滑动速度对缸套-活塞环摩擦副磨合性能的影响研究

为了研究滑动速度对缸套-活塞环摩擦副磨合性能的影响,在磨损试验机上进行了不同滑动速度下的缸套-活塞环摩擦副磨合磨损试验,通过摩擦因数和磨损表面分析了滑动速度对缸套-活塞环摩擦副磨合性能的影响。结果表明,随着滑动速度的增加,缸套-活塞环摩擦副达到磨合的时间越短,但磨合后的表面越粗糙。因此,为了缩短磨合时间,保证磨合质量,应选择合适的滑动速度。     

温度对缸套-活塞环摩擦性能的影响

LNG燃料柴油机与传统燃料柴油机相比缸内燃烧温度更高。为探究不同温度下缸套-活塞环摩擦性能与温度的映射关系,设计室温和60、90、120℃4种不同温度,在相同载荷和转速下在往复式摩擦磨损试验机上对缸套-活塞环进行不同温度下的摩擦性能试验,通过测试摩擦过程中摩擦力的变化以及分析试验后缸套磨损表面形貌,探讨温度对缸套-活塞环摩擦性能的影响规律。试验缸套试样材质为耐磨合金铸铁,活塞环切片与缸套切片大小对应,材质为球墨铸铁。试验结果表明：随着温度的升高摩擦力呈现先减小后增大的趋势,与室温相比,60℃温度下摩擦力降幅为13.45%,且表现出较好的稳定性,但在120℃下摩擦力增幅为10.66%;试验工况下,60℃时缸套表面形貌参数均处于较优水平。研究表明,适当的温度环境对于摩擦配副之间的润滑性能有一定的促进作用,但温度过高会导致摩擦副的摩擦性能不稳定,破坏摩擦副间氧化膜,这不仅可能破坏润滑油膜的形成,也会影响摩擦副的磨损表面形貌。因此存在合适的温度使得缸套-活塞环的摩擦性能达到最优状态。     

柴油机缸套-活塞环摩擦磨损试验机设计及功能验证

设计并搭建TCLPR-1缸套-活塞环摩擦磨损试验机,进行两组工况相同的试验,实时采集试验过程中缸压、缸套温度、缸套-活塞环间油膜接触电阻、平均摩擦力、曲轴转速等信息,分析缸套-活塞环摩擦副的运动情况。结果表明:缸套-活塞环在本试验机的运行工况与实际相吻合,可通过本试验机对缸套-活塞环进行摩擦磨损试验研究。     

改性纳米h-BN润滑油添加剂对缸套-活塞环摩擦学性能的影响

在缸套-活塞环摩擦副中,当活塞在上、下止点处为零速,难以形成油膜,且在气缸的高温工况下,其他部位的油膜也会被破坏,从而造成缸套-活塞环的摩擦功耗增加和磨损加剧。采用优质润滑油是提高缸套-活塞环润滑与摩擦特性的重要手段。制备改性纳米六方氮化硼(h-BN)颗粒并将其按不同质量分数分散至聚α-烯烃（PAO10）基础油中,使用R-tec摩擦磨损试验机开展不同载荷下的往复摩擦试验,通过观测摩擦因数、磨损体积和缸套磨损表面、磨损元素及三维形貌参数,研究改性纳米h-BN添加剂对缸套材料摩擦学性能的影响以及减摩抗磨润滑机制。结果表明：加入改性纳米h-BN添加剂可以显著降低缸套-活塞环摩擦副的摩擦因数,减少磨损量,加入质量分数0.25%的添加剂在50 N、3 Hz工况下可使摩擦因数降低33.87%,磨损体积降低23.32%;在载荷及摩擦热作用下纳米h-BN添加剂可以在磨损表面形成摩擦保护膜,可以改善缸套的表面粗糙度,创造优良的润滑环境,提升其摩擦学性能。     

双辉光离子渗铜对缸套-活塞环摩擦学性能的影响*

为研究铜元素对缸套-活塞环摩擦学性能的影响,通过双辉光离子渗透技术在缸套材料表面加工出不同厚度的渗铜改性层,使用RTEC多功能摩擦磨损试验机开展不同负载、不同润滑条件下的模拟试验,采集并分析试验过程中的摩擦因数以及试验后体积磨损量和磨损表面形貌,研究渗铜改性层对缸套材料摩擦学性能的影响规律及作用机制。结果表明：渗铜处理可有效降低缸套-活塞环摩擦副的摩擦因数,减少磨损量;高载荷和干摩擦条件下渗铜改性层的减摩抗磨作用效果尤为显著,最高可使摩擦因数分别降低13.15%和30.86%,磨损量分别降低30.70%和38.57%;渗铜后缸套-活塞环磨损表面形貌平整,摩擦表面形成了铜含量较高的润滑膜层,该表面膜起到了减摩、耐磨的作用。     

基于反演法的活塞环廓形优化设计

活塞环廓形决定着活塞环润滑时的油膜分布,对缸套活塞环摩擦副的摩擦、润滑、磨损有着极其重要的影响。将活塞环廓形用多项式函数表示,基于反演法,从活塞环的载荷分析出发,通过序列二次规划(SQP)法,反向求解满足特定载荷和压力中心条件下的最小活塞环-缸套摩擦因数参量及对应的活塞环外圆面最优廓形。结果表明,经过优化的高次数活塞环廓形将带来更小的摩擦因数和摩擦力。     

车辆柴油机缸套-活塞环动载荷磨损分析与计算

为实现对重型车辆柴油机缸套-活塞环动载荷磨损仿真计算,通过分析柴油机动载荷工况特点及其对磨损的影响,基于稳定载荷及动载荷磨损试件表面形貌SEM分析,提出缸套-活塞环动载荷磨损简化机制。依据响应面拟合的方法和磨损试验数据,建立Archard磨损模型中磨损系数K基于载荷工况参数与形貌特征参数的预测公式,并通过两组动载荷磨损试验对磨损计算模型进行验证,结果表明:表面粗糙度计算误差为5.9%,磨损量计算误差为7.39%,磨损计算模型具有一定精度,能够用于车辆柴油机缸套-活塞环磨损仿真计算。     

DLC薄膜涂层活塞环与不同材质灰铸铁气缸套摩擦性能的研究

在往复式摩擦磨损试验机上,以不同材质缸套样品,在温度120℃,富油状态下,考察钢质镀DLC活塞环,在不同的载荷、转速条件下的摩擦特性。实验表明,在低载荷下(50N),摩擦与缸套材质有关;在高载荷下(100N)摩擦与润滑介质有关,与缸套材质关系不大;转速增大,同一材质的组成摩擦副的摩擦系数呈逐渐减少的趋势。     

润滑油中加入纳米氧化铝对缸套-活塞环摩擦副摩擦磨损特性的影响

在普通CD40润滑油中加入纳米氧化铝,研究了在不同载荷条件下对缸套活塞环摩擦副摩擦磨损特性的影响;用铁谱仪对试验油样进行了磨粒分析;用原子力显微镜对缸套试样表面的微观形貌进行了测试;用LAS-3000型表面分析系统对磨损表面进行了成分分析。结果表明：缸套活塞环摩擦副在含纳米氧化铝的润滑油作用下,表现出优越的抗摩减磨性能,其效果随栽荷的增大而增强;在高载荷作用下缸套试样表面形貌有了明显的改观,减小了摩擦阻力,降低了摩擦因数。     

活塞环表面织构对缸套-活塞环摩擦学性能的影响

为了改善缸套-活塞环的摩擦性能,通过激光刻蚀技术在活塞环工作面加工出不同形状的表面织构。在同一转速、不同载荷下通过微机控制的往复式摩擦磨损试验机研究不同表面织构活塞环对缸套-活塞环摩擦学性能的影响。试验结果表明:在载荷为400 N工况下,活塞环的椭圆、圆形、方形织构摩擦系数分别可以降低1.1%、18.3%、14.1%;载荷600 N工况下,3种织构分别可以降低35.3%、35.3%、19.1%;综合分析摩擦系数、表面形貌、接触电阻,圆形凹坑织构的活塞环在降低摩擦系数、提高油膜润滑状态等方面效果最优。     

表面形貌对活塞环密封及摩擦性能的影响

综合考虑活塞环表面形貌、弹性变形、运动面型线影响,建立柴油机活塞环-缸套摩擦副的弹性流体动压润滑计算模型,分析活塞环表面纹理方向及粗糙度大小对活塞环窜气及摩擦功耗的影响。研究发现,随着转速的提升,活塞的窜气量及摩擦功耗会加剧,导致发动机效率降低;活塞环-缸套摩擦副的表面纹理方向影响窜气量和摩擦功耗,采用活塞环横向纹理和缸套纵向纹理配合时,对活塞环窜气量及摩擦功耗的改善效果较好;活塞环和缸套的表面粗糙度对密封和润滑特性有较大影响,当缸套表面粗糙度增大时,窜气量先减小后增大,摩擦功耗先增大后减小,而在一定范围内,当活塞环表面粗糙度增大时,窜气量和摩擦功耗都减小。     

环境与工况对柴油机缸套-活塞环磨损的影响

为研究柴油机实车使用状况下缸套-活塞环磨损规律,建立某12150型多缸柴油机面向使用工况的缸套-活塞环磨损仿真计算方法并进行验证,研究环境与工况参数对缸套磨损的影响规律。结果表明:大气温度升高,缸套磨损深度呈现先减小后增大的趋势,气温-5℃时磨损最小,与-35℃相比下降了5.89%,与40℃相比下降了9.15%;大气压力降低,缸套磨损深度先减小后增大,气压80 kPa时最小,与100 kPa相比下降了6.45%,气压50 kPa时磨损最大,与100 kPa相比升高了8.48%;缸套磨损深度随柴油机转速升高而呈现出增加的趋势,在1 600 r/min时出现极小值点,转速为2 000 r/min相比1 200 r/min磨损深度增加了46.76%;柴油机负荷增加引起缸套磨损深度不断增大,100%负荷时较20%负荷的磨损深度升高了133.96%。     

Temperature—friction characteristics of cylinder lubrication in large,slow, cross‐head marine diesel engines under boundary lubrication conditions

In large, slow, cross‐head marine diesel engines research has increasingly shown that the lubrication regime between piston rings and cylinder liner at top dead centre is of the boundary lubrication type due to the high gas pressure, low sliding speed, and high temperature. This means that the tribological properties of piston ring, cylinder liner, and cylinder lubricant in these types of engine under boundary lubrication conditions should be considered simultaneously when friction and wear between the piston ring and cylinder liner are studied. Until now there has been no standard method to evaluate boundary lubrication performance. There are a few traditional methods used in lubricant research, but their results are not correlated with service conditions. It is important to find a suitable method to evaluate the boundary lubrication performance of lubricants at the laboratory testing stage or before the engine testing stage. The important parameters, such as sliding speed, normal load, materials of the contacting pairs, and lubricant, need all to be controlled. In this paper a systematic experimental procedure, the ‘five times heating and cooling test’, is introduced to assess lubricant properties under boundary lubrication conditions. Most of the parameters mentioned above are controlled. The model contact, of pin‐on‐plate form, is made from the actual piston and liner materials used in a large‐bore, slow, cross‐head marine diesel engine. The temperature characteristics of different blends of lubricants are investigated under boundary lubrication conditions using a pin‐on‐plate reciprocating test rig. These blends of lubricants have the same additives but different base fluids; they nevertheless fulfil the physical and chemical requirements of a real marine diesel engine. The test temperature range is from room temperature to the working temperature of the top piston ring. The experiments show that there are different temperature—friction characteristics for lubricants with different bases and the same additive package and there are also different temperature—friction characteristics during heating up and cooling down for each blend. Single‐base lubricants have more promising temperature—friction characteristics than those of a blend of a high‐viscosity base and a low‐viscosity base at high temperature.     

内燃机活塞裙部-缸套间润滑油输送状况*

活塞裙部-缸套间的润滑油输送情况对内燃机活塞组件摩擦副润滑状态、润滑油消耗、排放和润滑油性能退化等都有重要的影响。结合活塞二阶运动模型、流体润滑模型和润滑油流动模型等,进行不同内燃机工况下活塞裙部-缸套间润滑油输送状况的计算,主要分析活塞向下运动行程中活塞裙部运动后气缸套表面润滑油的滞留量。结果表明,在不同工况下对应行程中润滑油滞留量的变化规律基本相同,不同时刻的润滑油滞留量不相同,活塞上下止点处的润滑油滞留量基本相同。内燃机负荷相同时,随转速增加,进气行程中和膨胀行程中后期的润滑油滞留量减少,膨胀行程前期的润滑油滞留量增加。内燃机转速相同时,膨胀行程前期的润滑油滞留量一般随负荷增加而增加,膨胀行程中后期的润滑油滞留量基本不随负荷变化,不同转速下进气行程中润滑油滞留量随负荷的变化规律不一致。     

润滑油粘度对缸套/活塞环摩擦学性能的影响

在内燃机实际运行中,润滑油的粘度直接影响到润滑油膜的状态,因而活塞环在缸套中不同位置时的摩擦、润滑状态各不相同。文中以缸套活塞环为研究对象,建立了润滑计算模型,并运用该模型对缸内压力、温度、油膜厚度和摩擦系数进行了分析。结果表明,润滑油膜厚度和摩擦系数随转速改变而发生变化,而剪切稀化导致润滑油粘度减小是引起该变化的主要原因。最后,通过对计算结果的分析,提出了适用于缸套活塞环的润滑油粘度指标。     

Friction characteristics of piston rings in a reciprocating engine

The performance of a reciprocating engine can be improved by reducing the friction between piston rings and cylinder liner, which significantly contributes to the mechanical friction losses of an engine. The friction force of a piston ring pack is calculated, based on hydrodynamic lubrication theory, for the piston rings. Calculations were carried out for three sets of conditions. Oil starvation is taken into consideration in the calculation of oil-film behaviour for a ring pack. The friction characteristics of piston rings are evaluated using the frictional mean effective pressure. The friction force of a piston assembly is measured experimentally by an improved floating liner method. The effects of lubricant viscosity and engine speed on friction characteristics are investigated by both calculation and experiment.     

Piston Assembly Design for Improved Thermal-Tribological Performance

The tribological system in the piston assembly of an internal combustion engine includes contacts at interfaces of piston/piston ring/cylinder liner, piston skirt/cylinder wall, and piston/piston pin/ connecting rod. The thermal and tribological properties of the piston, piston rings, and cylinder wall are critical to the life and quality of the engine. Severe wear and scuffing failure, especially at the ring/ring groove and ring/liner interfaces, may present a major problem if the piston temperature is too high. Temperature considerations for the piston often limit the effort to increase the engine power.

A new engine piston incorporating the heat pipe cooling technology has been developed for reducing the piston temperature, especially in the ring land and along the piston wall. The current work aims at investigating the effect of reciprocating heat pipes on heat conduction in the piston, and thus the tribological behavior of the piston assembly. Due to the high thermal conductance of the reciprocating heat pipe, a considerably large amount of combustion heat, which is conventionally conducted through the piston wall, is transferred through heat pipes. This new design will result in a lower temperature on the piston wall and a reasonably low temperature distribution in the piston.     

Frictional evaluation of thermally sprayed coatings applied on the cylinder liner of a heavy duty diesel engine: Pilot tribometer analysis and full scale engine test

The piston system accounts for roughly half of the mechanical friction of an internal combustion engine, thus it is important to optimize. Different thermally sprayed cylinder liners were investigated in order to optimize the frictional impact of the contact between cylinder liner and piston ring/piston. A novel tribometer test setup was used to scan through different materials at different running conditions. Two cylinder liner materials showed significantly lower friction than the other tested materials, CrC–NiCr and MMC. All the thermally sprayed cylinder liners were worn significantly less than the reference material. Based on these results a full-scale single cylinder test was performed to validate the results from the rig. Comparing the thermally sprayed cylinder liner MMC with reference cylinder liner the test showed higher friction torque for the MMC cylinder liner except in one case; at low speed and high pressure. An analysis of the results between the tribometer and the engine points at the importance of the ratio between viscous and mechanical friction losses. The most probable cause of higher friction torque for the thermally sprayed coating (MMC) is that the functional surface of the cylinder liner promotes an increase in viscous friction.     

Scuffing failure analysis and experimental simulation of piston ring–cylinder liner

The scuffing failure phenomenon of piston ring–cylinder liner is studied theoretically and experimentally. The load and bulk temperature when scuffing failure occurs are measured under different engine speed, lubricant, and environmental temperature in a bench test. Based on the experimental results, the asperity capacity when scuffing occurs is evaluated. Surface contact temperature is determined with the measured bulk temperature and the surface flash temperature calculated by Blok theory. The scuffing failure threshold of piston ring–cylinder liner is established by using specific oil film thickness. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

考虑贫油和高边界压力的发动机顶环-缸套润滑与承载性能分析

为降低发动机润滑油消耗以及由此带来的排放,活塞环缸套系统一般处于贫油润滑状态,特别是顶环与缸套间的贫油状况更严重。贫油状态下,活塞环-缸套间润滑油膜在出口区破裂后很难再形成,同时在燃烧上止点附近的高边界压力下气体承载也难以忽略。因此,以某柴油机顶环-缸套系统为分析对象,基于平均雷诺方程和无再形成边界条件,分析贫油和高边界压力下顶环-缸套界面间的润滑、接触和气体承载问题。研究结果表明,贫油工况下,由于油膜破裂后没有再形成,高边界压力的影响显著,对高爆压强化机型来说顶环-缸套间的气体承载力甚至会大于油膜承载力和接触承载力。