某高效低排放柴油机钢活塞设计与实验验证

本文设计开发了一种适用于高效低排放、高强化柴油机锻钢活塞,该活塞通过头部的一道焊缝和环岸部位的阶梯结构将活塞的头部和裙部连接成为一个整体.采用轻量化设计理念对高强化柴油机锻钢活塞进行结构设计,通过采用低压缩高设计、等强度薄壁、热流型内腔结构、大容积内冷油腔结构设计以及活塞组件的轻量化设计,较好地控制了活塞的总体重量,评...     

NK296LM81型发电用柴油机的研制

通过采用加大排量、提高增压度、空—空中冷、四气门等技术,开发了135系列12V强化型产品—NK296LM81型发电用柴油机。介绍了NK296LM81型柴油机开发过程及其总体设计,关键零部件设计及台架性能试验与用户使用情况。试验及应用情况表明:该型机各项指标达到设计目标,经济性和社会效益良好。     

YC6M重型柴油机开发研究

YC6M是广西玉林柴油机机器股份有限公司自主开发的第一款重型柴油机,该发动机在吸收应用多年与国内外合作成果的基础上,总结了自主开发的经验和技术,建立了完善的从CAD/CAE/CFD等数字模拟数字设计技术、样机的机械开发、燃烧开发和可靠性设计开发流程,采用现代柴油机新型结构技术和自主的专利技术,实现了柴油机高功率密度、低油耗、低排放和高可靠性。目前,该机型已经完成了国Ⅱ、国Ⅲ和国Ⅳ排放机型开发,应用于国内主要重型汽车厂和工程机械配套。本文介绍了该机的开发过程、主要技术特征和国Ⅳ排放试验结果。     

YC6105ZLQ欧Ⅱ柴油机的开发

介绍了玉柴YC6105ZLQ欧Ⅱ柴油机的开发思路,特别阐述了为使排放稳定达到欧Ⅱ要求所采取的结构改进设计,整机性能试验结果表明:YC6105ZLQ欧Ⅱ柴油机整机性能和可靠性得到提高,排放达到欧Ⅱ要求。     

C6190ZLC型船用柴油机的研制开发

C6190ZLC型柴油机是为了满足渔业对配套柴油机环保、节能、动力性好的要求而开发的.本文简要介绍了C6190ZLC型柴油机的结构特点及试验情况.     

C6190ZLC型船用柴油机的研制开发

C6190ZLC型柴油机是为了满足渔业对配套柴油机环保、节能、动力性好的要求而开发的。本文简要介绍了C6190ZLC型柴油机的结构特点及试验情况。     

冷却水温度变化对柴油机油耗率与排放的影响

在冷却水恒温控制试验台上对YC6A220C柴油机进行测试,研究柴油机在不同工况下运行时冷却水温度对燃油消耗率与排放性能的影响。     

YC6112ZLQM型电控稀薄燃烧CNG单燃料发动机开发研究

以YC6112ZLQ增压中冷柴油机为基础,对有关零部件进行了结构改进设计,开发出YC6112电控稀薄燃烧CNG单燃料发动机。通过大量的匹配与优化试验,完成了发动机运行所需软硬件的开发和标定工作。验证试验证明:所开发的CNG单燃料发动机,动力性和经济性完全达到了设计指标的要求,排放达到了欧Ⅱ标准。填补了我国大型公交车用高档CNG单燃料发动机的空白。     

YC6108ZQ 4气门柴油机的开发及性能研究

根据YC6108ZQ柴油机的结构特点和工艺性要求，确立了4气门柴油机气门和气道的布置方案，气门尺寸和位置，选定了气道参数，设计了4气门柴油机气缸盖和摇臂机构，重新匹配了燃烧系统与供油系统，开发成功了YC6108ZQ4气门柴油机。发动机台试验结果表明，该4气门柴油机的功率提高了9%，最大转矩提高了12.7%，柴油机的经济性能有较大程度的改善，燃油经济区域的工况范围扩大，最低燃油消耗率降低。开发的4气门柴油机能够满足亚洲I号排放标准的要求，尤其是CO和NOx排放降低效果明显。所开发成功的YC6108ZQ4气门柴油机进气系统，供油系统和燃烧系统等匹配较好，达到了良好的燃烧效果，其动力性，经济性和排放水平达到了较高的水平。     

YC6112ZQ—231型柴油机开发研究

YC6112ZQ-231型柴油机是在美国康明斯系列柴油机基础上开发出来的新产品,本文着重介绍了此种机型的开发过程。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.