LNG是机动车辆气代油的最佳选择

分析了液化天然气（LNG）卫星加气站的建设投资、运行成本、能量消耗、安全性、占地面积、维护工作量、噪声污染、工作繁忙度、工作效率、计量的准确度、从母站到子站的运输成本、建站密度以及机动车辆燃料返回率、加气频度（以城市出租车为例）、车辆续驶能力、燃料瓶自重、车载气瓶的安全性、对环境和发动机的影响。指出,正在崛起的LNG汽车技术（包括LNG燃料补给站）比压缩天然气（CNG）汽车技术（包括CNG加气站）有不可比拟的优势。     

液化天然气汽车技术及存在问题探讨

推广和应用液化天然气汽车（LNGV）是降低汽车排放污染的有效途径，文章介绍了LNG的理化特性，安全性，LNGV车载燃料系统和LNGV加气站技术，对LNGV在实际应用中存在的问题作了一些探讨。     

液化天然气及其车用技术

本文对液化天然气LNG的性质和特点进行了全面的分析阐明LNG是天然气有效的应用形式介绍了国内外车用LNG及LNG汽车的发展状况同时对LNG加LNG车用技术分别作了较详细论述     

浅谈建设车用液化石油气加气站的体会

阐述了用石油液化气和压缩天然气替代汽油与柴油是二十一世纪城市车用燃料的必然趋势 ,介绍了建设车用液化石油气加气站的方法与注意事项 ,为城市车用液化石油气的普及提供了参考。     

液化石油气（LPG）汽车的主要特点

目前,在交通密集、汽车拥挤、人口众多的城市,推广和使用液化石油气汽车和工程机械用车辆,不仅可以节省石油资源,降低燃料费用,而且做为一种“清洁燃料”,可以大大地降低汽车对城市的污染。液化石油气(英文缩写为LPG)是一种高效、洁净、价廉的工业和民用燃料的化工原料,在我国资源广泛,其来源主要为油田和炼油厂。油田的液化石油气是在开采过程中伴生的轻烃类产品,由于不含烯烃,适合于作车用燃料。而在炼油厂的催化和延迟焦化炼油过程中生产的液化石油气,因含有大量的烯烃,燃烧后结胶与积炭现象严重,不适用于作车用燃料。液化石油气汽车用…     

LNG加气站加气及计量系统的优化设计

LNG汽车技术作为一种新兴的天然气汽车技术随着国内LNG产业的起步,正在成为清洁汽车燃料的发展方向之一。但由于液化天然气汽车(LNGV)的发展尚处于起步阶段,工程设计、施工等方面的经验也不多,对LNG加气站的加气和计量系统进行了优化设计,以供参考。     

节能减排大力发展LPG清洁燃料汽车

液化石油气(LPG)燃料汽车已得到广泛应用和发展。LPG作为清洁替代燃料,具有良好的排放性和经济性,但也会引起改装汽车输出功率比原来下降。我国发展LPG燃料汽车应该从技术、标准、加气站建设、政策扶植等几方面入手。     

国家能源局发布《液化天然气(LNG)汽车加气站技术规范》等113项行业标准

按照《能源领域行业标准化管理办法》(试行)的规定,经审查,国家能源局批准《液化天然气(LNG)汽车加气站技术规     

车用燃料发展趋势对煤液化的影响 (二)煤液化中碳氢氧三元素的合理利用

根据机动车燃料清洁化和绿色化的趋势 ,从工艺技术的成熟性、经济性、投资、最终产品使用性能、燃料和能源结构以及国家能源安全等多个方面比较了煤直接液化和间接液化生产液态烃燃料工艺和煤生产 CH3 OH和 CH3 OCH3 车用燃料技术 ,表明煤生产 CH3 OH和 CH3 OCH3 车用燃料可以合理有效利用煤中的碳氢氧 ,符合车用燃料的发展趋势 ,并提出了合理利用煤中碳氢氧三元素的煤综合分级利用的新工艺设想 ,以最为经济、清洁的方式利用煤炭资源。     

天然气汽车加气站发展趋势及LCNG加气站技术特点

叙述了目前世界上压缩天然气(CNG)汽车加气站和液化天然气(LNG)汽车加气站的加气流程和相关运行设备,对目前新型液化压缩天然气(LCNG)天然气加气站的加气原理进行了简单描述,并比较了LCNG加气站和CNG加气站的优劣,介绍了目前国外的天然气汽车和加气站的发展现状及趋势。     

Liquid pump-enabled hydrogen refueling system for medium and heavy duty fuel cell vehicles: Station design and technoeconomic assessment

Recent progress in submerged liquid hydrogen (LH₂) cryopump technology development offers improved hydrogen fueling performance at a reduced cost in medium- and heavy-duty (MDV and HDV) fuel cell vehicle refueling applications at 35 MPa pressure, compared to fueling via gas compression. In this paper, we evaluate the fueling cost associated with cryopump-based refueling stations for different MDV and HDV hydrogen demand profiles. We adapt the Heavy Duty Refueling Station Analysis Model (HDRSAM) tool to analyze the submerged cryopump case, and compare the estimated fuel dispensing costs of stations supplied with LH₂ for fueling Class 4 delivery van (MDV), public transit bus (HDV), and Class 8 truck (HDV) fleets using cryopumps relative to station designs. A sensitivity analysis around upstream costs illustrates the trade-offs associated with H₂ production from onsite electrolysis versus central LH₂ production and delivery. Our results indicate that LH₂ cryopump-based stations become more economically attractive as the total station capacity (kg dispensed per day) and hourly demand (vehicles per hour) increase. Depending on the use case, savings relative to next best options range from about 5% up to 44% in dispensed costs, with more favorable economics at larger stations with high utilization.     

Development of a web-based 3D virtual reality program for hydrogen station

The hydrogen fueling station is an infrastructure of supplying fuel cell vehicles. It is necessary to guarantee the safety of hydrogen station equipment and operating procedure for decreasing intangible awareness of danger of hydrogen. Among many methods of securing the safety of the hydrogen stations, the virtual experience by dynamic simulation of operating the facilities and equipment is important. Thus, we have developed a virtual reality operator education system, and an interactive hydrogen safety training system. This paper focuses on the development of a virtual reality operator education of the hydrogen fueling station based on simulations of accident scenarios and hypothetical operating experience. The risks to equipment and personnel, associated with the manual operation of hydrogen fueling station demand rigorous personnel instruction. Trainees can practice how to use all necessary equipments and can experience twenty possible accident scenarios. This program also illustrates Emergency Response Plan and Standard Operating Procedure for both emergency and normal operations.     

Simulation of hydrogen leak and explosion for the safety design of hydrogen fueling station in Korea

Hydrogen has been used as chemicals and fuels in industries for last decades. Recently, it has become attractive as one of promising green energy candidates in the era of facing with two critical energy issues such as accelerating deterioration of global environment (e.g. carbon dioxide emissions) as well as concerns on the depletion of limited fossil sources. A number of hydrogen fueling stations are under construction to fuel hydrogen-driven vehicles. It would be indispensable to ensure the safety of hydrogen station equipment and operating procedure in order to prevent any leak and explosions of hydrogen: safe design of facilities at hydrogen fueling stations e.g. pressurized hydrogen leak from storage tanks. Several researches have centered on the behaviors of hydrogen ejecting out of a set of holes of pressurized storage tanks or pipes. This work focuses on the 3D simulation of hydrogen leak scenario cases at a hydrogen fueling station, given conditions of a set of pressures, 100, 200, 300, 400 bar and a set of hydrogen ejecting hole sizes, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 mm, using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool, FLACS. The simulation is based on real 3D geometrical configuration of a hydrogen fueling station that is being commercially operated in Korea. The simulation results are validated with hydrogen jet experimental data to examine the diffusion behavior of leak hydrogen jet stream. Finally, a set of marginal safe configurations of fueling facility system are presented, together with an analysis of distribution characteristics of blast pressure, directionality of explosion. This work can contribute to marginal hydrogen safety design for hydrogen fueling stations and a foundation on establishing a safety distance standard required to protect from hydrogen explosion in Korea being in the absence of such an official requirement.     

Quantitative analysis of a successful public hydrogen station

Reliable hydrogen fueling stations will be required for the successful commercialization of fuel cell vehicles. An evolving hydrogen fueling station has been in operation in Irvine, California since 2003, with nearly five years of operation in its current form. The usage of the station has increased from just 1000 kg dispensed in 2007 to over 8000 kg dispensed in 2011 due to greater numbers of fuel cell vehicles in the area. The station regularly operates beyond its design capacity of 25 kg/day and enables fuel cell vehicles to exceed future carbon reduction goals today. Current limitations include a cost of hydrogen of $15 per kg, net electrical consumption of 5 kWh per kg dispensed, and a need for faster back-to-back vehicle refueling.     

Hydrogen station siting optimization based on multi-source hydrogen supply and life cycle cost

Hydrogen station siting plays an important role in hydrogen-energy infrastructure construction, and it's different from gas station siting. A gas station has a unitary way of fuel transport and a unitary fuel supplier, hence no consideration given to factors like fuel supplier and way of fuel transport at the time of siting it. However, hydrogen for a hydrogen fueling station can be supplied jointly from a couple of different sources nearby. Since there is a diversity of hydrogen price and productivity between different sources, hydrogen fueling station siting also entails consideration of the effect of the proportions of hydrogen supplied by the sources on hydrogen's life cycle cost. With the purpose of minimizing hydrogen's life cycle cost, this paper creates a mathematical model for station siting, largely for the case that each station can get hydrogen supply from combined multiple sources, and considers the effect of geographical information factors on station siting. The effect of geographical information factors on such siting is described herein in two cases to avoid selecting a must-not-build location and rebuilding into a gasoline-hydrogen fueling station at an existing gas station location. The latter can reduce station construction and operating costs. By creating a particle swarm optimization (PSO) example for station siting with Shanghai-Nanjing Expressway and constructing a position particle swarm in the form of 5D vector in order to optimize 5 station locations at the same time as well a weight particle swarm in the form of 2D matrix in order to optimize the multi-source hydrogen supply programs, the paper works out optimal station construction locations on condition of multi-source hydrogen supply, multi-source hydrogen supply programs, ways of storage and transport and corresponding hydrogen's optimal life cycle cost.     

A consideration of power density and hydrogen production and utilization technologies

The development of hydrogen (H₂) production systems and equipment utilizing hydrogen fuel is a key factor in the creation of a worldwide hydrogen energy network. The World Energy Network (WE-NET) project made significant progress in its development work in FY2002, especially in the critical area of hydrogen fueling stations. This report will examine some of the highlights of the FY2002 WE-NET project, and will also consider the impact of power density on fuel cell cost. Hydrogen production method also evaluated by scale merit (kW/m³).     

Economic competitiveness of compact steam methane reforming technology for on-site hydrogen supply: A Foshan case study

On-site hydrogen production through steam-methane reforming (SMR) from city gas or natural gas is believed to be a cost-effective way for hydrogen-based infrastructure due to high cost of hydrogen transportation. In recent years, there have been a lot of on-site hydrogen fueling stations under design or construction in China. This study introduces current developments and technology prospects of skid-mounted SMR hydrogen generator. Also, technical solutions and economic analysis are discussed based on China's first on-site hydrogen fueling station project in Foshan. The cost of hydrogen product from skid-mounted SMR hydrogen generator is about 23 CNY/kg with 3.24 CNY/Nm³ natural gas. If hydrogen price is 60 CNY/kg, IRR of on-site hydrogen fueling station project reaches to 10.8%. While natural gas price fall to 2.3 CNY/Nm³, the hydrogen cost can be reduced to 18 CNY/kg, and IRR can be raised to 13.1%. The conclusion is that skid-mounted SMR technology has matured and is developing towards more compact and intelligent design, and will be a promising way for hydrogen fueling infrastructures in near future.     

液化天然气(LNG)-柴油双燃料汽车的开发

阐述了液化天然气(LNG)—柴油车的总体设计方案，主要是在保留原机的所有结构和柴油燃烧工作方式不变的前提下，增加了一套LNG供气系统和柴油—天然气双燃料电控喷射系统。系统既可以在柴油—LNG双燃料状态下工作，也可以在全柴油状态下工作，双燃料的工作状态由电子转换开关控制。试验表明天然气替代率高迭84％，经济效益和环保性能突出。     

Thermodynamic parametric analysis of refueling heavy-duty hydrogen fuel-cell electric vehicles

Reliable design and safe operation of heavy-duty hydrogen refueling stations are essential for the successful deployment of heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Fueling heavy-duty FCEVs is different from light-duty vehicles in terms of the dispensed hydrogen quantities and fueling rates, requiring tailored fueling station design for each vehicle class. In particular, the selection and design of the onboard hydrogen storage tank system and the fueling performance requirements influence the safe design of hydrogen fueling stations. A thermodynamic modeling and analysis are performed to evaluate the impact of various fueling parameters and boundary conditions on the fueling performance of heavy-duty FCEVs. We studied the effect of dispenser pressure ramp rate and precooling temperature, initial tank temperature and pressure, ambient temperature, and onboard storage design parameters, such as onboard storage pipe diameter and length, on the fueling rate and final vehicle state-of-charge, while observing prescribed tank pressure and temperature safety limits. An important finding was the sensitivity of the temporal fueling rate profile and the final tank state of charge to the design factors impacting pressure drop between the dispenser and vehicle tank, including onboard storage pipe diameter selection, and flow coefficients of nozzle, valves, and fittings. The fueling rate profile impacts the design and cost of the hydrogen precooling unit upstream of the dispenser.