再生混凝土集料对水泥稳定碎石性能的影响及工程应用

作为道路基层的水泥稳定碎石,其性质在很大程度上依赖混合料的组成级配[1].在探讨集料组成对水泥稳定碎石强度影响的同时,对再生混凝土集料的特性和将其用于水泥稳定碎石的效果进行了探索性研究.结果表明.再生混凝土集料特别是再生混凝土细集料对水泥稳定碎石强度的影响很大.适当级配的再生混凝土集料可以制备出强度发展良好、耐久性能优异的水泥稳定碎石,并能在高等级公路施工中推广运用.     

水泥稳定碎石混合料强度发展规律研究

对不同级配、水泥剂量为2.5%~5%的水泥稳定碎石混合料进行室内强度试验,分析水泥剂量、级配及养生时间对强度的影响,得到强度发展规律,对试验数据进行回归分析,建立了抗压强度与劈裂强度两者之间的相关方程。     

浅析水泥混凝土强度的影响因素与施工质量控制

重点从原材料品质诸如砂石料含泥量、减水剂、水泥、碎石级配以及施工工艺等方面简要阐述水泥混凝土强度的主要影响因素,并提出相应的施工质量控制措施,为水泥混凝土结构的设计和施工提供借鉴.     

水泥稳定碎石混合料的试验研究

笔者结合多年来的工作实践，对三种级配的水泥稳定碎石基层混合料的强度及施工和易性进行了相关的试验研究，并找到了级配对混合料强度和施工和易性影响的内在因素。     

新型矿渣水泥的强度发展特性

试验表明,采用分磨技术生产的新型矿渣水泥的强度和龄期的对数呈线性关系,分析了矿渣细度,掺量对新型矿渣水泥不同龄期度发展系的影响,得出了不同矿渣细度和掺量所配新矿渣水泥的强度发展系数。     

水泥稳定级配碎石底基层、基层的施工质量控制

本文着重论述了水泥稳定级配碎石底基层(基层)的强度机理、原材料及其混合料的材料特性。并通过工程实践归纳总结出了水泥稳定碎石底基层、基层施工全过程管理及施工质量如何控制的工程经验,通过交流达到进一步提高水泥稳定碎石底基层、基层施工质量的目的。     

论述水泥检测过程中的主要影响因素

水泥在施工前必须进行相关的性能检测,最主要的就是水泥凝结时间与水泥强度的检测。本文通过对水泥凝结时间和水泥强度的影响因素进行了详细地阐述,分析了其对水泥检测结果的影响,并提供了一些相关的注意事项。     

颗粒级配对矿渣水泥的性能影响研究

通过调整粉磨时间获得不同细度矿渣水泥,并将不同细度水泥按一定比例混合获得颗粒级配不同的矿渣水泥。试验研究了细度对水泥标准稠度用水量、凝结时间、强度发展和砂浆收缩变形的影响,结果表明:不同细度的矿渣水泥混合后改善了水泥的颗粒级配,对水泥性能有积极作用;不同细度的矿渣水泥混合后配制的砂浆抗压和抗折强度略有增加,收缩明显减小。     

谈硅酸盐水泥的强度

简要阐述了水泥强度的产生与发展,从熟料的矿物组成、水泥细度、施工条件三方面分析了影响硅酸盐水泥强度的因素,指出只有严格控制这些因素,才能保证水泥强度符合有关标准规定。     

水泥稳定碎石基层的最低劈裂强度和抗压强度

根据水泥稳定碎石混合料的室内试验结果及其在路面结构和施工阶段的受力状况分析,提出了水泥稳定碎石基层的最低劈裂强度和抗压强度建议标准.经试验验证,根据该标准所确定的水泥稳定碎石基层的级配组成、强度均符合要求,且收缩量小,致使其收缩裂缝减少,沥青面层的反射裂缝也相应减少.     

Effect of spatial variability of block-type cement-treated ground on the bearing capacity of foundation under inclined load

Deep mixing methods are widely used for stabilizing soft clayey soils and improving their bearing capacity. However, spatial variability in the shear strength of the cement-treated ground introduces uncertainties in estimating the bearing capacity for design. This paper evaluates the reliability of, block-type, cement-treated foundation under inclined load conditions using random field numerical limit analyses. The undrained shear strength is modelled as a random field which is characterized by a log-normal distribution and a spatial correlation length. Monte Carlo simulations are then used to interpret the stochastic bearing capacity factor and failure mechanisms for inclined concentric loading conditions at selected ratios of the shear strength ratio of cement-treated ground to original clay, the coefficient of variation in undrained shear strength and correlation length of the cement-treated zone. Variability of the undrained shear strength can reduce the expected bearing capacity of the cement-treated ground by 50–70% compared to homogeneously mixed clay.     

High-Strengthening of Cement-Treated Clay by Mechanical Dehydration

A technique called the cement-mixing and mechanical dehydration method (CMD) as one of recycling techniques for soft clay slurry is developed. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the CMD for increasing the strength of soft clay, a series of unconfined compression tests and several durability tests were performed together with the literature review of unconfined compressive strength in cement-treated soils. Moreover, a series of constant strain rate consolidation tests were also performed to evaluate the effects of cement content and dehydration speed on the permeability of cement-treated clay. The following conclusions are obtained: 1) Literature review and theoretical considerations on the shear strength of cement-treated soils show that an additional treatment for the purpose of increasing the density of cement-treated specimen is effective for increasing the shear strength of cement-treated soil. 2) The mechanical dehydration of soft clay with high pressure is accelerated by cement mixing, where the coefficient of consolidation of cement-treated clay increases as the cement content increases. 3) The high-strength specimen having the unconfined compressive strength of more than 20 MPa can be created from soft clay treated by the CMD with the cement content of over 20% and the dehydration pressure of 20 MPa.     

Evaluation of statistical uncertainty of cement-treated soil strength using Bayesian approach

The statistical parameters for the strength of cement-treated soil are evaluated by the strength of cored samples retrieved from cement-treated columns for a quality assurance procedure in the deep mixing method. The sample parameters include the statistical uncertainty associated with the statistical sample size and other factors. Therefore, a probabilistic characterization of the statistical parameters of strength is required to quantify the statistical uncertainty in the quality assurance process. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the statistical uncertainty for the estimation of the strength of cement-treated columns. The Bayesian approach is adopted to evaluate the statistical uncertainty occurring in the determination of the statistical parameters of the strength from observed data. The inference is performed via a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, in which samples of the parameters are sequentially drawn from a joint posterior probability distribution. An example analysis is performed to illustrate the statistical uncertainty of the unconfined compressive strength of cored samples retrieved from cement-treated columns. The results show that the statistical parameters, inferred from the data with the sample size of approximately 40, include considerable uncertainty. The variability of the estimated statistical parameters is found to depend on both the sample size and the spatial correlation. The influence of the statistical uncertainty, caused in the estimation of the mean and standard deviations in strength, is examined within the framework of quality assurance in the deep mixing method.     

Forecast formula for strength of cement-treated clay

A simple formula with no fitting parameters is proposed, with which the strength of cement-treated soil can be calculated at any curing time with the known cement-water ratio (the ratio of the cement mass to the mass sum of the water in the soil and the water in the cement paste) of the cement-treated soil and the corresponding strength at a certain short curing time. The results obtained with this formula basically reflect the law whereby the strength of cement-treated soil increases with the curing time. To further facilitate the use of this formula, the conversion relation of the cement-water ratio to the cement-mixed ratio and the water-cement ratio of the cement paste were presented. In such a way, the strength of cement-treated soil can be predicted directly using the common proportioning parameter of the cement-treated soil. In addition, with the known long-term (within 180 d) target strength of the cement-treated soil, its short-term strength can also be speculated through this formula, on whose basis a formulation design for cement-treated soil may be conducted as well.     

Effect of spatial variability on the bearing capacity of cement-treated ground

This paper presents a reliability assessment for the undrained bearing capacity of a surface strip foundation based on the results of a probabilistic study in which the shear strength and unit weight of cement-treated ground are represented as random fields in Monte Carlo simulations of undrained stability using numerical limit analyses. The results show how the bearing capacity is related to the coefficient of variation and correlation length scale in both shear strength and unit weight. Based on the results, the authors propose an overdesign factor, tolerable percentage of defective core specimens, and resistance factors for LRFD ultimate limit state of surface footings on cement-treated ground in order to achieve a target reliability index and probability of failure. The proposed method is illustrated through example calculations based on the spatial variation of unconfined compressive strength measured using a variety of cement-mixing methods from projects in Japan.     

Peak and residual strength characteristics of cement-treated soil cured under different consolidation conditions

The shear strength of cement-treated soil can be changed by both cementation and consolidation during the early stages of hardening because of cement hydration. Based on the results of triaxial and unconfined compression tests, this paper describes the effects of isotropic and one-dimensional consolidation stress, applied during the curing period, on the undrained peak and residual shear strengths of cement-treated soil. The sample used was a mixture of fine-grained sand and ordinary Portland cement. A consolidated undrained triaxial compression test (ICU) was conducted on the specimens immediately after the cement treatment. Each test was conducted under different consolidation pressures, curing times and delayed loading times. The following conclusions were developed from the results and discussions: (1) the undrained peak shear strength of cement-treated soil, cured under different consolidation conditions, increases with an increase in either the consolidation pressure or the curing time, whereas it gradually decreases with an increase in the delayed loading time. (2) The rate of undrained strength increase resulting from consolidation differs significantly between isotropic and one-dimensional consolidations. (3) For a curing time of between one and seven days, the rate of strength increase by isotropic consolidation exceeds that by one-dimensional consolidation. The simultaneous volumetric change of cement-treated soil during consolidation depends on the stress conditions of the specimen, that is, the difference between isotropic and one-dimensional consolidations. (4) When the test is not conducted under nearly in-situ conditions, the undrained shear strength may be underestimated, depending on the time interval between the cement treatment and the start of consolidation. (5) The shear strength in the residual state is influenced by the consolidation pressure during curing. (6) As the consolidation pressure during curing increases, the specimens exhibit a higher residual strength.     

Properties of Cement-Treated Soils During Initial Curing Stages

The engineering properties of cement-treated soils manufactured by the so-called “Pipe Mixing Method” and “Super GeoMaterial (SGM) Method” were studied. In these methods, clayey soils with high water contents are mixed with cement and used as fill material. Since the cement-mixed soils are transported through a pipeline, whose length at times exceeds 2 km, the properties of the treated soil during the initial stages of the hardening process are important. Bender element, vane shear and fall cone tests were performed to obtain such engineering properties as the shear modulus and the shear strength. The study revealed the following: 1) The minimum shear wave velocity of treated soils is detectable at around 2.8 m/s, corresponding to a shear modulus of about 12 kPa. 2) A linear correlation between the shear modulus and the shear strength exists even in the very early stages of curing, approximately G=300 s, where G and s are the shear modulus and the shear strength, respectively. This relation is similar to that for natural clays. 3) The “setting time” observed for concrete is also apparent in cement-treated soil materials. 4) Fall cone tests comprise a useful and simple technique for measuring very low levels of shear strength.     

夯实水泥土桩桩体强度特性的探讨

本文通过试块的无侧限抗压强度试验研究,并结合新版行业标准《建筑地基处理技术规范》(JGJ79-2002)和同行的研究成果,对影响夯实水泥土桩桩体强度的主要因素进行探讨。     

Undrained Shear Strength of Cement-Treated Soils

In order to evaluate the effects of cementation on the mechanical properties of cement-treated soil, a series of isotropic consolidation and undrained triaxial compression shear tests were performed for cement-treated specimens of Ariake clay, Akita sand, Rokko Masado and Toyoura sand. This paper evaluates factors affecting the shear strength of these cement-treated soils. The following conclusions are obtained: 1) Cement-treated soil has a normally consolidated line in e-ln p' space which depends on the mixing cement content. The consolidation yield stress, p'_y, of cement-treated soil increases with increasing cement content and initial specimen density. 2) Changes in cohesive strength due to cement-treatment can be represented by a tensile effective stress, p'_r. Strength properties can then be normalized by the augmented consolidation stress, (p'_c+p'_r). 3) The shear strength properties of quasi-overconsolidated clay can be represented by the yield stress ratio, R=(p'_y+p'_r)/(p'_c+p'_r). 4) The undrained shear strength of cement-treated soils can be represented as a power law relation of the yield stress ratio, R, and the augmented consolidation stress.