不同分布脉冲微射流对圆射流外部流场的影响

根据圆射流的射流条件建立了流场的CFD模型,并通过计算流体动力学的有限元软件ANSYS,对湍流射流外部流场流动特性进行了数值模拟。通过在外部流场入口处加入脉冲微射流,对原本处于层流状态的射流外层边界层进行扰动并得到模拟结果,从而分析在径向脉冲微射流的影响下,外部流场的变化特性。在改变微射流的脉冲频率的情况下,得到不同脉冲频率下的外部流场流动特性。通过对比,得到的射流流场数值模拟结果与实验结果趋势一致,并且与前人所得实验结果相吻合。     

不同激励频率的脉冲微射流对圆射流流场扩散掺混的影响分析

采用Fluent商用计算软件,结合实验所得数据,在保持微射流与主射流的占空比A为10％和质量流率比Cm为0.05％不变的条件下,将侧向垂直分布的脉冲微射流的激励频率与主射流的大涡频率比值Fv/Fo在0～2范围内变化,对圆射流外部流场的扩散掺混进行了研究.结果表明:流场的流动状态对脉冲激励频率的变化十分敏感,在微射流激励频率FV与主射流大涡频率Fo相同时,流场的掺混增强效果最明显,流向涡结构较为规则,且在向外扩散发展的过程中能够卷吸更多的流体进行掺混.     

不同激励频率的脉冲微射流对圆射流流场扩散掺混的数值模拟和影响分析（英文）

采用Fluent商用计算软件,结合实验所得数据,在保持微射流与主射流的占空比A为10%和质量流率比C_m为0.05%不变的条件下,将侧向垂直分布的脉冲微射流的激励频率与主射流的大涡频率比值F_V/F_O在0~2范围内变化,对圆射流外部流场的扩散掺混进行了研究。结果表明:流场的流动状态对脉冲激励频率的变化十分敏感,在微射流激励频率F_V与主射流大涡频率F_O相同时,流场的掺混增强效果最明显,流向涡结构较为规则,且在向外扩散发展的过程中能够卷吸更多的流体进行掺混。     

流体脉冲调制数字测控试验台的设计

为满足用户对流体脉冲数字控制技术实践学习和数字控制阀的测试要求,本文从系统原理、总体结构及主要元件的选择等方面,设计了一种基于计算直接控制和辅助测试的流体脉冲数字测控实验台。利用该实验台可完成液压数字伺服控制实验及组合式数字阀和高速开关阀的性能参数的计算机辅助测试。     

铝脉冲MIG焊亚射流过渡的自适应控制

针对铝脉冲MIG焊亚射流过渡区范围窄,不易控制的特点,提出了铝脉冲MIG焊亚射流过渡自适应控制思想.在所提出的控制思想中,设计了一个亚射流过渡区域,设置了该区域的电弧电压的上下限,电源根据电弧电压值来确定电弧电流的大小,自动将电弧的电流、电压控制在亚射流过渡区内,自动适应送丝速度的变化及弧长的波动.根据此控制思想,对于直径1.6 mm的铝焊丝选择此电压上下限的范围在14.5～22 V之间,选择焊接电流在30～235 A之间.所进行的脉冲焊接试验及高速摄像证明了对亚射流过渡过程的控制,得到了成形良好的焊缝,也较好地避免了焊接缺陷的产生.     

模拟人体肠道蠕动的微机器人运动实验

论文在分析人体肠道的生理结构和蠕动特性的基础上,介绍了实验台的设计思路,设计了实验台的总体结构,并论述了实验台的工作原理和分析了微机器人的在管道内运行时的受力情况.之后利用实验台进行了微机器人的模拟运行实验,实验证明实验台能够很好地模拟人体肠道的部分特性,而且蠕动传动简单模拟效果良好.最后还指出了实验台的不足之处.     

铝脉冲MIG焊亚射流过渡自适应控制熔滴过渡行为分析

在铝脉冲MIG焊亚射流过渡的自适应控制条件下,研究了亚射流过渡的熔滴过渡行为.对不同脉冲MIG焊参数条件下产生的短路过渡、亚射流过渡以及射滴过渡行为进行了电参数波形检测和高速摄像,研究了亚射流过渡发生的条件,分析了在熔滴过渡过程中主要作用力的影响以及表面张力在熔滴形成和过渡过程中的重要作用,指出自适应控制进程中应注意控制的精确化以适应铝MIG焊亚射流过渡较窄的工作区间.结果表明,精确控制焊接参数可以使电弧运行于亚射流过渡的范围并保持亚射流过渡过程的稳定.     

一种盾构推进系统模拟平台设计与研究

为了研究盾构液压推进系统控制特性,设计了一种盾构推进系统模拟平台。从机械结构、液压系统两方面详细分析了实验台的设计过程,并结合实验台控制特性的要求进行了实验分析。实验结果验证了设计方案的准确性和实验台控制性能的可靠性。     

基于Fuzzy-PID的单自由度液压实验台控制特性分析

针对单自由度液压实验台的高控制性能要求,对单自由度液压实验台液压控制系统的动态控制特性进行分析。分析单自由度液压实验台的工作原理及液压控制系统主要元部件的数学模型;对Fuzzy-PID控制器进行分析与设计;在AMESim-MATLAB中构建单自由度液压实验台液压控制系统的联合仿真模型。对采用Fuzzy-PID和常规PID控制的单自由度液压实验台的控制特性进行对比分析。结果表明:采用Fuzzy-PID控制的单自由度液压实验台具有优良的伺服跟踪性能。     

一种基于亚射流的PMIG焊电弧电压控制方法

针对熔化极脉冲氩弧焊(PMIG焊)主要采用恒流控制和等速送丝的焊接方式,提出了一种基于亚射流的PMIG焊电弧电压控制方法;其控制原理是对每个脉冲周期的平均电弧电压进行检测,当平均电弧电压在亚射流区域内,则完全依靠其在亚射流区域内固有的自身调节能力进行调节,当平均电弧电压超出亚射流区域后,在其它焊接参数不变的条件下,通过改变基值时间来改变脉冲周期内的平均电流值,从而改变焊丝熔化速度,提高电弧调节能力和抗扰动能力.结果表明,采用该控制方法可以显著改善焊接电弧的动态响应特性,有效抑制电弧电压的扰动,焊缝成形均匀一致.     

On some aspects of gas dynamics of the cold spray process

This paper presents an overview of results of recent studies conducted at the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science in the field of gas dynamics and heat transfer of the supersonic air jet under conditions typically used in the cold spray process. These studies are related to various aspects of the problem including a flow in the nozzle and the outflow of the jet, as well as effects of the interaction of the jet with a flat obstacle. They are conducted with a supersonic nozzle with a rectangular section at the exit with a Mach number M ₀ between 2 and 3.5. The gas flow in the nozzle is theoretically and experimentally studied. It is shown that the boundary layer on the walls of the nozzle affects significantly the flow parameters (for example, Mach number M, pressure p, temperature T, and density ρ of the gas). A method of calculation of the gas parameters in the flow core of the nozzle is suggested, and it is shown that they depend mainly on the ratio of the nozzle width to its length. The results of the investigation of the supersonic air jets with stagnation temperature ranging from 300–600 K flowing in the atmosphere are presented. The corresponding dimensions of the jets, profiles, and axial distributions of the gas parameters are obtained. The interactions of the supersonic jet with the flat obstacle are studied. Self-similarity of the distribution of the pressure and of the Mach number on the obstacle surface is shown for the jets with various values of the Mach number and the angle of impingement. The oscillation regimen of the jet impingement, as well as a compressed layer structure is observed with the aid of a Schliren visualization technique. Some problems of heat exchange of the jets with the obstacle are considered. Distributions of stagnation temperature and heat exchange coefficient in the near-wall jet are obtained. The temperature of the obstacle for the stationary case is calculated, and it is shown that for heat conductive materials the surface temperature is lower than the stagnation temperature due to the redistribution of heat inside of the substrate.     

Spray parameters and particle behavior relationships during plasma spraying

Using laser anemometry, laser fluxmetry, and statistical two-color pyrometry, the velocity, number flux, and surface temperature distributions of alumina and zirconia particles in dc plasma jets have been determined inflight for various spraying parameters. The flux measurements emphasized the importance of the carrier gas flow rate, which must be adjusted to the plasma jet momentum depending on the arc current, nozzle diameter, gas flow rate, and gas nature. It has also been shown that the particle trajectories depend both on the particle size and injection velocity distributions and that the position and tilting of the injector plays a great role. The particle size drastically influences its surface temperature and velocity, and for the refractory materials studied, only the particles below 45 μm in diameter are fully molten in Ar-H₂ (30 vol%) plasma jets at 40 kW. The morphology of the particles is also a critical parameter. The agglomerated particles partially explode upon penetration into the jet, and the heat propagation phenomenon is seriously enhanced, particularly for particles larger than 40 μm. The effects of the arc current and gas flow rate have been studied, and the results obtained in an air atmosphere cannot be understood without considering the enhanced pumping of air when the plasma velocity is increased. The Ar-He (60 vol%) and Ar-H₂ (30 vol%) plasma jets, when conditions are found where both plasma jets have about the same dimensions, do not result in the same treatment for the particles. The particles are not as well heated in the Ar-He jet compared to the Ar-H₂ jet. Where the surrounding atmosphere is pure argon instead of air (in a controlled atmosphere chamber), he radial velocity and temperature distributions are broadened, and if the velocities are about the same, the temperatures are higher. The use of nozzle shields delays the air pumping and increases both the velocity and surface temperature of the particles. However, the velocity increase in this case does not seem to be an advantage for coating properties.     

基于响应曲面法的Ar-N2等离子射流特性研究

目的 为了研究等离子射流特性,方法 本文借助响应曲面法,以粒子速度和温度作为指标来反映射流特性的变化,采用Box-Behnken-Design ( 简称BBD)设计分析了电流、主气以及次级气比例这三个影响因素对于射流特性的影响规律以及参数之间的相互作用关系。结果 研究表明：对于粒子速度的影响因素排序中：QAr > I > C, 对于粒子温度的影响因素排序中：I > QAr > C。该喷嘴下实现最佳加热效应的参数配比为：主气大小80L/min、电流450A,次级气比例为17.5%;实现射流最佳加速效应的离子气及电参数配比方案为：主气大小120L/min、电流450A,次级气比例为12.5%;在射流最佳加速效应对应参数下制备AT40涂层进行验证,发现涂层均匀致密,孔隙少。结论：运用响应曲面法分析和解决等离子射流特性影响问题具有科学性和可操作性,借助射流特性的研究能够有效指导涂层制备。     

HVOF Combustion spraying of inconel powder

A major trend in the thermal spray industry has been to increase the gas jet velocity to obtain better coating attributes. One emerging technology now used in industry is the high-velocity oxygen fuel process (HVOF). High-velocity spray guns combine oxygen and a fuel gas to generate heat and extremely high particle velocities. In this study, Inconel 718 powder was deposited on steel substrates. The primary coating function was electrical resistivity for a heater application. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi L8 statistical fractional/factorial design parametric study. The Taguchi experiment evaluated the effect of six HVOF processing variables on the measured responses. The parameters were oxygen flow, fuel flow, air envelope gas flow, powder feed rate, spray distance, and nozzle configuration. The coatings were characterized by hardness tests, surface profilometry, optical metallography, and image analysis. This article investigates coating hardness, porosity, surface roughness, deposition efficiency, and microstructure with respect to the influence of the processing parameters. Analytical studies were conducted to investigate gas, particle, and coating dynamics for two of the HVOF thermal spray experiments.     

Analysis and modelling of particle velocities in micro-abrasive air jet

Abrasive jet micromachining (AJM) is a non-traditional technology that can effectively remove hard and brittle materials at high cut quality. A key requisite in modelling the AJM process is to determine the velocities of abrasive particles. In this paper, a theoretical analysis for particle velocities within a micro-abrasive air jet is presented and the associated particle velocity models are developed. The particle velocities at the nozzle exit are determined based on the nozzle length, particle mean diameter, particle density, air density and air flow velocity. The distribution of particle velocities along the jet centerline downstream from the nozzle and the particle velocity profile at a jet cross-section are also modelled considering surrounding air entrainment and air-particle interaction. A numerical solution to the models is developed to determine the particle velocities by dividing the nozzle and the jet flow in air into small segments along the jet axial direction. The developed models are finally verified by comparing the calculated particle velocities with those from a particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement of the velocity distribution in micro-abrasive air jets. It is shown that the model calculations and the corresponding experimental results are in good agreement with less than 4% average errors.     

暂冲气源系统设计

现阶段的大多数用于气体轴承实验的气源系统,供气压力低,所需气体流量小,因此均采用小流量、压力变化缓慢的气源系统,这种情况也导致了气体轴承的承载能力较小。为了研究高压、大流量气体轴承的特性,基于Lab VIEW平台,开发了用于高压气体轴承试验的暂冲气源管道系统的测试系统,该系统不仅给气体轴承提供了良好的平台,也可通过测量暂冲气源放气过程的流场参数来分析整个管道系统的流场特性,同时可为其他气源系统试验台的设计开发提供参考。     

Modelling the Plasma Jet in Multi-Arc Plasma Spraying

Particle in-flight characteristics in atmospheric plasma spraying process are determined by impulse and heat energy transferred between the plasma jet and injected powder particles. One of the important factors for the quality of the plasma-sprayed coatings is thus the distribution of plasma gas temperatures and velocities in plasma jet. Plasma jets generated by conventional single-arc plasma spraying systems and their interaction with powder particles were subject matter of intensive research. However, this does not apply to plasma jets generated by means of multi-arc plasma spraying systems yet. In this study, a numerical model has been developed which is designated to dealing with the flow characteristics of the plasma jet generated by means of a three-cathode spraying system. The upstream flow conditions, which were calculated using a priori conducted plasma generator simulations, have been coupled to the plasma jet simulations. The significances of the relevant numerical assumptions and aspects of the models are analyzed. The focus is placed on to the turbulence and diffusion/demixing modelling. A critical evaluation of the prediction power of the models is conducted by comparing the numerical results to the experimental results determined by means of emission spectroscopic computed tomography. It is evident that the numerical models exhibit a good accuracy for their intended use.     

直流电弧热喷涂等离子体偏离局域热力学平衡态分析

在大气压力下,利用直流电弧放电产生热喷涂等离子体,采用发射光谱和热焓探针对热等离子体的射流特性进行诊断。文中通过使用氩原子两条特征谱线的辐射强度,采用双谱线相对辐射强度比值法来计算等离子体的电子温度;同时使用焓探针测量等离子体射流的焓值来计算得到气体温度。研究不同氩气流量和电流强度下,热等离子体的气体温度与射流中电子温度的演变情况,并对两者温度差值出现的原因及变化情况进行分析。结果表明,相同条件下发射光谱法测量的电子温度始终高于焓探针测量的等离子体温度,热喷涂等离子体在一定程度上偏离局域热力学平衡态。     

低功率等离子体炬生产钛合金粉末的理论与实验研究

探讨使用低功率等离子体炬生产钛合金金属粉末的可能性.设计一种氩气直流非转移电弧等离子体炬,并对其等离子体射流特性和导线温度进行数值分析.喷嘴附件内的最高射流速度为838～1178 m/s,不同气体流速下顶点处的射流速度为494～645 m/s.等离子体气体流速对有效等离子体射流长度无显著影响.利用等离子体射流的温度和速...     

新型大气长层流等离子体喷涂方法和研究进展

介绍了一种新型大气等离子喷涂方法,该方法采用特殊内通道结构的直流非转移电弧等离子发生器,可以直接在大气条件下获得长度100～1000 mm之间变化的等离子射流。在大气条件下,等离子射流的流动特性具有"长、直、准"的层流或类层流状态,工作时噪音小于80 dB。在工作参数范围内,等离子射流的长度在固定总气流量条件下可以随输出功率的增加而增长;射流的长度在固定输出功率的条件下随总气流量的增加而减小。当使用在大气等离子喷涂技术中时,会为飞行粉末颗粒带来超长的加热和加速过程。文中详细介绍了大气层流等离子喷涂技术的研究历史和研究现状,以及研究团队利用该新型技术制备的6种涂层的显微结构、颗粒的飞行和加热特点,并对比了目前其他大气等离子喷涂技术的结果。结果表明,文中介绍的方法在最低的输出功率和气流量条件下,为金属和陶瓷颗粒提供了超长的飞行和加热条件,表现为较低的颗粒飞行速度和超高的颗粒表面温度。可以在不同的射流长度或喷涂距离下,获得不同的颗粒熔化状态或涂层结构,并发现可以直接在大气条件下获得大规模气液共沉积的涂层。