我国可再生能源发展对策

可再生能源的开发利用是应对气候变化和满足能源需求持续增长的最现实的举措。2009年我国风电和太阳能光伏发电保持了快速发展势头,其中风电装机容量估计达到约2200×104kW,但非化石能源消费量在能源消费总量中所占的比重仍然很低。2009年,我国能源消费总量约为31×108t标煤,其中水电、核电、风电等商品化非化石能源消费量约为2.3×108t标煤,约占能源消费总量的7.4%。要完成到2020年我国非化石能源在能源消费总量中所占比例达到15%的目标,任务非常艰巨。加快开发利用可再生能源是能源发展的重要任务之一,到2020年,可再生能源开发利用总量将在2008年的基础上增加2倍以上。我国目前和今后10多年时间内,可再生能源发展的重点是水电、风电、太阳能和生物质能。加快发展我国可再生能源的举措有:①继续做好水电建设工作,促进水电持续健康发展;②有序推进风电的规模化发展,显著提高风电在电力结构中的比重;③加快推广太阳能利用技术,扩大太阳能开发利用规模;④因地制宜开发利用生物质能,提高生物质能利用的现代技术水平。     

金砖国家可再生能源市场前景与“金砖+”模式应用探讨

金砖五国的能源消费量占全球近四成、新增能源消费量占全球的近一半,加之能源利用水平整体较低、能源安全问题突出、应对气候变化压力较大,能源转型已势在必行,而发展可再生能源成为五国的重要方向。总体而言,金砖国家可再生能源资源均较为丰富。与发达国家相比,金砖五国的可再生能源利用基础较为薄弱,但近年来发展很快。2016年,金砖五国生产了全球将近一半的水电、1/3的风电以及1/4的太阳能发电和其他可再生能源电力,在全球可再生能源发电装机容量中的占比达到了38%,中国、印度和巴西位列全球可再生能源投资最多的10个国家。金砖国家拥有良好的可再生能源投资政策环境以及整体向好的营商环境,但同时也存在诸多不确定性因素。根据"打造‘金砖+’合作模式"的倡议,可考虑建立可再生能源领域的"金砖+"合作模式,即以应对气候变化和实现可持续发展为目标,在整体的"金砖+"合作模式指导下,在可再生能源领域开展广泛的南南合作。该模式的合作机制可涵盖金融支持、技术研发、经验和信息共享、试点示范以及与"一带一路"战略的衔接等方面。     

泰国可再生能源发展现状及中泰可再生能源合作

泰国传统能源匮乏,可再生能源资源丰富。为保障经济社会可持续发展,泰国出台鼓励政策和优惠措施加快可再生能源开发利用。近年来,随着可再生能源技术进步和成本下降,泰国成为东南亚地区可再生能源投资的热土,可再生能源产业取得长足发展。但同时也存在很多问题和隐忧,比如发展不均衡、基础设施建设滞后、资金和技术不足等,寻求国际合作是泰国破解可再生能源发展难题的重要手段。中国是可再生能源利用大国,先进的技术和充裕的资金契合泰国可再生能源市场需求。在"一带一路"倡议推动下,中泰可再生能源合作驶入"快车道",在水电、风电、光伏发电、生物质/垃圾发电等领域形成优势互补、互利共赢的发展格局。然而,可再生能源产业属于高投入高风险行业,再加上泰国政局不稳和地缘政治因素,以及中国企业自身的一些问题,中泰可再生能源合作仍面临多重挑战。未来,中泰可再生能源合作要坚持国际化发展、本地化运营,对接泰国能源发展战略,以太阳能和风能为重点,积极开发水能和生物质能项目,构建共商、共建、共赢的可再生能源合作体系和促进机制。     

国际

正国际能源署:去年中国可再生能源增量领跑全球近日,国际能源署发布报告称,2015年可再生能源首次超过煤炭,成为全球最大新增电能来源。可再生能源之所以能迅速发展,主要得益于美国、中国、印度等国政策的强力支持以及太阳能和陆上风力发电成本的大幅下降。近年来,我国可再生能源取得飞跃式发展,光伏、风电、水电装机均稳居世界第一,成长为世界节能和利用可再生能源第一大国,不仅为我国节能减排、经济增长作出了突出贡献,也对全球能     

第六次中印战略经济对话能源工作组会议成功举行

<正>9月7日,第六次中印战略经济对话能源工作组会议在印度新德里召开。中国国家能源局副局长刘宝华和印度电力部联秘德旺甘共同主持会议。双方围绕可再生能源、清洁煤技术、智能电网、新能源并网、智能电表、电动汽车及基础设施和储能合作等议题进行了深入探讨交流。来自中印双方政府、企业及研究机构代表共     

风、光、水多能互补是我国"碳中和"的必由之路

我国"十四五"开启了新发展阶段,充分发挥我国风、光、水电力全产业链世界领先的优势,充分利用风能、太阳能、水能发电及其在资源、电力、投资等方面的互补性,以水电开发为先导,通过风、光、水互补开发,将水电基地建设成清洁可再生能源基地,加快实现电力清洁化、能源电力化,是实现我国能源绿色高效发展和"碳中和"的必由之路.     

金砖五国可再生能源发展目标

正金砖五国各国的目标和框架政策重点领域有所不同。在可再生能源领域中,巴西最为关注生物质能、水能和电力生产;俄罗斯将能源效率的提高作为发展重点,未来可再生能源发展项目则关注水能技术;印度则将重点放在了风能、太阳能和生物质能研发上;中国更注重太阳能、风能和重点节能技术;南非则优先关注太阳能、生物质能以及能效问题等。预计未来数年内,金砖国家在全球可再生能源发展中的作用将迅速增强。巴西:巴西拥有南美洲最大的电力市场,该     

美国可再生能源发电的规划及对中国的影响

在全球资源危机的大形势下,美国为占领可再生能源产业的制高点,对风能、太阳能、水电、地热能、生物能等可再生能源发电的未来发展做了一个全方位的分析。从资源技术现状和部署等方面深入剖析,对美国可再生能源发电的前景和实施方案有了更加直观的认识,从而对我国发展可再生能源发电应用提供有益的借鉴。     

“一带一路”背景下中欧可再生能源发展现状及投资机遇分析

文中通过多通道收集数据资源,考察了中国与欧盟可再生能源产业发展现状,分析探讨了近年来中欧可再生能源资源、产业投资、产能、消费和投资前景。研究表明:近年来,中国可再生能源产能及消费持续稳定增长,在"一带一路"背景下,中国对欧盟可再生能源产业投资出现巨大增长,欧中创新公司在煤炭清洁、海洋勘探、风能和太阳能等可再生能源领域具有极大投资潜力,其中以风能为主。目前中国和欧盟仍然面临着技术、政治和市场不确定性驱动的投资风险。文中旨在为中国投资者客观了解欧洲可再生能源产业发展及投资市场,寻找最佳投资机会,同时也对欧洲企业抢抓中国市场机遇,平衡市场风险,实现双方合作互利提供参考和依据。     

印尼可再生能源与电力发展现状及合作潜力分析

作为世界人口第四大国及东南亚第一经济体,印度尼西亚巨大的能源需求潜力及良好的经济活力,使其在"一带一路"能源合作中占据着重要地位。印尼拥有丰富的水能、地热能、太阳能等可再生能源资源,然而相比化石能源,印尼可再生能源的开发程度还处于较低水平。随着国际能源转型、环境保护等因素的不断刺激,印尼可再生能源发展空间十分广阔。为了优化能源结构、获得更加清洁和可持续的能源体系,印尼政府正在着手提高可再生能源在能源结构中的比重,并采取多项措施促进和支持可再生能源行业的发展,包括制定和颁布可再生能源发展规划、优惠的电价政策、对外国投资者的税收激励计划等。此外,印尼政治、经济、金融、法律等环境较为稳定,具备良好的投资与合作潜力。随着"一带一路"倡议的深入推进,中国可再生能源产业正在积极寻求国际机遇。近年来,中国和印尼在油气、煤炭、电力等领域已经开展了部分合作,具备良好的合作基础。未来中印两国在可再生能源与电力领域的合作空间十分巨大,基础研究、能力建设和项目合作有望成为该领域今后的合作重点。     

Energy supply,its demand and security issues for developed and emerging economies

Energy is inevitable for human life and a secure and accessible supply of energy is crucial for the sustainability of modern societies. Continuation of the use of fossil fuels is set to face multiple challenges: depletion of fossil fuel reserves, global warming and other environmental concerns, geopolitical and military conflicts and of late, continued and significant fuel price rise. These problems indicate an unsustainable situation. Renewable energy is the solution to the growing energy challenges. Renewable energy resources such as solar, wind, biomass, and wave and tidal energy, are abundant, inexhaustible and environmentally friendly.This article provides an overview of the current and projected energy scene. Five countries, that presently have a significant impact on global energy situation, have been studied in this work. These include China, India, Russia, UK and USA. Together the present energy budget of these countries is roughly half that of the globe. Four of the above five countries that are discussed in this work—China, India, UK and USA are all net importers of energy and are heavily dependent on imports of fuel to sustain their energy demands. Their respective local oil reserves will only last 9, 6, 7 and 4 years, respectively. China, the emerging economy in the world, is however making exemplary development in renewable energy—in 2004 renewable energy in China grew by 25% against 7–9% growth in electricity demand. While in the same year, wind energy in China saw a growth of 35%. China is also leading the global solar thermal market as it has already installed solar collectors over 65 million square meters, accounting for more than 40% of the world's total collector area.This article quantifies the period of exhaustion of the current major energy sources, i.e. coal, oil, gas and nuclear fissile material. Projected demand for energy is also presented and a feasibility of switch over to renewable energy is discussed. The article also presents the size of respective wind- and solar farms that would be required for each of the five countries under discussion to meet their year 2020 energy demands. It has been found that to meet 50% of the total energy demands the proposed area for collection of solar and wind energy by means of ultra-large scale farms in fact will occupy a mere fraction of the available land and near-offshore area for the respective countries, e.g. a solar PV electricity farm of 61 km² for China represents 0.005% of the Gobi desert. Likewise, the 26 and 36 km² PV farm area, respectively, required for India and the US represents 0.01% and 0.014% land area of Rajasthan and Baja deserts. The above areas required for the farms may be further split to form a cluster of smaller energy farms.     

Renewable energy resources,policies and gaps in BRICS countries and the global impact

This paper presents comparative yet extensive analysis of existing non-conventional renewable resources, energy policies and gaps in BRICS countries. An intelligent transformation to green economy to maintain natural resources is noted. Brazil has stable energy policies and is the leading producer of biofuels following hydropower until 2014 but supported wind and solar power development by tendering specific tariffs for energy generation from solar and wind. Russia needs improvement in its legal and regulatory framework with more incentives in energy policies. China is improving upon wind and hydropower but it needs strong policy measures to put cap on increased CO₂ emissions. India needs revision in energy policy and requires extra incentives and consumer specific energy policies for research-infrastructure and energy generation technologies. South Africa requires lessons to increase renewable energy and reduce coal mining. Moreover, BRICS countries need to redefine their energy policies based upon their existing geographical, economical, societal and environmental conditions which will help in shaping global energy policies and more financial stability. This paper recognizes the potential of BRICS to reshape the global system paralleled with minimizing CO₂ emissions. The concerted role of BRICS needs to be recognized as the leading contributor of global renewable capacity where the developed world is geared and busy to address the environmental issues.     

Renewable energy — the way forward

This paper outlines the growing need of energy in the developing countries and the acute population growth, which will exceed 10 billion by the year 2050. It describes the achievement and progress made in geothermal, hydro-power, biomass conversion, solar thermal technology, wind energy conversion and the ever increasing usage of photovoltaics. The paper also addresses the barriers and problems which face renewable energy users and producers. It is evident now that global warming is setting in and is going to change the climate as well as the terrain of many countries unless drastic measures are taken. The recent Kyoto meeting emphasised the importance of limiting CO₂ emissions and to abide by some form of agreement to reduce emissions. Countries such as India, China and Indonesia, which represent nearly half the world's population, are actively involved in using renewable energy as the only means of sustaining their energy growth. It concludes that renewable energy penetration into the energy market is much faster than was expected a few years ago and by the year 2020, 10–15% of our prime energy will be met by renewable energy.     

Renewable energy in India: Historical developments and prospects

Promoting renewable energy in India has assumed great importance in recent years in view of high growth rate of energy consumption, high share of coal in domestic energy demand, heavy dependence on imports for meeting demands for petroleum fuels and volatility of world oil market. A number of renewable energy technologies (RETs) are now well established in the country. The technology that has achieved the most dramatic growth rate and success is wind energy; India ranks fourth in the world in terms of total installed capacity. India hosts the world's largest small gasifier programme and second largest biogas programme. After many years of slow growth, demand for solar water heaters appears to be gaining momentum. Small hydro has been growing in India at a slow but steady pace. Installation of some of the technologies appears to have slowed down in recent years; these include improved cooking stoves (ICSs) and solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. In spite of many successes, the overall growth of renewable energy in India has remained rather slow. A number of factors are likely to boost the future prospects of renewable energy in the country; these include global pressure and voluntary targets for greenhouse gas emission reduction, a possible future oil crisis, intensification of rural electrification program, and import of hydropower from neighbouring countries.     

A study of China–India cooperation in renewable energy field

This paper analyses the present situation of renewables international cooperation in China and India and the reasons, basis and conditions of China-India cooperation for renewable energy and explores China-India cooperation strategies for renewable energy. This study indicates that (1) the two countries have made a lot of progress in the international cooperation of renewable energy, but China-India cooperation for renewable energy is still in its primary stage; (2) there are not only the common benefits but also the solid basis and good conditions for China-India cooperation in the field of renewable energy; (3) there is need to explore and design the cooperation strategies for renewable energy of China and India in order to strengthen renewables cooperation between two countries.     

世界促进风电产业发展最新动向

近年来可再生能源发电发展迅速,其中风力发电表现尤为突出.在一些风电先行国家的推动下,风电机组大型化取得长足进展,单机容量从亚兆瓦级迅速提升到兆瓦级,研制中的10MW级风电机组即将问世.机组的大型化提高了风电的经济性和竞争力.风机设备利用率将由目前的25％左右提高至2015年的28％,同时投资成本将大幅下降,按照GWEC的高增长方案预测,投资成本将由2009年的1350欧元/kW降至2030年的1093欧元/kW.鉴于风力发电的间歇性和随机性,蓄电技术成为大量引入可再生能源的有效手段,美欧日等都投入专项经费支持蓄电技术的研究开发.IEA最近在报告中指出,与热电联产组合的方式可大幅扩大可再生能源的利用,其重点在于热供应.智能电网将成为解决风电大规模接入和输送问题的根本途径,它将使电力系统整体利用效率大大提高,有利于抑制发电厂的化石燃料消费.我国在智能电网方面已取得了一定成果,但仍面临许多问题.各国政府的可再生能源电力收购政策促进了风电产业的发展,其中德国的风电收购政策值得我国借鉴.     

Offshore wind energy policy for India—Key factors to be considered

Indian Economy is growing at a healthy pace during the last few years. To sustain this growth, power sector needs to build additional generation capacity. However, continued dependence on fossil fuels to power the growth of electricity generation capacity, is hardly sustainable. Renewable Energy source forms a miniscule portion (25 GW,∼12%) of India's overall power generation today (202 GW). The share of wind energy (17 GW) is 67% of the total renewable energy basket. But the contribution from offshore wind farms is non-existent, as all the wind energy generated in India is only through onshore wind farms. India needs a policy framework to encourage the development of offshore wind farms. Several European countries have effective offshore wind energy policies that have helped them to accelerate the growth of their offshore wind energy sector. This paper does an exhaustive literature survey, to identify 21 building blocks of a successful offshore wind energy policy initiative adopted by select European countries, which have been classified under 5 broad categories—Government support, Fiscal and quota based incentives, Availability of local expertise, Capital for investments and Building an enabling ecosystem, which can be leveraged by India to articulate its own offshore wind energy policy.     

Progress in renewable energy under clean development mechanism in India

Kyoto protocol was the first agreement regarding control of climate change problems. Clean development mechanism (CDM) was included in the Kyoto protocol to promote sustainable development in developing countries (non-Annex I countries) and assist developed countries (Annex I countries) to achieve their emission reduction targets. CDM allows trading of emissions reductions and helps to increase sustainable development in a developing country and reduce global emissions in developed country. Renewable energy sources are the appropriate alternatives for sustainable development through CDM. India is one of the emerging nations in renewable energy sector. Government of India is trying to enhance energy generation through renewable and carbon trading. This paper shows the current status and progress of renewable energy through CDM in India.     

Seven steps to curb global warming

Based on best current estimates that the world needs to reduce global carbon dioxide emissions by 70% by 2050, and that there is at best a 10-year window of opportunity available to initiate the enormous changes needed, this paper proposes a set of seven self-contained steps that can be taken at a global level to tackle the problem with some prospect of success. The steps are self-financing and practicable, in that they are based on existing technologies. They involve agreement to create a new international agency charged with formulating and policing a global carbon pricing regime; a complementary step involving global monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions utilizing satellite resources; taking steps to compensate developing countries for preserving rainforest as carbon sinks; the dismantling of newly created trade barriers holding back global trade in biofuels; global promotion of a transition to renewable sources of electricity through facilitation of grid interconnections with independent power producers; a global moratorium on the building of new coal-fired power stations; and recycling of carbon revenues to promote uptake of renewable energy sources in developing countries, particularly Brazil, India and China. Taken as a group, it is argued that these steps are both necessary and sufficient. They call for institutional innovations at a global level that are politically difficult but feasible, given the magnitude of the problems addressed.     

Review of wind energy use in Algeria

Most scientists now agree that human-induced global climate change poses a serious threat to both society and the Earth's ecosystems. Renewable energy holds the key to future prosperity and a healthy global environment and is considered as a promising way to solve the problem of environmental pollution such as major environmental accidents, water pollution, maritime pollution, land use and sitting impact, radiation and radioactivity, solid waste disposal, hazardous air pollutants, ambient air quality (CO, CO₂, SO_x, NO_x effluent gas emissions), acid rain, stratospheric ozone depletion, and global warming (GHG). Solar, wind and hydrogen power can be considered as potential renewable energy sources in Algeria. The share of renewable energy sources in Algeria primary energy supply is relatively low compared with European countries, though the trends of development are positive. One of the main strategic priorities of New Energy Algeria (NEAL) which is Algeria's renewable energy agency (government, Sonelgaz and Sonatrach), is striving to achieve a share of renewable energy sources in primary energy supply of 10–12% by 2010. IEA projects that the fastest growing sources of energy will be supplied by renewables. Much of this capacity will be installed in developing nations where solar and wind electric power is already competitive. Clearly, the nation that can capture a leadership position has potential for substantial economic returns. The article presents a review of the present wind energy situation and assessed potential of wind energy sources in Algeria in particular the southwest region of Algeria (Adrar, Timimoun and Tindouf).