Experimental and numerical analyses of train-induced unsteady tunnel flow in subway

To analyze the unsteady three-dimensional flow in the subway tunnel caused by the passage of a train, both experimental and computational studies have been conducted. The experimental analysis of train-induced unsteady flow is conducted on a 1/20 scale model tunnel and the pressure and air velocity variations with time are presented. The three-dimensional unsteady numerical analysis using the sharp interface method for the moving boundary of an immersed solid was carried out for the same geometric configurations as the experimental analysis. The predicted numerical model results show good agreement with the experimental data.     

Effects of the solid curtains on natural ventilation performance in a subway tunnel

Solid curtains can be installed in subway tunnels for the promotion of air ventilation in ventilation ducts in association with the piston effect caused by a running train. With an aim to analyze the effects of solid curtains on duct ventilation performance in a subway tunnel, the current study adopts the tunnel and subway train geometries which are exactly the same as those in a previous model tunnel experiment, but newly incorporates two ventilation ducts connected vertically to the tunnel ceiling and two solid curtains placed at an upstream position of a duct near the tunnel inlet and at a downstream position of another duct near the tunnel outlet, respectively. A three-dimensional CFD model adopting the dynamic layering method for tracking the motion of a train, which was validated against the reported model tunnel experiment in a previous study, is employed to predict the train-induced unsteady airflows in the subway tunnel and in the ducts. The numerical results reveal that the duct ventilation performance in a subway tunnel strongly depends on the operation of the solid curtains. The suction mass flow of the air through the duct near the tunnel inlet and the exhaust mass flow of the air through the duct near the tunnel outlet are increased considerably in the case with the solid curtains in comparison with those in the case without the solid curtains.     

Effects of the ventilation duct arrangement and duct geometry on ventilation performance in a subway tunnel

This study has investigated numerically the effects of the ventilation duct number and duct geometry on duct ventilation performance in a subway tunnel. A three-dimensional numerical model using the dynamic layering method for the moving boundary of a train, which was validated against the model tunnel experimental data in a previous study, is adopted to simulate train-induced unsteady tunnel flows. For the tunnel and subway train geometries that are exactly the same as those used in the model tunnel experimental test, but with the ventilation ducts being connected to the tunnel ceiling, the three-dimensional tunnel flows are simulated numerically under five different ventilation duct numbers and two different duct geometries. The numerical results reveal that: (1) for a given total area of openings, the ventilation duct number has little influence on the total mass flow of the air sucked into the tunnel through the ventilation ducts while the total mass flow of the air pushed out of the tunnel through the ducts increases remarkably with the increase in the duct number; (2) with the increase of the distance between a specific ventilation duct and the tunnel inlet the suction mass flow through the duct decreases significantly while the exhaust mass flow through the duct increases greatly, i.e., the location of a specific duct has a strong impact on the total suction and exhaust mass flows through the ventilation duct; (3) as the linkage angle between the tunnel ceiling and the upstream side wall of a duct is changed from 90° to 45°, the size of the re-circulation area inside the duct is much reduced when the train approaches the duct and thus the amount of air pushed out of the duct is greatly increased (i.e. the exhaust effect through the duct is remarkably strengthened).     

明月山隧道通风竖井施工技术

结合明月山隧道的工程概况,介绍了该隧道通风竖井施工的设备,详细地阐述了该通风竖井的施工方案及方法,并提出了施工注意事项,从而完善隧道通风竖井施工工艺,积累隧道工程通风竖井的施工经验.     

Numerical study on the optimization of smoke ventilation mode at the conjunction area between tunnel track and platform in emergency of a train fire at subway station

To cope with fires in a subway station, ventilation systems are usually installed, which includes an air supply system and a smoke exhaust system. In case of a train fire, the operation of these ventilation systems needs to be studied in order to get optimal control of smoke propagation and provide better environmental conditions for personnel evacuation. In this paper, CFD simulations are carried out by Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) to study the effectiveness of different ventilation modes in case of a train fire in a subway station. The temperature and visibility contours are computed as to compare the performance of various ventilation modes for subway stations with full-seal Platform Screen Door (PSD) or half-height safety door. Results show that appropriate activation of the air supply system can improve the efficiency of the ventilation system in smoke control, and vice versa. It is better to activate the lobby air supply system and meanwhile close the platform air supply system. As for the exhaust system, it is necessary to activate the platform exhaust system and the Over Track Exhaust (OTE) system, and it is better to deactivate the Under Platform Exhaust (UPE) system. The optimization strategy of the ventilation mode for subway stations with full-seal PSD is similar to that for subway stations with half-height safety door. With the help of the additional smoke barrier, smoke propagation in a subway station can be well controlled. The results in the paper may serve as a useful reference for the smoke control design in case of subway train fires.     

通风斜井与小半断面导洞在隧道施工中的应用

结合雁门关隧道工程地质条件，介绍了通风斜井方案以及小半断面导洞优先贯通的掘进方法在施工中的应用，指出两种方法的采用加快了工程进度，取得了良好的社会及经济效益。     

自然通风隧道不同竖井结构形式火灾试验研究

为了揭示竖井结构形式对城市交通自然通风隧道的影响,采用1∶10 的隧道模型,设计中央垂直型及侧向倾斜型两种竖井结构进行对比试验,分析研究两种竖井结构下的隧道纵向温度分布、竖向温度分布以及烟气扩散特性。试验结果表明,中央垂直型竖井隧道的纵向温度、竖向温度均低于侧向倾斜型,且烟气控制效果明显优于侧向倾斜型竖井;中间垂直型竖井有效排烟面积较大且烟气能量衰减更快,是其工作性能优于侧向倾斜型竖井的本质机理。结论可为类似工程设计与建造提供技术参考与借鉴。     

泰宁隧道大坡度斜井施工关键技术研究

以目前福建省在建的泰宁隧道为例,介绍了大坡度斜井施工过程中的成功经验,包括对掏槽方式的优化,运输组织的合理设计,设置避险车道及避险平台等,可为今后类似工程提供有力指导。     

Influences of the train-wind and air-curtain to reduce the particle concentration inside a subway tunnel

Subways are used widely for public transportation in major cities and require efficient ventilation systems to maintain indoor air quality in the subway tunnel. A subway tunnel was investigated numerically and experimentally to reduce the particle concentration in subway tunnels. The subway tunnel is 54-m long, 1.65-m high, and 2.5-m wide. The subway tunnel is one-quarter scale of a real subway tunnel. The tunnel has two U-type mechanical ventilation shafts. The steady three-dimensional airflow in the tunnel was analyzed using ANSYS CFX software to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. The airflow in the tunnel and shafts was observed numerically using the train-wind and air-curtain. The effects of the train-wind, air-curtain, and electric precipitator were examined experimentally. The ventilation performance in the subway tunnel was observed with respect to the particle concentration in the tunnel. The numerical results suggest proper operating conditions for experimental analysis of the particle concentration. The average velocity of the airflow increases in the shaft when the velocity of the air-curtain increases. The particle concentration at the dust monitoring device after ventilation shaft 1 was reduced significantly in the tunnel when the air-curtain and train-wind were operated.     

纵向通风与竖井自然排烟下隧道火灾烟气特性实验研究

中国逐渐发展成为世界上隧道和地下工程最多的国 家,其长隧道数量和长度跻身世界前列。据统计,火灾中85%的 人员死亡是由热烟气造成的,目前隧道中采用较为广泛的排烟系 统有纵向排烟系统、集中排烟系统和横向排烟系统,而针对长隧道 来说,我国广泛采用的是竖井式纵向通风,因此,研究纵向通风与 竖井排烟综合效应下隧道火灾烟气流动特性及温度分布规律具有 重要意义。本文建立了1：10 缩尺寸竖井隧道模型,主隧道长度 16.5 m,宽度1.3 m,高度0.65 m;竖井通过排烟横通道与主隧道 连接,排烟横通道设置在主隧道侧面中部,尺寸为1.2 m 长、0.6 m 宽、0.4 m 高;竖井横截面为半径0.6 m 的1/4 圆,高4.6 m。在 竖井隧道模型中开展了一系列油池火实验,选取2 种方形燃烧池 （20 cm×20 cm、23 cm×23 cm）作为火源,设置2 个纵向火源位置 （位置A：火源中心线与排烟横通道中心线距离0.375 m;位置B： 火源中心线与排烟横通道中心线距离1.375 m）,7 种纵向通风风 速（0,0.18,0.27,0.35,0.44,0.52,0.69 m/s）,定量分析不同工 况下温度分布及烟气逆流长度。研究结果表明：当无纵向通风时, 火焰与隧道地板垂直,且呈轴对称形态;当有纵向通风时,火焰向 下游偏移,且纵向通风风速越大,火焰向下游偏移越明显;当纵向 通风风速为0 m/s 时,由于竖井的存在,火源上、下游两侧烟气温 度分布并非对称,火源下游（竖井侧）烟气温度下降速度较快,与单 洞隧道烟气温度分布明显不同;随纵向通风风速增加,烟气逆流长 度和烟气温度减小,而最大温度偏移距离整体呈增加趋势;当无量 纲纵向通风风速v′＜0.19 时,主隧道最大温升△Tmax 与Q2/3/ Hef 5/3 呈正比,而当无量纲纵向通风风速v′＞0.19 时,主隧道最大 温升△Tmax 与Q? /(vb1/3Hef 5/3)呈正比,但常数系数均小于Li 等预 测模型中的常数系数;竖井隧道内无量纲纵向烟气温度分布符合 Fan 和Ji 等建立的纵向温度衰减模型,衰减系数k′在1.36~1.63 范围内变化,但其值明显大于单洞隧道纵向温度衰减系数k′;另 外,当火源位于位置A 时,最大烟气温度低于火源位于位置B 时 的最大烟气温度,无量纲纵向烟气温度衰减速度慢于火源位于位 置B 时衰减速度。     

秦岭终南山公路隧道3号竖井反井法施工技术

阐述了秦岭终南山公路隧道3号通风竖井采用反井法施工,用BMC400反井钻机进行了竖井施工,充分利用了机械配套设施,保证了深竖井施工工期,通过介绍竖井施工方案、施工方法,指出了特长隧道深竖井施工的发展方向。     

Numerical analysis of different ventilation schemes during the construction process of inclined tunnel groups at the Changheba Hydropower Station,China

During the excavation process of underground caverns, the rational selection of the ventilation scheme is very important for the safety and health of construction workers. The flood discharge tunnel groups at the Changheba Hydropower Station are selected as a case to study the design of ventilation schemes in inclined tunnel groups; these groups are characterized by a gradient of approximately 10% and a complex intersecting relationship among the tunnels. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is used to simulate the fluid dynamics in tunnel groups when different ventilation schemes are employed. Four ventilation schemes with the same duct at different positions along the transverse section are formulated, and the scheme approaching the right side with most of the construction adits is adopted in engineering after a comparative analysis, as it offers a well-distributed velocity field and sufficient security distance. The study reveals that flow vortices appear in the tunnels with a long axis length ranging from 5 m to 20 m; the observation that the flow velocity on the transverse sections is away from the heading face indicates that a low-velocity area is always present in the vicinity of an air duct, and the security distance on the upstream side is 60% shorter than on the downstream side with the same air-blower when the tunnels have a 10% gradient. In addition, when the excavation distance rises 200 m, the ventilation condition in the tunnels, especially in the areas around tunnel intersections, is greatly improved by the completion of pilot tunnels and shafts in advance.     

Prediction of smoke back-layering length under different longitudinal ventilations in the subway tunnel with metro train

Due to the small width and the large train blockage ratio in subway tunnel, the smoke back-layering will be different from that in the wider road tunnel with small vehicle blockage ratio. In the train blockage region of tunnel, the velocity of longitudinal ventilated air-flow interacting with the back-flowed smoke gas is different from that in the upstream tunnel without train blockage. Then the back-flowed smoke gas might be prevented in the train blockage region with higher ventilation velocity, otherwise it would be stopped in the upstream tunnel without train blockage but with lower ventilation velocity. They were taken into consideration separately and an equivalent fire source was introduced by dividing the dimensionless heat release rate of fire source into two parts in the cases where the smoke back-layering length is longer than metro train length. A series of full-scale numerical simulations are carried out with FDS to investigate the smoke back-layering length in subway tunnel with different train lengths and longitudinal ventilation velocities. The simulation results indicate that the influence of metro train length on the smoke back-layering is great and cannot be ignored any more. A global correlation model is proposed based on the dimensionless analysis and simulation results.     

Influence of the slope in the ventilation semi-transversal system of an urban tunnel

The covering of a section of the Inner Belt roadway (“Ronda del Mig”) in Barcelona gives rise to an urban tunnel of great length (1535 m). The tunnel is divided into two independent parallel galleries and its orientation is North–South, with a 2% upward slope towards the North. Although normal ventilation is achieved with jet fans, between the two galleries there is an interior passage for smoke extraction, in case of fire, through exhaust openings on both sides of this passage. Therefore, the tunnel has a semi-transversal ventilation system for fire incidents.The behavior of the smoke generated during those possible fire incidents in the traffic galleries was simulated with a commercial code, FLUENT^®, which allows a three-dimensional multispecies Navier–Stokes unsteady simulation. The mesh of each tunnel was made with about 250,000 triangular base prismatic cells. The simulated fire had a thermal power of 30 MW and the time step was set to one second, while the simulation covered 15 min.Special emphasis was put on the influence of the tunnel slope on the smoke’s behavior in each gallery. Simulation results showed that the fans’ capacity established in the project specifications was not enough to extract the smoke of a fire with the simulated power. A significant percentage of the smoke was aspirated through the exhaust openings but the rest continued rising to the tunnel portal due to the slope. This created a great risk mainly in the descending gallery with opposite traffic direction. For a more efficient extraction it was determined that the exhaust sections should be opened upward of the fire’s location. The standard opening, at both sides of the fire, reduced the capacity to extract smoke due to clean air aspiration from the lower portal.     

浅谈地铁隧道中通风排烟存在的问题及对策

针对目前国内地铁站台、隧道设置的通风和排烟设施的情况,分析了地铁站台、隧道的通风和排烟存在的问题,并提出了整改措施,指出科学设置防排烟设施以及事故状态下合理进行防排烟处置,对于减少人员伤亡和财产损失具有重要意义。     

长大铁路隧道施工通风技术探讨

在总结钻爆法无轨运输压入式、排风式和巷道式通风技术经验的基础上,通过对燕山隧道5号斜井进双正洞同时施工的两个阶段通风系统设计和布置,达到了提高通风效果和改善隧道施工环境的目的。     

谈贵广铁路天平山隧道2号斜井的动态设计

以新建贵广铁路为例,介绍了天平山隧道2号斜井软弱围岩大变形试验段的动态设计的原理与方法,实现软弱围岩大变形控制,降低了施工安全风险,提高了工程进度,达到预期目的。     

顶部开口自然通风隧道火灾竖井排烟效率研究

通过数值计算方法,研究了顶部开口自然通风隧道竖井的排烟效率。考虑了火源热释放速率、竖井高度、长度和宽度及竖井位置的影响,并与竖井排烟效率计算模型进行对比。研究结果发现：竖井的排烟效率随竖井高度的增加而略微增大;竖井的排烟效率基本不随火源热释放速率的变化而变化;随着竖井长度和宽度地增加,排烟效率大幅增加;此外,当竖井位于顶棚中央时,排烟效率较位于顶棚一侧的排烟效率高,且烟气控制效果好。此外,竖井排烟效率模型可以较好地预测不同竖井尺寸和位置的排烟效率。     

CD法在观音堂隧道斜井挑顶施工中的应用

结合观音堂隧道的工程概况,提出了隧道斜井挑顶施工的总体方案,对斜井进正洞的主要技术参数进行了说明,详细地介绍了CD法在观音堂隧道斜井挑顶施工中的施工方法及施工要点,以供读者参考。     

相向射流与竖井作用下的隧道烟气分层稳定性研究

开展相似试验,研究相向射流与竖井协同作用下,公路隧道火灾烟气分层稳定性与火源功率、相向射流风速及测点位置之间的关联关系。试验设计了3组共50个工况,分析了不同工况下不同位置处的火灾烟气分层稳定性。试验结果表明：上下游风速差值越小,火灾烟气分层越稳定,上下游风速差值越大,火灾烟气层越紊乱。相向射流风速相同,火源功率对火灾烟气分层稳定性并无明显影响。由于热浮力、射流及竖井抽吸作用力之间的相互作用,不同位置处火灾烟气分层稳定性呈现出差异性。