an unmixed zone close to the fusion line. It is also indicated that, austenite and acicular ferrite structures distribute uniformly in the weld metal, which is advantageous for better toughness and ductility of joints. Mechanical properties of joints welded by the two kinds of welding technology are satisfied. However, the corrosion resistance of the weldment produced by GTAW is superior to that by SMAW in chloride solution. Based on the present work, it is concluded that GTAW is the suitable welding procedure for joining dissimilar metals between 2205 duplex stainless steel and 16MnR.     

钨含量对新型高铬锰氮双相不锈钢Cr29Mn12Ni2N0.6Wx组织和性能的影响

研究了钨含量对新型高铬锰氮双相不锈钢Cr29Mn12Ni2N0.6Wx(x=1,2,3)显微组织、力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:Cr29Mn12Ni2N0.6Wx不锈钢固溶处理后具有典型的铁素体+奥氏体双相组织,铁素体含量在45%~60%范围内;随着钨含量的增加,合金中σ相的析出倾向增强,铁素体含量增加,合金的耐腐蚀性能降低,屈服强度和抗拉强度升高;经1 050℃固溶处理30 min后,该系列双相不锈钢中不再有σ相析出,其屈服强度大于650 MPa,抗拉强度大于900 MPa,断后伸长率大于30%,作为高强度资源节约型超级双相不锈钢具有潜在应用前景。     

On the behavior of nitrogen in a low-Ni high-Mn super duplex stainless steel

The present work describes an investigation on a new series of low-Ni high-Mn super duplex stainless steels (DSSs) 25Cr–2Ni–3Mo–10Mn–xN with nitrogen concentrations varying in the range between 0.37 and 0.50 wt.%. It was observed that these alloys have a ferrite–austenite structure. Under the same heat-treatment conditions, the austenite shows a marked upward tendency with an increase in N content. Nitrogen delays the precipitation of σ phase. The increase in nitrogen enhances the yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and ductility as well as the pitting corrosion potential of the materials. The pitting corrosion occurs in the austenite phases in the case of low N content (0.37 wt.%), but in the case of high N content (0.50 wt.%) it happens in the ferrite phases.     

双相不锈钢2205激光焊接接头组织和性能研究

目的 针对双相不锈钢激光焊接接头两相比例失衡的问题,研究双相不锈钢2205激光焊接接头组织和性能。方法 采用Disk 6002碟片激光器对2205双相不锈钢进行激光焊接,通过在纯氩气保护气中添加体积分数为60%的氮气,向熔池中过渡氮元素,以提高焊缝中的奥氏体含量;采用金相显微镜、电子背散射衍射技术、电子探针X射线显微分析仪、显微硬度仪和上海辰华CHI760E电化学工作站等手段,对激光焊接接头表面组织、元素含量、显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能进行表征和测试。结果 与纯氩气保护焊接接头相比,当在保护气中添加60%（体积分数,下同）的氮气后,奥氏体相体积分数达到39.89%,提升了25.94%,奥氏体中氮元素的质量分数达到0.679%时,氮元素的质量分数提升了0.196%,焊缝中奥氏体显微硬度为307.4HV,铁素体显微硬度为298.9HV,极化曲线腐蚀电流密度升高,阻抗弧半径减小。结论 在保护气中添加60%的氮气后,激光焊接接头中奥氏体的体积分数提升,增加的奥氏体组织以晶内奥氏体为主,并且更多的氮元素进入到奥氏体相中,焊缝中的奥氏体和铁素体硬度略有升高,耐蚀性和钝化膜稳定性有所下降。     

Characterization of microstructure,chemical composition,corrosion resistance and toughness of a multipass weld joint of superduplex stainless steel UNS S32750

The superduplex stainless steels have an austeno-ferritic microstructure with an average fraction of each phase of approximately 50%. This duplex microstructure improves simultaneously the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Welding of these steels is often a critical operation. In this paper we focus on characterization and analysis of a multipass weld joint of UNS S32750 steel prepared using welding conditions equal to industrial standards. The toughness and corrosion resistance properties of the base metal, root pass welded with gas tungsten arc welding, as well as the filler passes, welded with shielded metal arc welding, were evaluated. The microstructure and chemical composition of the selected areas were also determined and correlated to the corrosion and mechanical properties. The root pass was welded with low nickel filler metal and, as a consequence, presented low austenite content and significant precipitation. This precipitation is reflected in the corrosion and mechanical properties. The filler passes presented an adequate ferrite:austenite proportion but, due to their high oxygen content, the toughness was lower than that of the root pass. Corrosion properties were evaluated by cyclic polarization tests in 3.5% NaCl and H₂SO₄ media.     

Effect of aging on the corrosion resistance of 2101 lean duplex stainless steel

The microstructure and localized corrosion behavior of a 2101 lean duplex stainless steel aged at 700 °C were investigated. The results showed that changes in the microstructure of the duplex stainless steel, due to the formation of precipitates, affected its pitting corrosion resistance. The values of the pitting potential and the critical pitting temperature dropped drastically before aging time up to 30 min. The potentiostatic pitting corrosion measurement indicated more sensitive to the small amount of precipitates compared to the potentiodynamic test. Pitting nucleated mainly in the ferrite phase for the solution-annealed specimen, while the initiation of pitting corrosion for the aged specimen took place at Cr-depletion area around the precipitates, i.e. in the newly formed secondary austenite phase.     

Effect of nitrogen and nickel on the microstructure and mechanical properties of plasma welded UNS S32760 super-duplex stainless steels

Super-duplex stainless steels present excellent combination of mechanical and corrosion resistance, due to their strict composition control and ferrite–austenite phase balance. This balance may, however, be disturbed during welding in both the fusion and HAZ due to the rapid cooling rates and may lead to loss of the good corrosion and mechanical properties of the weldments. The present investigation is studying the effect of nitrogen addition in the plasma operation gases and of the increase of nickel in the filler metal, on the microstructure and on the mechanical properties of super-duplex stainless steels welded by the plasma transferred arc (PTA) technique. Results have shown that nitrogen addition in the plasma operation gas affects the mechanical properties of the weldments. It is shown that nitrogen addition in the plasma and protective gas and higher nickel content in the filler metal have both a positive effect on the elongation of the welded specimens and after optimization of the welding parameters very good results may be obtained in terms of tensile strength.     

MICROSTRUCTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS

Abstract— Fatigue crack initiation and propagation in duplex stainless steels are strongly affected by microstructure in both inert and aggressive environments. Fatigue crack growth rates in wrought Zeron 100 duplex stainless steel in air were found to vary with orientation depending on the frequency of crack tip retardation at ferrite/austenite grain boundaries. Fatigue crack propagation rates in 3.5% NaCl solution and high purity water are increased by hydrogen assisted transgranular cyclic cleavage of the ferrite. The corrosion fatigue results are interpreted using a model for the cyclic cleavage mechanism.     

Effect of heat-input on pitting corrosion behavior of friction stir welded high nitrogen stainless steel

In this study, different welding parameters were selected to investigate the effects of heat-input on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of the friction stir welded high nitrogen stainless steel joints. The results showed that, the welding speed had major influence on the duration at elevated temperature rather than the peak temperature. The hardness distribution and tensile properties of the nugget zones (NZs) for various joints were very similar while the pitting corrosion behavior of various NZs showed major differences. Large heat-input resulted in the ferrite bands being the pitting location, while tool wear bands were sensitive to pitting corrosion in the low heat-input joints. Cr diffusion and tool wear were the main reasons for pitting. The mechanisms of pitting corrosion in the NZs were analyzed in detail.     

Tensile deformation of a duplex Fe-20Mn-9Al-0.6C steel having the reduced specific weight

The room temperature deformation characteristics of a duplex Fe-20Mn-9Al-0.6C steel with the reduced specific weight of 6.84 g/cm³ in the fully solutionized state were described in conjunction with the deformation mechanisms of its constituent phases. The phase fraction was insensitive to annealing temperature in the range of 800-1100 °C. The ferrite grain size was also nearly unaltered but the austenite grain size slightly increased with increasing annealing temperature. This revealed that there is little window to control the microstructure of the steel by annealing. The steel exhibited a good combination of strength over 800 MPa and ductility over 45% in the present annealing conditions. Ferrite was harder than austenite in this steel. Strain hardening of both phases was monotonic during tensile deformation, but the strain hardening exponent of austenite was higher than that of ferrite, indicating the better strain hardenability of austenite. In addition, the strain hardening exponent of austenite increased but that of ferrite remained unchanged with increasing annealing temperature. The overall strain hardening of the steel followed that of austenite. Considering element partitioning by annealing, the stacking fault energy of austenite of the steel was estimated as ∼70 mJ/m². Even with the relatively high stacking fault energy, planar glide dominantly occurred in austenite. Neither strain induced martensite nor mechanical twins formed in austenite during tensile deformation. Ferrite exhibited the deformed microstructures typically observed in the wavy glide materials, i.e. dislocation cells. The mechanical properties of the present duplex steel were compared to those of advance high strength automotive steels recently developed.     

Modelling correlation between alloy composition and ferrite number in duplex stainless steel welds using artificial neural networks

Abstract

Weld metal composition is thought to be an important factor in influencing the austenite/ferrite ratio of duplex stainless steel microstructures. To produce the required balance in the austenite/ferrite ratio in the weld microstructure, the chemical composition of the welding consumables should be adjusted. In the present work, Bayesian neural network analysis has been employed to predict the ferrite number in duplex stainless steel welds as a function of composition. The technique accounts for modelling uncertainty, and automatically quantifies the significance of each input variable. In this paper, the influence of variations in the weld composition on the ferrite number have been quantified for two duplex stainless steels. Predictions are accurate compared to published methods. The role of Si and Ti in influencing the ferrite number in these alloys has been brought out clearly in this study while these elements are not given due considerations in the WRC–1992 diagram.     

Characterization of Weld Solidification Cracking in a Duplex Stainless Steel

Weld solidification cracking in the duplex stainless steel SAF 2205 has been investigated and compared with that of alternate duplex and austenitic stainless steels. Varestraint weld-ability testing showed SAF 2205 to exhibit a lower cracking susceptibility than that of the duplex stainless steel Ferralium 255 but greater than that of a Type 304 austenitic stainless steel which solidified as ferrite and exhibited Ferrite Number 8 (FN 8) in the weld fusion zone. The high augmented strain levels required to induce cracking in these three alloys during Varestraint testing indicated a high resistance to solidification cracking at strain levels normally encountered in structural weldments. Cracking susceptibilities of the duplex and Type 304/FN-8 stainless steels were appreciably lower than that of a Type 304L stainless steel which solidified entirely to austenite and exhibited less than FN 1 in the weld fusion zone.

Microstructural characterization of SAF 2205 using conventional black-and-white and two different color metallography techniques showed solidification cracks to be associated with ferrite grain boundaries. Color metallography was also effective in revealing the fusion zone solidification structure and delineating second phases, including inter- and intragranular austenite and fine Cr₂N precipitates. Fractographic analysis of solidification crack surfaces from SAF 2205 Varestraint samples revealed dendritic and flat topographies, and confirmed a solidification versus solid-state cracking mechanism.     

The use of potentiostatic pulse testing to study the corrosion behavior of welded stainless steels in sodium chloride solution

In this paper, the corrosion behavior of welded stainless steels is studied by means of the potentiostatic pulse testing method. The evolution of the average pit density and the average pit surface area at the mouth in each zone of the welds is discussed considering its PREN value and its microstructure determined from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) experiments. Critical parameters leading to pitting are proposed and weak zones of the welded joints are identified.     

022Cr25Ni7Mo4N双相不锈钢等温处理中的组织演变EI北大核心CSCD

研究经1100℃等温处理2~20 h后022Cr25Ni7Mo4N双相不锈钢的显微组织演变。观察钢中奥氏体晶粒形态变化并对其尺寸进行定量表征,测量铁素体/奥氏体两相中的元素含量变化,并探讨组织演变对实验钢中铁素体相体积分数的各向异性和低温冲击韧性的影响。结果表明:随着保温时间的延长,奥氏体晶粒发生聚集、长大、粗化现象,并伴随显著的晶粒形态变化,a/b值≥4.0时细长棒状晶粒体积分数从近20%骤降至5%以下,a/b值介于1.0~1.9的等轴晶粒体积分数显著上升的同时,尺寸≥20μm的晶粒体积分数快速增加。保温时间的延长使得Mo,Cr元素进一步向铁素体相扩散、富集,并提高铁素体相抗点蚀当量(pitting resistance equivalent number,PREN)值。细长棒状奥氏体晶粒比例的显著下降,是奥氏体体积分数各向异性改善和实验钢低温冲击韧性提高的主要原因。     

Transient liquid phase bonding of a microduplex stainless steel using amorphous interlayers

Abstract

Microduplex stainless steels are two phase alloys which show excellent corrosion resistance and toughness. In order to join these special steels, fusion welding processes are normally used and a second post-weld heat treatment is necessary to regain the original ferrite to austenite ratio. In this study, transient liquid phase diffusion bonding was used to join a 2205 duplex stainless steel with the aid of amorphous interlayers. The research compares a Ni–B–Si ternary system with that of an Fe–B–Si interlayer, and compositional, microstructural and mechanical assessment was used to determine the quality of the bonds produced. These preliminary results show that the nickel based interlayer stabilises the austenitic phase along the bond length, which hinders grain growth across the joint region. In contrast, the iron based interlayer produces diffusion bonds, which show microstructural and compositional homogeneity across the joint region. Furthermore, mechanical and pitting corrosion tests show that transient liquid phase diffusion bonds can achieve properties similar to those of the parent alloy.     

超级双相不锈钢2507焊接工艺研究现状

主要梳理和综述了超级双相不锈钢2507焊接方面的研究工作,从而对超级双相不锈钢2507焊接工艺进行指导。从超级双相不锈钢2507焊接工艺、焊接接头两相比例调节两个维度进行综述,其中,超级双相不锈钢2507焊接工艺部分从钨极氩弧焊、埋弧焊、等离子弧焊、激光焊、电子束焊、激光-电弧复合焊这6种焊接工艺开展评述,焊接接头两相比例调节部分从调整焊接热输入、焊后热处理、添加合金元素镍或氮3个方面进行评述。结合国内外研究现状,探讨了超级双相不锈钢焊接如何控制接头两相比例这一关键问题。研究现状表明:钨极氩弧焊、等离子弧焊和激光焊可以较好地实现超级双相不锈钢优质焊接;添加合金元素镍或氮是调控焊接接头两相比例的重要手段。开展超级双相不锈钢2507焊接工艺研究现状的综述具有重要意义,向熔池过渡合金元素的高能量密度焊接工艺可能是超级双相不锈钢焊接的优选技术。     

固溶处理对2205双相不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响

利用箱式电阻炉、金相显微镜、电化学工作站等设备研究固溶处理温度对2205不锈钢在不同介质中显微组织和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明,随着固溶温度升高,奥氏体含量不断减少,铁素体含量不断增多;在p H值不同的溶液中,双相不锈钢的耐蚀性能有一定差异:酸性溶液中,在1 050℃左右进行固溶处理,此时的双相不锈钢奥氏体与铁素体含量比接近1∶1,耐酸性能较好,而在碱性溶液中,1 100℃固溶处理时的腐蚀速度较小,耐蚀性能较好;1 100℃固溶处理的双相不锈钢在含氯离子的环境中虽无明显钝化区,但腐蚀速率较小,具有一定耐点蚀性能。