铌、钒对高强钢筋再结晶影响及轧制工艺设计

 为了研究和设计高强钢筋添加铌、钒后轧制过程中对奥氏体区再结晶行为的量化管控,采用Gleeble-3500热模拟机对铌、钒微合金化高强螺纹钢进行单轴热压缩试验,基于再结晶临界条件的热力学原理,通过对不同形变条件下应力-应变曲线分析,采用Avrami方程得到了不同变形条件下的再结晶动力学曲线,并根据再结晶动力学曲线,量化对比分析了铌、钒微合金化对高强螺纹钢再结晶开始、转变及终了过程的影响。结果表明,铌、钒微合金化螺纹钢的热压缩过程均呈现了明显的动态再结晶特征,由于微合金元素Nb/Nb+V的添加,阻碍了20MnSi钢的动态再结晶,变形温度的提高或应变速率的增加可促进再结晶。针对生产中利用动态再结晶而组织调控进行了工艺设计,精轧机组中成品机架前进行冷却和回复,确保830 ℃左右有利再结晶分数达到95%。     

微合金化8630钢高温热压缩变形行为研究

在AISI8630钢基础上制备了一种微合金化8630钢。在变形温度为850～1200℃、应变速率为0.01～10 s^-1、压缩量为60%条件下，使用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机进行单向热压缩试验。分析微合金化8630钢在不同条件下的应力应变曲线及组织变化，确立试验钢的热变形本构方程，并基于动态材料模型(DMM)模型建立热加工图。结果表明：在试验过程中，当材料变形程度一定时，流变应力随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而减小。通过修正拟合，材料热激活能为409.036 kJ/mol,预测理想变形条件温度为1 125～1 200℃,应变速率为0.01～0.1 s^-1。     

高强结构钢热变形行为及流变应力模型研究

利用MMS-300热力模拟实验装置对Nb、V、Ti微合金化Q550高强度结构钢进行了单道次压缩试验,研究了试验钢的高温变形行为,并建立了相应的流变应力模型。试验结果表明,变形抗力随变形温度的升高而降低,二者呈幂函数关系;变形抗力随应变速率的增大而增大,二者呈双对数关系。试验钢在峰值及稳定状态时形变激活能分别为329.55kJ/mol和295.31kJ/mol,且流变应力模型预测结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

新型Fe-20Cr-30Ni-0.6Nb-2Al-Mo合金的热变形行为及本构模型

利用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机对新型奥氏体耐热(AFA)合金(Fe-20Cr-30Ni-0.6Nb-2Al-Mo)进行单道次压缩试验,研究了合金在1000~1150℃和0.01~1.00 s-1形变参数下的热变形行为。根据热压缩试验数据,绘制了不同形变参数下新合金的真应变-真应力曲线,并分析不同形变参数对合金微观组织的影响;基于Arrhenius方程通过线性回归建立高温形变条件下新材料的热变形本构方程;采用六次多项式对不同应变量下的材料常数进行拟合,建立耦合应变量因素的改进型本构方程。结果表明:在热变形过程中,合金的流变应力水平随着温度的提高而降低,随着应变速率的加快而增加;动态再结晶行为更容易发生在低应变速率和高变形温度的变形参数下;耦合应变量因素的本构模型预测合金的流变应力,预测值与压缩试验结果的相关系数为0.9856,平均相对误差仅3.4426%,可知改进型本构模型能较好地预测新型AFA合金在热变形过程中的流变应力。     

40Cr钢热变形行为研究

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机在变形温度900～1 200℃和应变速率0.01～10 s^-1范围内，对40Cr钢试样进行压缩实验。研究了40Cr钢真应力-应变曲线特征，建立了峰值应力、应变速率和变形温度间的本构方程，并确定了40Cr钢热变形激活能为310.625 kJ/mol。研究结果显示：40Cr钢热变形时的流变软化机制为动态回复和动态再结晶；随着变形温度增加和应变速率减小，流变应力减小；试样的变形温度越高，应变速率越低，显微组织中的动态再结晶越完全，并且动态再结晶晶粒越容易长大。     

超高压气瓶钢34CrMo4H热压缩流変应力行为

采用Gleeble-3800型热模拟机试验研究了34CrMo4H钢在900～1200℃、应变速率0.1～10s^-1时的高温热压缩行为,分析了热压缩变形时材料的流变应力与变形温度、应变速率之间的关系,确定了该钢的流变应力本构方程。结果表明,34CrMo4H钢在热压缩时流变应力随形变温度的升高而减小,随应变速率的增加而增大。应变速率小于0.1 s^-1时,该钢应力-应变曲线表现出明显的动态再结晶特征。34CrMo4H级钢的变形激活能为395.45kJ/mol。     

超高压气瓶钢34CrMo4H热压缩流变应力行为

采用Gleeble-3800型热模拟机试验研究了34CrMo4H钢在900～1 200℃、应变速率0.1～10s~(-1)时的高温热压缩行为,分析了热压缩变形时材料的流变应力与变形温度、应变速率之间的关系,确定了该钢的流变应力本构方程。结果表明,34CrMo4H钢在热压缩时流变应力随形变温度的升高而减小,随应变速率的增加而增大。应变速率小于0.1 s~(-1)时,该钢应力-应变曲线表现出明显的动态再结晶特征。34CrMo4H级钢的变形激活能为395.45kJ/mol。     

X52管线钢热变形行为的研究

用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对X52(L360)管线钢(%:0.08C、0.20Si、0.93Mn、0.024Als、0.02Nb、0.02Ti)在950～1200℃、应变速率0.01～10 s^-1时进行50%热压缩变形试验,得出真应力-应变曲线。通过回归分析,确定X52钢热变形激活能和热变形方程,得出应变速率、温度和Z参数对热形变峰值应力的影响。结果表明,变形温度降低,峰值应力增加并向应变增大方向移动,随变形速率增加,峰值应力增大并且也向应变增大方向移动;X52钢热变形激活能为232 kJ/mol;随Z参数增加,热变形峰值应力增加。     

含硼微合金钢奥氏体热变形行为

采用单道次压缩实验方法，通过Gleebe-1500热模拟试验机对成分(％)为：0．05C，1．57Mn，0。50Cu，0.05Nb，0．014H，0．0012B微合金化钢进行800～1100℃应力．应变曲线和再结晶组织演变的试验研究，建立了动态再结晶临界应变和晶粒尺寸模型。得出降低变形温度或提高变形速率可明显细化该微合金化钢的晶粒。     

Cr-Co-Mo-Ni齿轮钢的热变形行为及模锻工艺的有限元模拟

在Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机上进行大变形等温压缩试验,研究Cr-Co-Mo-Ni齿轮钢的高温热变形行为和显微组织,分析材料流变应力与变形温度和应变速率的关系,建立热变形过程的本构方程和热加工图.该材料的流变应力随着温度的升高而下降,随应变速率的增加而增加;用双曲正弦函数式可描述其在热变形过程中的流变应力,热变形活化能为487.21k J·mol-1;热加工图显示的适宜加工区间为温度1000-1100℃,应变速率0.1-1 s-1.在热模拟试验基础上进行该钢种锻造工艺的有限元模拟,并结合热加工图分析初锻温度和加工道次对于锻件温度和应变速率的影响,得出适宜的模锻工艺参数为初锻温度1000-1100℃,锻造道次15次.      

Static recrystallisation kinetics of austenite in Ti,Nb and V microalloyed steels during hot deformation

Abstract

Static recrystallisation kinetics during hot deformation of two microalloyed steels (C–Ti–V and C–Ti–Nb) has been quantified. Double hit compression test using a Gleeble 1500 thermomechanical simulator was conducted to determine the recrystallisation kinetics. The kinetics of static recrystallisation was found to be more sluggish in the case of microalloyed steels with niobium additions as compared with other grades of microalloyed steels. The rate of recrystallisation increases with increasing temperature, strain and strain rate. The results are compared with other grades of microalloyed steels, mainly with Ti, Ni and Cu additions, from literature. For niobium containing microalloyed steels, a higher temperature is required for recrystallisation as compared with other microalloyed steels.     

胀断连杆用高钒中碳钢的动态再结晶行为

利用Gleeble 3800热模拟试验机进行单道次压缩试验,研究了1种新型胀断连杆用高钒中碳钢37MnSiVS在900~1 150℃温度区间和0.1~10s-2变形速率条件下的动态再结晶行为。结果表明:试验料的热变形特征与传统的中碳微合金钢基本一致,较高的温度和较低的应变速率有利于发生动态再结晶。试验料在变形温度低于1 000℃时开始发生再结晶的时间进一步延长。透射电镜(TEM)观察结果表明,试验料中的钒主要以固溶态的形式存在于奥氏体中,从而影响奥氏体的动态再结晶行为。所获得的试验料的热变形激活能为364.9kJ/mol,并得出了其热变形方程及动态再结晶晶粒尺寸与Zener-Hollomon参数之间的关系式。     

Recrystallization Behavior of Deformed Austenite in High Strength Microalloyed Pipeline Steel

 Using methods of single hit hot compression and stress relaxation after deformation on a Gleeble 1500D thermomechanical simulator, the curves of flow stress and stress relaxation, the microstructure and the recrystallization behavior of Nb V Ti high strength microalloyed low carbon pipeline steel were studied, and the influence of the thermomechanical treatment parameters on dynamic and static recrystallization of the steel was investigated. It was found that microalloying elements improved the deformation activation energy and produced a retardation of the recrystallization due to the solid solution and precipitation pinning. The deformation conditions such as deformation temperature, strain, and strain rate influenced the recrystallization kinetics and the microstructure respectively. Equations obtained can be used to valuate and predict the dynamic and static recrystallizations.     

Model of Precipitation Kinetics Induced by Strain for Microalloyed Steels

In microalloyed steels, static recrystallisation is temporarily inhibited by precipitation which is occurring at the same time. A high number of microalloyed steels containing various combinations of carbon, nitrogen and precipitate forming elements like V, Nb and Ti were recrystallised at different temperatures and strain rates. From these results recrystallisation‐precipitation–time‐temperature (RPTT) diagrams were established. The influence of grain size and strain rate on the RPTT diagrams was studied. The precipitation kinetics were mathematically described for isothermal conditions and converted to cooling conditions, which enables an application to hot rolling. Under cooling conditions, completion of recrystallisation is prevented, especially for Nb alloyed steels.     

一种非调质连杆用高碳微合金钢的热变形行为

用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机在温度为1 223～1 323 K,应变速率为0.2～10 s-1的条件下对一种非调质连杆用高碳微合金钢进行了热压缩变形试验,测得了其流变曲线,并观察了变形后的组织.试验结果表明,流变应力和峰值应变随变形温度的降低和应变速率的提高而增大.试验用钢在真应变为0.8,温度为1 223～1 323 K,应变速率为0.2～10 s-1的条件下,发生完全动态再结晶.测得试验用钢的热变形激活能为289.9 kJ/mol,并得出了其热变形方程,以及动态再结晶晶粒尺寸与Zener-Hollomon参数之间的关系和动态再结晶状态图.     

微量钼对微合金钢动态再结晶的影响

 通过Nb V Ti和Nb V Ti Mo两种微合金钢在高温(td=900~1 100 ℃)和不同应变速率(=001~10 s-1)下的单道次压缩模拟试验,研究了热变形参数对两种微合金钢的动态再结晶过程的影响,求出动态再结晶形变激活能及相关参数,建立了热变形方程,并通过对比,分析了钼对微合金钢动态再结晶的影响。结果表明：含钼钢的动态再结晶更困难。这是因为钼的自扩散系数大,致使钢具有更高的动态再结晶激活能。     

Modelling the Kinetics of Austenite Decomposition in Nb‐Ti‐V Microalloyed Steel after Hot Strip Rolling

In hot strip rolling of Nb‐microalloyed steels the austenite transformation usually starts in the hot run‐out table (HRT) under a high cooling rate and finishes while the strip is coiled, when the cooling rate is much slower. Thus the transformation takes place during a two‐step‐cooling regime. This paper presents a mathematical model able to predict such transformation. The experimental alloy used here was a Nb‐V‐Ti microalloyed steel. The model employs an Avrami type equation associated with the additivity rule. The time constant b in the Avrami equation was expressed as a function of parameters A and B whereas the time exponent n was best modelled as a constant of value 1. Experiments have shown that the constants A and B are linearly dependent. An artificial neural network (ANN) model was used to predict B. The ANN model takes into account the following process variables: austenite deformation applied above the non‐recrystallization temperature (Tnr), deformation applied below Tnr, cooling rate in the HRT, and coiling temperature. From the results it was proposed that the transformation is governed by early site saturation, diffusion being the only operating mechanism. This conclusion was based on the experiment value found for n and on the need of a single temperature dependent parameter, either A or B, to predict the course of the overall austenite transformation.     

The Effect of Cooling Rate,and Cool Deformation Through Strain-Induced Transformation,on Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Microalloyed Steels

In this article, a detailed study was conducted to evaluate the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of microalloyed steels processed by thermomechanical schedules incorporating cool deformation. Cool deformation was incorporated into a full scale simulation of hot rolling, and the effect of prior austenite conditioning on the cool deformability of microalloyed steels was investigated. As well, the effect of varying cooling rate, from the end of the finishing stage to the cool deformation temperature, 673 K (400 °C), on mechanical properties and microstructural evolution was studied. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, in particular for Nb containing steels, was also conducted for the precipitation evaluation. Results show that cool deformation greatly improves the strength of microalloyed steels. Of the several mechanisms identified, such as work hardening, precipitation, grain refinement, and strain-induced transformation (SIT) of retained austenite, SIT was proposed, for the first time in microalloyed steels, to be a significant factor for strengthening due to the deformation in ferrite. Results also show that the effect of precipitation in ferrite for the Nb bearing steels is greatly overshadowed by SIT at room temperature.     

RAFM钢应变补偿本构关系及热加工图

低活化铁素体/马氏体(RAFM)钢具有较低的辐照肿胀率和优异的力学性能,被认为是聚变堆首选的结构材料。然而,低活化钢强度高、冷塑性变形抗力大的特点,使其难以通过冷加工或低温加工实现大规模生产。使用MMS-200型热模拟试验机,在变形温度为950～1 200℃、应变速率为0.1～5 s^-1和最大变形量为50%条件下,进行了低活化铁素体/马氏体钢(0.11C-9.4Cr-1.35W-0.22V-0.05Si-0.11Ta-0.50Mn)单道次热压缩试验,研究其热变形行为。基于动态材料模型构建了不同应变量下的低活化钢变形本构方程和热加工图,确定了最优热加工参数,结合金相结果分析了材料变形过程中微观组织演化规律,为低活化钢的热加工成形工艺及组织优化提供理论参考。结果表明,在相同应变速率下,随着变形温度升高,流变应力逐渐降低,在一定变形温度下,流变应力随应变速率增大而增大;温度和应变速率对组织的影响主要取决于变形过程中材料内部发生的动态回复和再结晶等机制的交互作用。使用六阶多项式拟合进行应变补偿建立的低活化钢变形本构方程具有较高的预测精度,平方相关系数为0.972。显微组织...