460 MPa耐火钢高温硬度试验测试研究

为测定材料在高温下的维氏硬度,提出一种间接测试金属材料高温硬度的修正方法。首先,对高温环境下的试件表面进行压头压入实验,待冷却至室温后测量压痕尺寸,得到相应的维氏硬度值。然后,采用有限元方法,考虑材料力学性能的温度依赖性,对高温环境下的压痕形貌进行数值模拟,得到相应的维氏硬度计算值。结果表明,在高温时两者之间的偏差较为明显,例如600℃时相对偏差达14%。结合有限元的分析结果,最后给出维氏硬度偏差修正的计算公式,为较准确地测量460 MPa耐火钢材料在高温时的硬度提供参考。     

布氏和维氏硬度压痕的正确测量

布氏和维氏硬度试验压痕的正确测量,直接影响到被测试件的硬度值,因之不容忽视。常用的测量方法有: 1.单线测量——测量线移动法此种测量压痕的方法是先使测量线在压痕之左逐渐逼近压痕左缘,直至相切,记下读数(d_1)。参看图1。然后向右移动测量线,到与压痕之右缘相切为止(对维氏硬度压痕,测量线必须与对角线垂直)。再记下第二次读数(d_2),两次读数之差(d=d_2-d_1)即为压痕的直径(或对角线长)。由于只使用一条刻度线,故误差因素少。但测量线要移动整个压痕     

气相沉积硬质薄膜韧性评价方法——压入法

评价气相沉积硬质薄膜的韧性具有重要的工程意义.本文讨论了压入法评价硬质薄膜韧性的原理、方法和参数选择.压入法的原理是载荷导致裂纹形核、扩展,最终形成压痕周围的径向裂纹,而断裂韧性和裂纹之间存在对应关系.压入法的方法是比较压痕形貌特征,其主要影响因素有基体和载荷.对于韧性基体(如金属),小载荷时硬质薄膜与金属同步塑性变形;大载荷下薄膜破裂,但这种情况可能是结合失效破裂,并不反映薄膜的韧性.对于脆性基体(如硅片),小载荷时裂纹会在Si片中形核,并扩展到薄膜中,形成压痕对角线径向裂纹;大载荷时薄膜会严重破裂.定量评价薄膜韧性时,一般采用硬质薄膜/Si片体系,以0.98~9.8N载荷压入脆性基体,采用纳米压入仪测定薄膜的硬度和弹性模量,采用显微镜测量径向裂纹的长度,利用Lawn公式计算得到断裂韧性值.     

基于Labview的显微维氏硬度压痕测量系统的开发

本文在显微维氏硬度计的基础上通过Labview软件设计维氏硬度测量系统,实现对压痕对角线长度的测量,进而可以直接求得维氏硬度值。其中压痕采用三种测量方法获取对角线长度,通过三种方法的比较分析寻求最优测量法。该测量系统实现了硬件结构与软件平台的完美对接,硬度计通过设计改良,确保压头在与试样接触时试样处于水平状态,有效避免压痕结果出现误差。Labview软件平台界面清晰明了,操作过程简洁,具备进一步开发的潜能。     

陶瓷材料弹塑性参数仪器化压入测试方法研究

该文以典型陶瓷材料Si3N4和Al2O3为例,分别应用材料弹性模量仪器化压入测试中的两种代表性方法——Ma方法和Oliver-Pharr方法 ,对两种材料的仪器化压入测试结果进行计算。结果表明:Ma方法对陶瓷材料弹性模量的测试误差小于Oliver-Pharr方法。利用两种不同面角的四棱锥压头分别对Si3N4和Al2O3材料进行仪器化压入实验,并结合有限元数值分析方法,确定Si3N4材料的塑性参数(屈服强度σy=7 800 MPa和应变硬化指数n=0.02)和Al2O3材料的塑性参数(屈服强度σy=4 100 MPa和应变硬化指数n=0.025),从而为进一步研究陶瓷材料力学性能参数仪器化压入识别方法提供一定的理论基础。     

纳米压痕仪的压头面积函数校准方法的比较研究

基于原子力显微镜的直接测量法和通过熔融石英标准样块校准的间接测量法对纳米压痕仪的压头面积函数及机架柔度进行校准,并将这2种方法的校准结果分别应用到熔融石英和聚碳酸酯2种标准样块的压痕测试。压痕实验结果表明,在较浅压入深度,直接测量法测得的硬度值和折合模量值比间接方法测得的结果准确,在较大压入深度,2种方法的测量结果相差不大。     

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜在微小硬度压痕测量中的应用研究

尝试将激光扫描共聚焦显微镜应用于微小硬度压痕的测量中,不仅可以得到硬度压痕的三维形貌,而且利用共聚焦测量方法高分辨力的特点,解决了小于20μm的微小硬度压痕无法测量的难题。本文给出了测量微小硬度压痕的方法,并给出了具体步骤和实例;用所得到的压痕的三维形貌表征材料在压入过程中在压头周围所产生的堆积,可以扩展硬度测量的尺度,对于硬度测量的下一步发展具有积极的指导意义。     

共聚焦激光扫描显微镜在微小硬度压痕测量中的应用研究

尝试将共聚焦激光扫描显微镜应用于微小硬度压痕的测量中,不仅可以得到硬度压痕的三维形貌,而且利用共聚焦测量方法高分辨力的特点,解决了小于20μm的微小硬度压痕无法测量的难题;本文给出了测量微小硬度压痕的方法,并给出了具体步骤和实例;用所得到的压痕的三维形貌表征材料在压入过程中在压头周围所产生的堆积,可以扩展硬度测量的尺度,对于硬度测量的下一步发展具有积极的指导意义。     

维氏压痕对常压固相烧结碳化硅陶瓷材料力学性能的影响

为了研究维氏压痕裂纹对常压固相烧结碳化硅陶瓷(SSiC)材料力学性能的影响, 通过扫描电镜观察了0.1~100 N的压痕载荷下产生的表面裂纹及裂纹剖面的状况, 并测试了相应载荷下的力学性质, 探讨了压痕法测量SSiC材料硬度、韧性等力学性质的适当压力载荷. 结果表明, SSiC材料压痕裂纹起始的临界压力载荷介于0.1~0.2 N; 当压痕载荷小于0.5 N时, 裂纹尺寸小于5 μm, SSiC材料的平均弯曲强度受影响程度较小. 此外, 当压痕载荷为10 N以上时, 压痕法测得的维氏硬度值趋近定值, 且所得到的裂纹是半圆形裂纹, 因此, 10 N为采用压痕法准确测量SSiC材料硬度及韧性的最低压痕载荷值.     

基于AFM纳米硬度测量系统的实验

为了解决用AFM自身压痕软件进行纳米硬度测量时无法直接获得载荷-压深曲线和由于受到扫描陶管扫描范围的限制而进行多点压痕实验范围有限的问题,建立了三维微动工作台和原子力显微镜相结合的纳米压痕硬度测量系统.基于该系统,对单晶薄膜材料进行了单点压痕实验,得出该系统适合进行纳米硬度测量的结论;并对薄膜材料的纳米硬度和弹性模量进行了分析,讨论了尺寸效应对两者的影响.另外,进行了40×40的点阵压痕实验,得到了材料整个压痕面的三维形貌图和三维硬度图.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.