异构片层结构304不锈钢的制备及其力学性能

采用形变诱导马氏体退火逆转变工艺制备了异构片层结构(HLS)的304奥氏体不锈钢。通过扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪分析了304奥氏体不锈钢的显微组织和物相组成,并采用室温拉伸试验研究了其力学性能。结果表明,通过变形量为34%的热轧、75%的冷轧以及700 ℃退火12 min后,试验钢中的马氏体相逆转变为奥氏体相,部分残留奥氏体发生再结晶,获得了由微米再结晶晶粒与超细晶/纳米晶晶粒以及残留奥氏体晶粒组成的异构片层结构,微米再结晶晶粒和残留奥氏体被超细晶/纳米晶晶粒所包围。异构片层结构304奥氏体不锈钢的屈服强度为940.1 MPa,断裂总延伸率为43.1%,获得了良好的强度-塑性匹配。     

Tempered martensite embrittlement in a 32NiCrMoV125 steel

This study focused on tempered martensite embrittlement in a 32NiCrMoV125 steel through examination of the effects of austenite grain size and tempering temperature on the mechanical properties and fracture morphology of this material. Two different austenite grain sizes were obtained by austenitizing at 870 and 950 °C. After quenching, the specimens were tempered in the temperature range of 200–650 °C. The results obtained in this research indicate that by increasing the tempering temperature, the strength and hardness decrease, but ductility increases. However, impact testing indicated that tempered martensite embrittlement occurred when samples were tempered in the range of 250–400 °C. Fractography revealed intergranular and quasi-cleavage fracture. In summary, increasing the austenite grain size decreased strength, but increased impact toughness, except for samples tempered between 200 and 350 °C.     

退火温度对冷轧Fe-0.4C-10Mn-6Al高强钢组织与力学性能的影响

通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子万能拉伸试验机、X射线衍射以及背散射电子衍射等技术方法研究了退火温度对冷轧态Fe-0.4C-10Mn-6Al高强钢的组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢冷轧后的微观组织主要为δ-铁素体、α-铁素体、奥氏体、马氏体与碳化物,退火后的组织主要由δ-铁素体、α-铁素体、奥氏体与碳化物组成,其中奥氏体含量因马氏体逆转变而随着退火温度升高而增加。随着退火温度的升高,屈服强度、抗拉强度均逐渐降低,伸长率逐渐提高。当退火温度达到800 ℃时,试验钢的强塑积达到27.84 GPa·%,有较好的综合力学性能。     

回火温度对1100 MPa钢组织和性能的影响

采用低碳+Nb、Ti、B、Cr、Mo、Ni成分体系,利用SEM、TEM等研究不同回火温度下试验钢的组织和力学性能变化。结果表明:220 ℃回火,马氏体发生分解,马氏体板条束变粗,束内板条逐渐合并,残留奥氏体逐渐分解,位错密度大幅度下降,淬火带来的内应力得到释放,试验钢具有最佳的综合力学性能。300 ℃回火,碳化物在奥氏体晶界或回火马氏体板条间大量聚集、长大,降低了晶界、板条间的结合力,出现了回火脆性。     

EFFECT OF AUSTEMPERING ON TRANSFORMATION INDUCED PLASTICITY OF HOT ROLLED MULTIPHASE STEELS

Effect of austempering on the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) of hot rolled multiphase steel was investigated. Polygonal ferrite, granular bainite, and a large amount of stabilized retained austenite could be obtained in the hot rolled multiphase steel. Strain induced martensite transformation (SIMT) of retained austenite and TRIP effectively occur under straining owing to austempering after hot rolling, and mechanical properties of the present steel remain at a relatively high constant value for austempering at 400℃. The mechanical properties of the steel exhibited a good combination of tensile strength (791MPa) and total elongation (36%) because the stability of retained austenite is optimal when the steel is held for 20min.     

微合金化2000 MPa热成形钢的析出相热力学计算与强韧性

通过热力学计算软件Thermo-Calc计算了2000 MPa热成形钢的平衡相图、各相的析出温度、相中的元素含量、碳化物在不同温度下的长大规律以及不同Nb、V含量对其碳化物析出温度和析出量的影响规律。选定特定成分,利用50 kg真空炉进行了熔炼,并进行热轧和冷轧,利用平板模具淬火的方式模拟热成形工艺并进行了力学性能检测和三点弯曲性能检测。利用场发射扫描电镜和EBSD对组织进行了表征。结果表明,Nb、V微合金化2000 MPa热成形钢中的碳化物主要有NbC和VC,析出温度分别在1150 ℃以上及880 ℃以上,且其析出温度分别随着Nb和V含量的升高而升高。平板模具淬火后热成形钢板的抗拉强度超过2000 MPa,伸长率超过8%,拉伸断口为韧性断口,且三点弯曲角度超过66°。SEM和EBSD的结果表明,马氏体组织由马氏体束(packet)、马氏体块(block)和马氏体板条(lath)组成,原奥氏体晶粒约为10 μm,且马氏体块的尺寸<5 μm,马氏体块内部由马氏体板条组成,马氏体板条间为不连续的小角度晶界,晶界的取向差大部分小于5°。细小的原奥氏体晶粒和马氏体块组织是微合金化2000 MPa热成形钢具有高强度、高塑韧性的主要原因。     

临界区回火温度对Fe-4Mn-1.2Cr-0.3Cu-0.6Ni中锰钢微观组织和力学性能的影响

研究了临界区回火温度对Fe-4Mn-1.2Cr-0.3Cu-0.6Ni中锰钢组织与力学性能的影响。通过热轧后直接淬火+临界区回火的工艺制备试验钢。采用光学显微镜(OM)、电子探针显微分析仪(EPMA)的扫描功能、透射电镜(TEM)、拉伸试验及冲击试验等对轧后淬火态和回火态试验钢的显微组织及力学性能进行了表征。结果表明,试验钢热轧后淬火可获得较高位错密度的板条马氏体,经过临界区回火后获得在回火马氏体基体上分布残留奥氏体的复合组织。随着临界区回火温度的升高,试验钢的抗拉强度呈升高趋势,而屈服强度先下降后增加,伸长率的变化趋势与试验钢中的残留奥氏体含量相关,冲击性能随临界区回火温度的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势。630 ℃回火后试验钢的拉伸性能最佳,650 ℃回火后试验钢的冲击性能最佳,确定最佳临界区回火温度区间为630~650 ℃。     

淬火配分处理对锻态Fe-0.2C-9Mn-3.5Al钢显微组织及力学行为的影响

分析了淬火配分处理对锻态Fe-0.2C-9Mn-3.5Al钢显微组织及力学行为的影响。结果表明,热处理态试验钢主要由块状δ-铁素体、马氏体和板条状残留奥氏体等多相构成;残留奥氏体的体积分数随等温淬火温度升高而增大,在310 ℃时达到峰值;310 ℃等温淬火后在400 ℃配分3 min时可以获得较优的综合力学性能,抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别为1175 MPa和21.50%,强塑积达到25.26 GPa·%;应力-应变曲线中存在着明显的“锯齿”状起伏,可能与亚稳态的残留奥氏体集中转变为马氏体有关。     

两相区回火温度对含7%锰Q690钢组织和性能的影响

采用SEM、XRD、TEM和Thermo-Calc软件计算等手段研究了两相区回火温度对0.02C-7Mn钢的组织和性能变化的影响。结果表明,淬火后试验钢组织以淬火马氏体为主,伴有极少量的残留奥氏体;两相区回火后,基体组织以回火马氏体为主,出现逆转变奥氏体,空冷后转变为残留奥氏体。随着回火温度的升高,残留奥氏体的含量逐渐增加,在650 ℃回火后到达峰值为18.78%;与此同时出现了6.57%的ε-马氏体。两相区回火后,试验钢的抗拉强度均有下降,但是屈服强度有不同程度的升高,这归因于回火过程中位错密度的下降以及弥散第二相的析出。另外,ε-马氏体的存在不仅迅速降低了屈服强度,而且还损害了韧性。在600 ℃回火后,试验钢具有优异的综合力学性能(横向:抗拉强度为984 MPa、屈服强度为973 MPa,-40 ℃冲击吸收能量为163 J,纵向:抗拉强度为947 MPa、屈服强度为919 MPa,-40 ℃冲击吸收能量为186 J),满足Q690用钢的力学性能需求。     

Optimization of flow stress in cool deformed Nb-microalloyed steel by combining strain induced transformation of retained austenite, cooling rate and heat treatment

In this study cool deformation was incorporated in the overall thermo-mechanical processing of a Nb-microalloyed steel. Included in this was the effect of cooling rate subsequent to hot rolling on precipitate formation in the ferrite phase. The results show that increasing the cooling rate prevents precipitate formation in the ferrite phase at the cool deformation temperature. As well, the amount of retained austenite under the low cooling condition in the temperature range of cool deformation, 700-300 °C, was measured by neutron diffraction. It is then shown that strain-induced transformation of retained austenite to martensite is the main factor in increasing the strength of cool deformed Nb microalloyed steel. Combining accelerated cooling, strain-induced transformation of austenite to martensite during cool deformation and a subsequent heat treatment stage to increase precipitation maximizes the flow stress of the steel. Finally, it is shown that this process also lowers the yield strength/ultimate strength ratio.     

均热温度对不同成分980 MPa级高强钢组织和性能的影响

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对两种不同成分的1.4 mm厚冷硬带钢进行退火热模拟试验,并利用万能拉伸试验机、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、EDS对所得热模拟退火试样进行力学性能和组织分析。结果表明,其他退火参数相同,低C高Mn成分前提下,添加合金元素Cr、Mo及高Si含量的C-Mn-Si(高)+Cr+Mo钢和不添加合金元素Cr、Mo且低Si含量的C-Mn-Si(低)钢经760、780 ℃均热退火可得到力学性能满足要求的980 MPa级双相钢。不同均热温度下,C-Mn-Si(高)+Cr+Mo钢组织均为铁素体、岛状马氏体和少量贝氏体,区别在于均热温度高的铁素体晶粒细小且数量较多,呈凹凸不平形貌,马氏体含量少一些,贝氏体呈针状或团簇状;C-Mn-Si(低)钢组织则由铁素体、马氏体、少量的贝氏体和残留奥氏体组成,区别在于均热温度高,铁素体晶粒细化,轧制特征不明显,马氏体含量少,贝氏体呈粒状且量较少。残留奥氏体呈亮白色条状,这种亮白色的特征主要是因为Mn的局部富集。两种试验钢组织差异本质上是Cr、Mo和Si 3种合金元素的含量差异影响过冷奥氏体稳定性引起的。     

节镍型奥氏体不锈钢组织性能及控制机理研究

节镍型奥氏体不锈钢生产中合理控制其C、N含量和Cr、Ni当量,使其冷加工硬化小,拉深成形性能优异,形变诱导马氏体量少,时效开裂风险小,室温下奥氏体组织稳定是其生产应用的关键技术难点。为此,研究了不同化学成分节镍型奥氏体不锈钢在热轧、退火、冷轧退火后的金相组织及力学性能,分析了奥氏体稳定性和冷轧形变诱导马氏体相变的控制规律。结果表明:试验钢在热轧后奥氏体组织呈未完全再结晶状态,退火后奥氏体组织再结晶充分,晶粒尺寸为12～14 μm,且低的碳含量有利于改善碳化物的析出情况;试验钢冷轧变形过程中马氏体转变受奥氏体稳定性的影响,即受M_d30/50温度控制及化学成分的影响,M_d30/50温度值越高,镍当量越小,奥氏体稳定性越差,形变诱导马氏体含量越高,冷轧变形抗力越大,在退火过程越容易发生马氏体向奥氏体的逆转变,形成晶粒尺寸呈“双峰”状分布的混晶组织。因此,化学成分设计是实现节镍型奥氏体不锈钢性能的基础;同时,将本试验钢冷轧退火温度从1 080 ℃提高到1 100 ℃,且降低退火工艺速度,以延长带钢在退火炉内的时间,使奥氏体晶粒充分长大,控制晶粒尺寸为8.0～9.0级,才能保证钢卷获得良好的使用性能。     

Microstructural Developments and Tensile Properties of Lean Fe-Mn-Al-C Lightweight Steels

Concepts of Fe-Al-Mn-C-based lightweight steels are fairly simple, but primary metallurgical issues are complicated. In this study, recent studies on lean-composition lightweight steels were reviewed, summarized, and emphasized by their microstructural development and mechanical properties. The lightweight steels containing a low-density element of Al were designed by thermodynamic calculation and were manufactured by conventional industrial processes. Their microstructures consisted of various secondary phases as κ-carbide, martensite, and austenite in the ferrite matrix according to manufacturing and annealing procedures. The solidification microstructure containing segregations of C, Mn, and Al produced a banded structure during the hot rolling. The (ferrite + austenite) duplex microstructure was formed after the annealing, and the austenite was retained at room temperature. It was because the thermal stability of austenite nucleated from fine κ-carbide was quite high due to fine grain size of austenite. Because these lightweight steels have outstanding properties of strength and ductility as well as reduced density, they give a promise for automotive applications requiring excellent properties.     

14Cr1MoR钢控轧和直接淬火工艺研究

研究控制轧制和直接淬火相结合生产14Cr1MoR压力容器钢的工艺.结果表明奥氏体再结晶区变形时,单道次变形量越大则再结晶进行得越充分,再结晶后的晶粒就越细.奥氏体未再结晶区总变形量增大则奥氏体晶粒内形变区域增多,从而使马氏体形核点增多,淬火后得到细板条马氏体组织.该钢种控轧后有足够高的温度进行直接淬火,经高温回火得到细小回火索氏体,机械性能优良.     

Nb元素对低合金耐磨钢组织性能的影响

对含Nb和不含Nb两种成分低合金耐磨钢板NM400热轧和热处理态的组织性能进行了研究,并对比分析了微量Nb元素对其组织性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:在低合金耐磨钢中添加质量分数为0.02%的Nb,在相同的控轧控冷和离线热处理工艺条件下,钢板强度和硬度增加,低温冲击韧性提高。在相同的工艺条件下,微量Nb元素的添加对钢板组织中原始奥氏体晶粒的细化是其低温韧性提高和硬度增加的主要原因。     

直接淬火-碳分配处理后高强度钢的组织与力学性能

采用一种中碳低合金高强度钢,在轧后进行直接淬火后再快速升温至400～600℃进行碳分配处理的直接淬火-碳分配(Quenching Partitioning)处理(DQP),研究DQP工艺对钢的组织与力学性能的影响。利用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察组织及析出物的变化,采用X射线衍射仪分析了钢中残留奥氏体体积分数。结果表明:DQP处理后,钢的组织为板条马氏体组织和残留奥氏体。马氏体板条宽150～250 nm;残留奥氏体位于马氏体板条间,随工艺参数不同,其体积分数在4%～8%。钢中析出物尺寸大多为20 nm左右。经过DQP处理后,钢的抗拉强度达到1200 MPa以上,伸长率15%～17%。-40℃冲击功达到30 J以上。合理的淬火终淬温度可以获得更多残留奥氏体,而升高分配温度会增加析出、并使析出物长大,这是提高钢的强度和韧性的主要原因。     

一种低碳含钒超高强高锰TRIP钢组织性能的研究

为获得具有优异强塑性匹配的高锰TRIP钢,对固溶处理的低碳含钒高锰钢采用不同压下率的冷轧及600 ℃低温退火处理,利用微观分析和性能测试手段对其微观组织演变和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,冷轧压下率对低温退火后的低碳含钒高锰钢微观组织和力学性能有重要影响。随着冷轧压下率的增加,该钢低温退火后的晶粒尺寸减小,奥氏体含量增加,马氏体含量减少,其抗拉强度和屈服强度也随之提高。当冷轧压下率为50% 时,该钢低温退火后可获得高强度以及低屈强比,其强塑积可达39.6 GPa·%,主要强化方式为细晶强化、析出强化以及γ ε-M和ε-M α'-M相变强化。     

EFFECTS OF RETAINED AUSTENITE ON DUPLEX MICROSTRUCTURE OF MARTENSITE AND LOWER BAINITE

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退火温度对中锰TRIP钢组织和性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子万能拉伸机和EBSD、XRD分析技术研究了中锰TRIP钢热轧后不同退火温度对组织和性能的影响。结果表明,经过热轧后,组织中有δ-铁素体条带、马氏体和残留奥氏体。当退火温度从600 ℃增加到900 ℃时,屈服强度由610.3 MPa下降到496.7 MPa,抗拉强度从757.3 MPa下降至630.4 MPa。热轧试验钢在700 ℃退火时伸长率最大,为44.9%。从整体上看,当热轧试验钢在700 ℃退火后综合力学性能最优,强塑积最高,为33.8 GPa·%。     

Influence of deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and properties of AISI304 austenitic stainless steel A-TIG weld

Appropriate deep cryogenic treatment can improve comprehensive mechanical properties of the AISI304 austenitic stainless steel activating flux tungsten inert gas (A-TIG) welds. The microstructure of the welds before and after deep cryogenic treatment was all austenite with a small amount of δ-ferrite. The vermiform ferrite + austenite distributed in the whole weld, but the lath-shaped ferrite + austenite mixed components only distributed in the centre of the weld. The phases in the two welds were all Cr–Ni–Fe–C and Fe–Ni solid solutions, ferric carbide (i.e. Fe₃C) and chromic carbides (i.e. Cr₂₃C₆ and Cr₇C₃). After deep cryogenic treatment, the grain size of the weld was decreased a certain of degree, and the carbide phase content was increased. The strength and micro-hardness of the weld joints were increased due to the grain refinement. The intergranular corrosion resistance of the weld was reduced because the precipitation of chromium carbides at the austenite grain boundary.