柠檬酸生产中黑曲霉菌体的利用研究

研究了柠礞酸发酵副产物黑曲霉菌体中回收细胞内转化酶的方法，采用适当的提取条件，可获得活力为９３单位／ｇ（干菌体）的β－呋喃果糖苷酶。并对黑曲霉菌体的组成进行了化学分析，结果表明，其中含有约０．５２％，的麦角固醇，经紫外光辐照处理，得到富含维生素Ｄ２的菌体，用作饲料添加剂可提高营养效价。     

黑曲霉利用红薯粉生产柠檬酸的发酵条件研究

对黑曲霉利用红薯粉生产柠檬酸的发酵条件进行优化。采用单因素试验考察发酵时间、培养基红薯粉含量、摇床转速、初始pH对柠檬酸产量的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,利用正交试验确定黑曲霉利用红薯粉生产柠檬酸的发酵条件为：发酵时间60 h、培养基红薯粉含量40 g/L,摇床转速200 r/min,初始pH值6.0。在此条件下,柠檬酸产量达4.81 g/L。     

产柠檬酸黑曲霉菌种诱变选育及发酵条件优化

为了选育高产柠檬酸菌种,以前期分离到的一株黑曲霉（A spergillusniger）Y Z-35为出发菌株,经紫外线（U V）与硫酸二乙酯（D ES）复合诱变后,进行了产柠檬酸发酵条件优化试验。结果表明,选育出黑曲霉U V -D E-3是一株优良高产菌株,该菌株的产酸率达到11.54%,比初始菌株（Y Z-35）产酸率提高了69.70%;以红薯为发酵原料,在初始糖含量12%、温度35℃、起始pH 值为6.5,转速160 r/m in、发酵时间72 h的优化条件下,摇瓶发酵平均产酸率达到14.24%。     

黑曲霉原生质体诱变选育内切型菊粉酶生产菌株

从徐州市沛县河口镇秦庄村牛蒡种植基地腐烂牛蒡根附近采集土壤,经过初筛得到了3批菌株(包括从中国科学院购买菌株黑曲霉AS3.316),经过测定内切型菊粉酶酶活力(I)和外切型菊粉酶酶活力(S),筛选出I/S值大于10的菌株,共17株菌株。从17株黑曲霉菌株样本中,再筛选出一株产菊粉酶酶活力最高的菌株C122803,其酶活力为2.78U/mL。对菌株C122803进行原生质体制备及LiCl诱变后,得到一株内切型菊粉酶酶活力最高的菌株YY18,其酶活力为3.97U/mL,比出发菌株的酶活力提高了42.80%。     

黑曲霉原生质体的制备、再生及转化条件

为了建立原生质体介导的黑曲霉转化系统，研究了菌龄、酶系统、渗透压稳定剂、酶解时间对葡萄糖淀粉酶生产菌株黑曲霉CICIMF0410原生质体形成与再生的影响。结果表明，培养4d的幼嫩菌丝体最适于制备原生质体；综合考虑原生质体形成与再生的情况，作者选用1mol／L山梨醇为最适渗透压稳定剂，1g／dL蜗牛酶-1g／dL纤维素酶-0．1g／dL溶壁酶为最适裂解酶组合，30℃酶解2．5～3h，最适合的原生质体的再生培养基为含0．6mol／LMgSO4的TZ培养基。在PEG和CaCl2存在条件下，以潮霉素B为选择性标记，质粒pBC-Hygro转化原生质体，每微克DNA可获得4～5个转化予。     

氯化锂诱变黑曲霉原生质体选育高产植酸酶菌株

采用氯化锂诱变黑曲霉原生质体,筛选高产植酸酶菌株。获得制备黑曲霉原生质体的最适条件:纤维素酶1.0%,蜗牛酶0.5%,菌龄24 h,酶解温度30℃,酶解时间2 h,渗透压稳定剂0.7 mol/L NaCl。采用氯化锂对制得的原生质体进行诱变,结果表明:经0.15%LiCl诱变后,原生质体存活率为23.37%,此时,获得一株植酸酶活最高的突变株,为19.24 U/mL,比出发菌株提高54.41%,该菌株具有良好的遗传稳定性。     

柠檬酸工业生产菌黑曲霉TNA09基因敲除体系的构建

黑曲霉TNA09是高产柠檬酸的工业生产菌株,由于经过多次物理和化学诱变筛选,所以对其进行传统遗传改造非常困难.该试验成功构建黑曲霉TNA09原生质体转化方法,实现该工业菌株的基因工程操作.通过试验得出原生质体制备和再生的最佳条件:取CM斜面培养5 d的新鲜孢子约1×108个至100 mL马铃薯葡萄糖肉汤(potato ...     

黑曲霉产柠檬酸的发酵过程表征及乙醛酸的形成

本文对黑曲霉柠檬酸生产过程的菌体形态、总糖、还原糖及有机酸的变化进行了系统地研究.研究结果表明:整个发酵过程中,菌球形态保持紧密稳定,发酵产物中以柠檬酸为主,产量达到155 g/L.并首次发现柠檬酸发酵过程中伴随有乙醛酸的生成,最大浓度可达9.4 g/L.对于菌种和发酵工艺的改进有着重要的指导意义.     

产柠檬酸黑曲霉菌株的复合诱变选育

为了选育高产柠檬酸菌种,以前期分离到的一株黑曲霉YZ-35为出发菌株,进行了紫外线与硫酸二乙酯(DES)复合诱变研究,得到了一株稳定高效的目的菌株,命名为(Aspergillus niger)YZ-DE-3,该菌株的产酸量达到6.46%,较原始菌株YZ-35提高了50.23%。突变株YZ-DE-3经斜面传代培养5代,产酸遗传特性稳定。     

Improvement of Aspergillus niger Glucoamylase Thermostability by Directed Evolution

Directed evolution was used to improve the thermostability of Aspergillus niger glucoamylase (GA) expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A starch‐plate assay developed to screen GA mutants for thermostability gave results consistent with those of irreversible thermoinactivation kinetic analysis. Several thermostable multiply‐mutated GAs were isolated and characterized by DNA sequencing and kinetic analysis. Three new GA mutations, T62A, T290A and H391Y, have been identified that encode GAs that are more thermostable than wild‐type GA, and that improve thermostability cumulatively. These individual mutations were combined with the previously constructed thermostable site‐directed mutations D20C/A27C (forming a disulfide bond), S30P, and G137A to create a multiply‐mutated GA designated THS8. THS8 GA is substantially more thermostable than wild‐type GA at 80°C, with a 5.1 kJ/mol increase in the free energy of thermoinactivation, making it the most thermostable Aspergillus niger GA mutant characterized to date. THS8 GA and the singly‐mutated GAs have specific activities and catalytic efficiencies (k_cat/K_m) similar to those of wild‐type GA.     

Chemical Destruction of Aspergillus niger Conidiospores

SUMMARY: Destruction of A. niger conidiospores at 20°C (68°F) by 20 ppm NaClO and 20 ppm iodine as iodophor yielded D values of 0.61 min and 0.86, respectively at pH 3.0 and 1.31 and 2.04 min, respectively at pH 7.0. On the basis of mojar concentrations, iodine was slightly more effective than chlorine. A D value of 0.026 min was obtained with 4% NaOH at 60°C (140°F) indicating 4% NaOH at 60°C to be far more germicidal than 20 ppm of either halogen compound at 20°C. One per cent NaOH at 30°C resulted in an immediate and rapid release of amino acids presumably from the spore wall during the first 2 min of contact and a slower rate of release of RNA, with DNA released at the slowest rate.     

Antioxidants and pigments of Aspergillus niger

Extracts of six fungi, four yeasts, and two species of Streptomyces were tested for antioxidant activity when added to lard. Extracts of Aspergillus niger, the microorganism that showed the strongest antioxidant activity, were subjected to adsorption and gel permeation chromatography. Two fractions that protected lard against oxidation were obtained by chromatography of A. niger extract on Sephadex LH-20 and Bio-Beads S-X2. One of these fractions contained a gummy brown pigment BR, the other a bright yellow crystalline pigment Y. Pigment BR showed strong carbonyl group and methyl-methylene group absorption in the infrared. Apparently, on the basis of spectral data, pigment Y has a linear naphthopyrone structure. Pigment BR was obtained consistently from A. niger mycelium, while pigment Y was formed sporadically. Results indicated that more than one substance in A. niger mycelium have antioxidant properties and that brown and yellow pigments apparently are associated with antioxidant activity. Synergistic effects may be important in the strong antioxidant activity of A. niger extracts.     

黑曲霉产纤维素酶混合发酵条件的研究

为选出高产纤维素酶菌株,对不同菌株进行筛选,通过4种纤维素酶活力大小比较单一菌株与混合菌株的产酶能力。利用3,5-二硝基水杨酸（DNS）法测定各单一菌株及混合菌株的内切葡聚糖酶活、滤纸酶活、外切葡聚糖酶活和β-葡萄糖苷酶活,筛选最优组合,在单因素试验的基础上通过响应面试验确定最佳产酶条件。结果表明,混合菌最佳产酶条件：混合菌株D2∶D2-1=2∶1,发酵时间6 d,接种量6%,发酵温度28 ℃。优化后滤纸酶活力达到156.26 U/mL,较优化前的滤纸酶活（113.96 U/mL）提高了37.1%。     

高糖化酶活菌株的选育及其在山西老陈醋酿造中的应用

采用N~+注入、氯化锂-紫外线复合诱变方法对糖化酶生产菌株黑曲霉As3.4309反复进行诱变处理,获得了1株高糖化酶活的突变株IV5-66,其糖化酶活力为出发菌株的3.5倍,该菌株具有无霉腐味、不产生色素等特点,具有较高的应用价值。建立了利用该突变株制备高糖化酶活麸曲的工艺,并将高糖化酶活麸曲与我们已经构建的产酒生香酵母菌共培养液共同添加到山西老陈醋的酒醪发酵中,使淀粉利用率提高了27%,乙醇产量提高了34%,乙酸乙酯产量提高了1倍,酒醪的产量与质量均得到了大幅度的提高。     

黑曲霉低聚异麦芽糖高产菌株的诱变选育

以黑曲霉GXM-3为出发菌株进行60Co-γ射线与紫外线照射复合诱变育种,通过苔盼兰平板筛选及摇瓶培养,获得42株转化木薯淀粉液化液生成低聚异麦芽糖浆能力较强的突变株。其中,突变株D-597的转化能力最强。其在3L发酵罐中发酵80h,糖浆产物中低聚异麦芽糖含量达到最高值169.4mg/mL,比出发菌株提高了37.2%,发酵周期则缩短了40h。突变株D-597在利用木薯淀粉生产低聚异麦芽糖方面具有一定的工业应用前景。     

黑曲霉单宁酶发酵工艺

用黑曲霉Aspergilhus niger QG 0301进行单宁酶发酵，制得酶制剂。实验结果表明：Aspergillus niger QG 0301进行单宁酶发酵的适宜培养基包括：混合碳源（或玉米淀粉）、硫酸铵、磷酸二氢钾、碳酸钙、硫酸镁、单宁酸；在30℃、120r/min振荡培养5天，单宁酶产量平均为18．55u／mL。     

Strain-specific polyketide synthase genes of Aspergillus niger

In silico comparison of 34 putative pks genes in Aspergillus niger strain CBS 513.88 versus A. niger strain ATCC 1015 genome revealed significant nucleotide identity (>95% covering a minimum of 99% of the gene sequence) for 31 of these genes (approximately 91%). A. niger CBS 513.88 harbors three putative pks genes (An01g01130, An11g05940, and An15g07920), for which nucleotide identity was not found in A. niger ATCC 1015. To compare the results of the in silico analysis with the in vivo situation, experimental data were obtained for a large number of A. niger strains obtained from different substrates and geographical regions. Three putative pks genes that were found to be variable between the two A. niger strains using bioinformatics tools were in fact strain-specific genes based on experimental data. The PCR amplification signals for the An01g01130, An11g05940, and An15g07920 pks genes were detected in only 97%, 71%, and 26% of the strains, respectively. Southern blot analyses confirmed the PCR data. Because one of the strain-specific pks genes (An15g07920) is located in a putative ochratoxin cluster, we focused our investigation on that region. We assessed the ochratoxin production capability of the 119 A. niger strains and found a positive association between the presence of this pks gene and the capability of the respective strain to produce ochratoxin.