Influences of the train-wind and air-curtain to reduce the particle concentration inside a subway tunnel

Subways are used widely for public transportation in major cities and require efficient ventilation systems to maintain indoor air quality in the subway tunnel. A subway tunnel was investigated numerically and experimentally to reduce the particle concentration in subway tunnels. The subway tunnel is 54-m long, 1.65-m high, and 2.5-m wide. The subway tunnel is one-quarter scale of a real subway tunnel. The tunnel has two U-type mechanical ventilation shafts. The steady three-dimensional airflow in the tunnel was analyzed using ANSYS CFX software to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. The airflow in the tunnel and shafts was observed numerically using the train-wind and air-curtain. The effects of the train-wind, air-curtain, and electric precipitator were examined experimentally. The ventilation performance in the subway tunnel was observed with respect to the particle concentration in the tunnel. The numerical results suggest proper operating conditions for experimental analysis of the particle concentration. The average velocity of the airflow increases in the shaft when the velocity of the air-curtain increases. The particle concentration at the dust monitoring device after ventilation shaft 1 was reduced significantly in the tunnel when the air-curtain and train-wind were operated.     

地铁隧道活塞风井通风性能的数值模拟研究

本文采用CFD方法对某设有站台屏蔽门和活塞风井的地铁站中的自然通风系统进行了研究。文中建立了全尺寸几何模型,采用动网格方法模拟列车运行时引起的流域边界变化,通过求解三维非稳态雷诺时均N-S方程来获得地铁隧道、站台区域以及通风竖井中的流动特点。本文定义了2个参数,有效排风量Ne和有效进风量Ns,用来评价活塞风井的通风效率,主要分析了实际列车运营状况下,地铁站不同的风井数量、风井位置对活塞风井通风性能的影响。研究结果对于拟建地铁站的风井结构设计具有参考意义。     

Effects of the ventilation duct arrangement and duct geometry on ventilation performance in a subway tunnel

This study has investigated numerically the effects of the ventilation duct number and duct geometry on duct ventilation performance in a subway tunnel. A three-dimensional numerical model using the dynamic layering method for the moving boundary of a train, which was validated against the model tunnel experimental data in a previous study, is adopted to simulate train-induced unsteady tunnel flows. For the tunnel and subway train geometries that are exactly the same as those used in the model tunnel experimental test, but with the ventilation ducts being connected to the tunnel ceiling, the three-dimensional tunnel flows are simulated numerically under five different ventilation duct numbers and two different duct geometries. The numerical results reveal that: (1) for a given total area of openings, the ventilation duct number has little influence on the total mass flow of the air sucked into the tunnel through the ventilation ducts while the total mass flow of the air pushed out of the tunnel through the ducts increases remarkably with the increase in the duct number; (2) with the increase of the distance between a specific ventilation duct and the tunnel inlet the suction mass flow through the duct decreases significantly while the exhaust mass flow through the duct increases greatly, i.e., the location of a specific duct has a strong impact on the total suction and exhaust mass flows through the ventilation duct; (3) as the linkage angle between the tunnel ceiling and the upstream side wall of a duct is changed from 90° to 45°, the size of the re-circulation area inside the duct is much reduced when the train approaches the duct and thus the amount of air pushed out of the duct is greatly increased (i.e. the exhaust effect through the duct is remarkably strengthened).     

Effects of the solid curtains on natural ventilation performance in a subway tunnel

Solid curtains can be installed in subway tunnels for the promotion of air ventilation in ventilation ducts in association with the piston effect caused by a running train. With an aim to analyze the effects of solid curtains on duct ventilation performance in a subway tunnel, the current study adopts the tunnel and subway train geometries which are exactly the same as those in a previous model tunnel experiment, but newly incorporates two ventilation ducts connected vertically to the tunnel ceiling and two solid curtains placed at an upstream position of a duct near the tunnel inlet and at a downstream position of another duct near the tunnel outlet, respectively. A three-dimensional CFD model adopting the dynamic layering method for tracking the motion of a train, which was validated against the reported model tunnel experiment in a previous study, is employed to predict the train-induced unsteady airflows in the subway tunnel and in the ducts. The numerical results reveal that the duct ventilation performance in a subway tunnel strongly depends on the operation of the solid curtains. The suction mass flow of the air through the duct near the tunnel inlet and the exhaust mass flow of the air through the duct near the tunnel outlet are increased considerably in the case with the solid curtains in comparison with those in the case without the solid curtains.     

Performance validation of a hybrid ventilation strategy comprising longitudinal and point ventilation by a fire experiment using a model-scale tunnel

We examined the exhaust performance of a hybrid ventilation strategy for maintaining a safe evacuation environment for tunnel users in a tunnel fire. The hybrid ventilation strategy combines the longitudinal ventilation strategy with the point ventilation strategy which is a type of transverse ventilation strategy. The model tunnel developed by this study was scaled to 1/5 the size of a full-scale tunnel. The model-scale experiment was performed taking into consideration Froude's law of similarity. Measurement items were the distribution of temperature and concentration of smoke inside the tunnel, longitudinal wind velocity, mass flow of smoke in the point ventilation duct, and the heat release rate of the fire source. The following main conclusions were obtained. The smoke height was constant even when varying the extraction rate of smoke from the ceiling vent. The backlayering length and critical velocity of the smoke flow in the hybrid strategy could be predicted by the methodology developed by using the longitudinal strategy. The hybrid strategy maintained a safe evacuation environment on both sides of the tunnel fire.     

Effects of buoyancy induced roof ventilation systems for smoke removal in tunnel fires

The present article highlights the performance of natural roof ventilation systems and its effects on tunnel fire flow characteristics. Numerical analysis is performed using Large Eddy Simulations (LES) to predict fire growth rate and smoke movement in tunnel with single and multiple roof openings. The smoke venting performance of ceiling vents are investigated by varying the vent size and fire source locations. The critical parameters such as mass flow rate through ceiling openings, smoke traveling time and fire growth patterns are presented. The ceiling openings are effective in transferring hot gases and reduces the longitudinal smoke velocity. The heat source and ceiling vent locations significantly affects the vent performance and smoke behavior in tunnel. The present results are in good agreement with the experimental results available in literature.     

城市地铁隧道中间风井处车箱内瞬变压力模拟分析

本文采用动网格技术及三维数值模拟方法模拟地铁列车通过中间风井处的车隧压力波动问题,分析了不同行车速度、不同密封性能条件下车内瞬变压力的变化规律,得出了在列车通过中间风井处是否采用土建工程措施以减低车内瞬变压力而达到人员舒适性的条件.本文研究成果可为城市地铁隧道环控系统设计提供参考.     

Definition and experimental evaluation of the smoke “confinement velocity” in tunnel fires

An experimental study is carried out on a reduced scale tunnel model (scale reduction is 1:20). The main objective is to evaluate the longitudinal velocity induced into a tunnel when a fire plume continuously released is confined and extracted between two exhaust vents located on both sides of the fire source. For the experimental simulations, fire-induced smoke is simulated by an air and helium mix release. Smoke flow is symmetrical as regards the fire location and experiments are realized for an half tunnel with only one vent activated downstream the source. The vent extraction flow rate is step by step increased and the length of the stratified smoke layer downstream the vent as well as the longitudinal fresh air flow induced, are measured. A confinement velocity is then associated to the minimum value of the longitudinal air flow needed to prevent the smoke layer propagation downstream the vent. This velocity is evaluated for several values of the fire heat release rate and finally compared with the corresponding critical velocity obtained for a longitudinal ventilation system.     

纵向通风与竖井自然排烟下隧道火灾烟气特性实验研究

中国逐渐发展成为世界上隧道和地下工程最多的国 家,其长隧道数量和长度跻身世界前列。据统计,火灾中85%的 人员死亡是由热烟气造成的,目前隧道中采用较为广泛的排烟系 统有纵向排烟系统、集中排烟系统和横向排烟系统,而针对长隧道 来说,我国广泛采用的是竖井式纵向通风,因此,研究纵向通风与 竖井排烟综合效应下隧道火灾烟气流动特性及温度分布规律具有 重要意义。本文建立了1：10 缩尺寸竖井隧道模型,主隧道长度 16.5 m,宽度1.3 m,高度0.65 m;竖井通过排烟横通道与主隧道 连接,排烟横通道设置在主隧道侧面中部,尺寸为1.2 m 长、0.6 m 宽、0.4 m 高;竖井横截面为半径0.6 m 的1/4 圆,高4.6 m。在 竖井隧道模型中开展了一系列油池火实验,选取2 种方形燃烧池 （20 cm×20 cm、23 cm×23 cm）作为火源,设置2 个纵向火源位置 （位置A：火源中心线与排烟横通道中心线距离0.375 m;位置B： 火源中心线与排烟横通道中心线距离1.375 m）,7 种纵向通风风 速（0,0.18,0.27,0.35,0.44,0.52,0.69 m/s）,定量分析不同工 况下温度分布及烟气逆流长度。研究结果表明：当无纵向通风时, 火焰与隧道地板垂直,且呈轴对称形态;当有纵向通风时,火焰向 下游偏移,且纵向通风风速越大,火焰向下游偏移越明显;当纵向 通风风速为0 m/s 时,由于竖井的存在,火源上、下游两侧烟气温 度分布并非对称,火源下游（竖井侧）烟气温度下降速度较快,与单 洞隧道烟气温度分布明显不同;随纵向通风风速增加,烟气逆流长 度和烟气温度减小,而最大温度偏移距离整体呈增加趋势;当无量 纲纵向通风风速v′＜0.19 时,主隧道最大温升△Tmax 与Q2/3/ Hef 5/3 呈正比,而当无量纲纵向通风风速v′＞0.19 时,主隧道最大 温升△Tmax 与Q? /(vb1/3Hef 5/3)呈正比,但常数系数均小于Li 等预 测模型中的常数系数;竖井隧道内无量纲纵向烟气温度分布符合 Fan 和Ji 等建立的纵向温度衰减模型,衰减系数k′在1.36~1.63 范围内变化,但其值明显大于单洞隧道纵向温度衰减系数k′;另 外,当火源位于位置A 时,最大烟气温度低于火源位于位置B 时 的最大烟气温度,无量纲纵向烟气温度衰减速度慢于火源位于位 置B 时衰减速度。     

软土地区隧道区间风井吊筑法施工工艺研究

隧道中间风井基坑通常在隧道穿越前施工完毕,盾构机穿越风井之后完成风井剩余结构.此方法导致风井基坑开挖深度深,盾构需在较短范围内完成进出洞工序各一次,工期及造价损失严重,风险也比较高.本文介绍了一种风井吊筑法施工工艺:隧道从较浅风井基坑下部快速穿越,从风井基坑底部往下逆筑开挖风口至隧道结构,逆筑期间不予降水.本文还将解决...     

A computational analysis of the train-wind to identify the best position for the air-curtain installation

This study focuses on computational analysis for the improvement of the tunnel ventilation and the environmental control system of the subway by solving Reynold-averaged Navier-Stokes equations for train-induced unsteady flow. The two-equation turbulence model can predict velocity and pressure field at the tunnel. The sharp interface method is used for the moving boundary of an immersed solid. The flow rate through the natural ventilation-shaft and the features of the train-wind in the subway tunnel help to find better installation locations for the air-curtain. The air-curtain separates two adjacent environments and reduces the transfers of bacteria and radioactive particles. The ANSYS CFX software is used to perform unsteady computations of the flow field at the subway tunnel.     

北京新建地铁通风空调系统模拟分析

本研究以北京新建地铁四号线第三标段隧道和车站为对象,借助SES软件,建立数学模型,对两种典型的通风空调系统方案正常工况运行进行数值模拟。分析得出产热量的分布规律;列车行车状况、活塞风井、不同形式车站及区间隧道通风空调系统对隧道内速度场、温度场及新风量的影响规律。研究同时对通风空调系统方案进行了初步的技术经济比较。本研究为分析地铁通风空调系统的空气流动与传热提供了参考,为新建地铁通风空调系统方案的选择、设计及科学地运行管理提供有价值的数据资料。     

通风对竖井型隧道火灾烟气特性影响试验研究

通过隧道火灾模型试验,研究纵向通风对竖井排烟效果及隧道内纵向烟气温度分布的影响。试验考虑不同火源热释放速率和纵向风速。结果表明：纵向风速对正庚烷池火热释放速率存在影响,对于较小正庚烷池火（≤11 cm）,火源热释放速率基本不随纵向风速而改变;对于较大正庚烷池火（≥14 cm）,火源热释放率随风速的增加先降低后基本保持恒定。此外,当隧道内风速较小时,竖井内烟气附壁排出,竖井后方烟气温度较低,控烟效果较好;当隧道内风速较大时,竖井内烟气出现边界分离,竖井后方温度升高,烟气蔓延距离增加,竖井排烟效果较差。因此,建议当竖井型隧道内发生火灾时,应尽量采用自然通风或较低的内部通风,避免较高风速。     

狭长排污隧洞冬季自然通风的研究

阐述了山岭排污隧洞外界自然风引起洞内空气流动的原因,以及隧洞内空气流动能量守恒理论．并建立了空气流动的数学模型。以某山岭排污隧洞为理论分析实例,结合空气流动能量守恒定律和质量守恒定律,研究了竖井在隧洞自然通风中的作用,对比分析了冬季无竖井隧洞和有竖井隧洞自然通风的效果,以及风压与热压的关系,并论证了利用自然风稀释排污隧洞内有害气体（H2S）浓度的理论可行性。     

青岛第二海底隧道新型海中送排通风方案探析

根据青岛胶州湾海底隧道的顶部排烟道、服务隧道、黄岛岸边竖井、盾构底部救援通道的布置,提出了不设海中竖井的新型海中送排通风方案,在分析确定了海中送排风量的基础上,对不同行车工况下隧道内风流流动进行了计算,提出了新型海中送排运营通风设备配置及控制方案,并与海中设竖井通风送排方案进行了对比分析.结果表明:南北两线黄岛送排风、...     

盾构穿越运营地铁中遇不良地质沼气层时的治理和防范措施

上海市轨道交通15号线工程土建14标段古北路站—天山路站区间盾构隧道穿越运营地铁线路时发现沼气层,对施工安全造成严重影响.以此为例,通过采取地质雷达探测、打设放气/注浆孔、运营地铁隧道内部应急注浆施工、运营地铁隧道监测、施工现场防毒防爆等措施,确保了运营隧道与在建隧道的施工安全.     

利用竖井自然通风辅助机械通风的关键参数研究

为了解决长大隧道中如何有效利用竖井自然通风辅助机械通风,提高通风效果、节约能耗,以锦州地下储油洞库群和官田隧道的施工通风为依托,采用理论分析、数值模拟及现场测试对竖井自然通风效应的影响参数进行了研究。研究结果表明,在特定的气温条件下,竖井进行自然通风会对机械通风有辅助的效果;竖井的直径变化对通风的作用影响是比较有限,当竖井的深度在250 m以前时,竖井通风效应随竖井深度的增大而增强。当竖井深度达到250 m后,继续增加深度,其通风效应无显著变化。温差越大,竖井自然通风效果相对越好,冬季利用竖井出风的通风效果要好于夏季利用竖井进风的通风方式;该竖井进风方案的要点在于如何将新鲜的风引入到主洞室,在距竖井的中线5 m处布置风机比较科学合理。     

Numerical simulation of ventilation and dust suppression system for open-type TBM tunneling work area

In order to study the characteristics of the ventilation and dust suppression system for open-type TBM tunneling work area in a Ø8.53 diversion project, the numerical simulation method is adopted, and a three-dimensional steady airflow model, a dust flow model as well as other related flow characteristic equation models are established by considering the dust production mechanism of TBM construction. Besides, corresponding simulation models validated by experiment are established using CFD software, and the impacts of the main vent location, the air baffle length in the main beam and the exhausting air flow quantity on flow field distribution and dust flow behavior in open-type TBM tunneling work area are investigated. The results show: when the main vent is located 70–80 m away from the working face, the ventilation in TBM tunneling work area is optimal; when the air baffle is as long as the main beam, the dust collection efficiency is the highest, reaching 89.4%; under the condition that the exhausting air flow quantity is less than half of the ventilation air flow quantity required by energy consumption and the minimum backflow velocity, the best dust suppression effect can be achieved when the exhausting air flow quantity is 40% of the ventilation air flow quantity.     

近接隧道污染物窜流特性与通风能耗分析

采用三维壁面射流理论分析隧道洞口排污的射流特性,在此基础上建立近接隧道污染物窜流的理论模型,理论计算结果与已有研究试验数据吻合良好。在不考虑地形、环境风、交通流等影响时,窜流比φ主要受上下游隧道间距x与洞口水力直径D的影响,φ随x/D的增大而减小,为了控制窜流比在10%以下,x/D应大于25。理论计算表明:随着窜流比的增加,下游隧道的需风量增加,隧道通风能耗陡增;且需风量和能耗的增幅随窜流比的增大而增大。为抑制近接隧道需风量和通风能耗的增加,除了降低窜流比,还可采用竖井进行提前排污。     

明月山隧道通风竖井施工技术

结合明月山隧道的工程概况,介绍了该隧道通风竖井施工的设备,详细地阐述了该通风竖井的施工方案及方法,并提出了施工注意事项,从而完善隧道通风竖井施工工艺,积累隧道工程通风竖井的施工经验.