有机结合态磷肥的生物有效性研究

通过玉米盆栽试验,并用传统无机磷肥作为对比,比较了新型有机结合态磷肥OP1(淀粉基磷肥)和OP3(秸秆基磷肥)的生物有效性。试验结果表明:新型有机结合态磷肥在改善玉米长势、增加植株含磷量和吸磷量、提高肥料利用率上的效果明显优于无机磷肥。与磷酸二氢钙相比,有机结合态磷肥可提高玉米含磷量16.8%~40.0%和玉米吸磷量约1.0倍,可提高磷利用率1.60~2.70倍;与焦磷酸钠相比,有机结合态磷肥可提高玉米吸磷量41.9%和玉米含磷量29.6%,可提高磷利用率61.9%。有机结合态磷肥在施用量减半时,即可达到无机磷肥高水平的效果,是一种优势突出、前景光明的新型肥料。     

新型有机结合态磷肥田间试验效果

红壤旱地种植玉米,以普通过磷酸钙作对比,比较了新型有机结合态磷肥———淀粉磷肥和秸秆磷肥的肥料效果。结果表明:2种新型磷肥在提高土壤速效磷含量及玉米产量和肥料利用率方面都优于普通过磷酸钙;分别施用淀粉磷肥和秸秆磷肥60 kg/hm2,土壤速效磷含量比普通过磷酸钙提高了57.4%和59.1%;分别施用90 kg/hm2时,土壤速效磷含量分别比普通过磷酸钙提高了63.0%和93.3%;施用2种新型磷肥60 kg/hm2,玉米产量优于施用普通过磷酸钙90 kg/hm2的效果,产量分别提高了2.6%和15.2%;在达到高产的情况下,有机结合态磷肥可以比普通过磷酸钙使用量减少1/3,肥料利用率平均提高29.5%。     

微细磷矿粉对玉米苗期生长和土壤性质的影响研究

以沙土盆栽试验研究了微细磷矿粉提高土壤速效磷含量及其生物有效性。结果表明：磷矿粉有效磷含量、水溶性磷含量及土壤速效磷和水溶性磷含量随颗粒细度提高而提高,特别是大部分颗粒细度在20μm以下时,有效磷和水溶性磷含量增幅较大,越是难溶的磷矿粉提高幅度越大。当磷矿粉粒度达到大部分在20μm以下时,与0．100～0．075mm粒度所含有效磷相比,绵竹和昆阳的磷矿粉分别提高6．97和6．09倍,怀化和晋宁的磷矿粉分别提高5．96和2．64倍,安宁和开阳的磷矿粉分别提高2．59和0．84倍;6个产地的磷矿粉的水溶性磷含量提高1．20～8．56倍;晋宁和开阳的磷矿粉对产量贡献率分别提高24％和10％左右,而且分别提高土壤速效磷含量130％和53％。     

酸性水稻土施用磷矿粉的农学有效性和经济效应的评价

4个酸性水稻土施用不同磷源的试验结果显示 :(1)水稻土施用磷肥的增产效应 ,油菜比水稻大得多 :发育第四纪红色黏土红壤稻田 (有效磷含量 6 .3mg/ kg)施用磷肥增加油菜籽 13.7～ 2 2 .2倍 ,而发育于河流冲积物和红砂岩的水稻土 (有效磷含量 10 .8mg/ kg)施用磷肥增加油菜籽 2 .6 8～ 3.6 3倍 ;发育第四纪红色黏土和花岗岩的红壤稻田施用磷肥增加稻谷产量分别为 1.4 %～ 3.8%和 3.5 %～ 7.3% ;(2 )红壤水稻土施用 Gafsa磷矿粉农学相对有效性 (86 .2 %～ 10 4 .7% )与过磷酸钙相近 ,而大大高于昆阳磷矿粉 (47.2 %～ 6 4 .5 % ) ;(3)油菜施用磷肥增加的产值 (2 839～ 5 30 7元 / hm2 )显著高于水稻施用磷肥增加的产值 (2 2 4～ 74 2元 / hm2 ) ;(4)油菜和水稻施用磷肥的产投比昆阳磷矿粉 >Gafsa磷矿粉 >过磷酸钙 ;(5 )在施磷矿粉的基础上 ,施用硫肥可使油菜籽产量提高 8.4 %～ 19.5 % ,而稻谷产量仅提高 1.6 %。     

腐植酸对土壤中无机磷活化效应的研究

通过磷的吸附—解吸试验,大豆盆栽和大田试验,研究了在石灰性土壤上施用风化煤、泥炭、膨润土对土壤中不同形态无机磷的影响和生物效应。试验结果表明:施用风化煤、泥炭对磷的活化作用比较明显,而膨润土的效果相对较弱;在与磷肥配合中也是风化煤、泥炭的效果最好,膨润土的效果略差。在单施风化煤、泥炭的处理中,土壤中对植物有效性较高的Ca2-P等都有增加,而植物难利用的Ca10-P则降低了,施泥炭的土壤中有效磷增量比较明显;施磷处理中,泥炭加磷肥比其他处理高,而风化煤、膨润土的效应比泥炭略差。就各指标进行综合评价,3种材料活化磷的效果依次是:风化煤>泥炭>膨润土。     

微细磷矿粉的有效性研究

以褐土盆栽试验研究了超微细磷矿粉提高土壤速效磷含量及其生物有效性.结果表明:磷矿粉有效磷含量、水溶性磷含量及土壤速效磷含量随颗粒细度减小而增加,特别是大部分颗粒细度在20 μm以下时,磷矿粉的有效磷和水溶性磷含量提高幅度较大.当磷矿粉粒度在20.11～2.87 μm时,与0.100～0.075 mm粒度相比,有效磷含量...     

腐植酸对磷素增效作用及减少磷素对环境污染的影响

腐植酸作为廉价、有效且无污染的磷肥增效剂的研究已有40多年历史。大量试验表明,腐植酸肥料与磷肥混合施用,可减少无机磷的固定,活化土壤固定态磷,增加土壤速效磷含量,有助于作物根系吸收。不添加腐植酸,磷在土壤中垂直移动2～3cm,添加腐植酸可增J2114～6cm,增加近一倍。腐植酸对磷矿的分解有明显的效果,并且在对速效磷的保护、减少对速效磷的固定、促进作物根部对磷的吸收以及提高磷肥的利用率方面均有极高的价值。     

冬小麦和玉米轮作体系下过磷酸钙和磷酸二铵施用效果比较

在山东潮土进行田间试验,研究过磷酸钙和磷酸二铵施用对冬小麦-玉米轮作体系下作物磷吸收和土壤无机磷形态组成的影响。结果表明:施用磷肥处理小麦、玉米产量高于不施磷肥处理,磷肥种类与用量处理之间没有显著差异;过磷酸钙和磷酸二铵两种磷肥处理土壤不同形态无机磷含量之间差异不明显;P2O5 90和150kg/hm2过磷酸钙和磷酸二铵施用效果相当,因此磷肥施用量可以适当减少。     

钝化剂对废弃石煤矿山铀污染土壤修复效果研究

本文采集江西省内某废弃石煤矿区周边实际铀（U）污染土壤为研究对象，选用泥炭和玉米秸秆炭作为有机钝化剂，以及将沸石和蛭石作为无机钝化剂对污染土壤进行钝化处理，以此考察不同钝化剂对污染土壤理化性质和U形态分布的影响。结果表明，四种钝化剂对污染土壤pH值影响不显著，沸石处理的土壤pH值虽有增加，但对U的钝化效果最不理想；泥炭对污染土壤中U的钝化效果最显著，与污染土壤混合培养5周后，铁锰氧化物结合态U占比降低了15.15%，硫化物及有机物结合态U占比增加了22.22%，与原始土壤中U形态分布对比，残余态U和硫化物及有机物结合态U总占比加和明显增加；蛭石对污染土壤中U也具有一定的钝化效果，与污染土壤混合培养3周后，U形态分布基本趋于稳定，铁锰氧化物结合态含量占比出现了较为明显的降低。     

生物钝化修复镉污染土壤研究进展

回顾了我国含镉土壤的场地修复。综述了利用生物钝化技术修复镉污染土壤的研究现状,重点探讨了微生物的代谢产物与镉产生硫化物或磷酸盐沉淀的微生物沉淀作用、微生物的细胞壁和其分泌的胞外聚合物直接吸附镉的微生物吸附作用以及镉离子透过微生物的细胞膜而被固定在细胞内的微生物摄取作用等生物钝化机理,并对有机钝化过程和无机钝化过程进行了介绍和评价。分析了镉在土壤中的离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态等赋存形态以及土壤中pH值、氧化还原电位、有机质、共存重金属和微生物等因素对镉的生物可利用度的影响。最后阐述了生物钝化技术的优点以及该技术不能将重金属从土壤中永久去除的问题,指出生物钝化技术与其他修复方法相结合是其未来的发展方向。     

钾长石与磷矿共酸浸制NPK复合肥研究

用磷酸浸取钾长石与磷矿混合物,经水浸取酸浸产物后再用氨水中和制备NPK复合肥和长效磷肥,或制备速效和长效性能兼有的复合肥料。主要研究了钾长石与磷矿共酸浸产物水浸工艺、浸取液氨化工艺。结果表明：水浸适宜条件为温度70℃,浸取时间100min,1g原料浸取水量10mL;氨化终点pH值在6左右时,整个过程钾总收率在84％以上,磷总收率在85％以上。     

磷矿焙烧及其所含倍半氧化物在酸中溶解度的研究

<正>引言 磷矿是磷肥生产的主要原料,对于它的品位评价,不仅决定于其中所含磷酸盐的量,亦决定于其杂质矿物的含量。特别是,铁铝杂质的含量是评价磷矿品位重要条件之一。因为这些杂质矿物对磷肥生产十分有害。它非但使生产加工过程发生困难,而且使磷肥的质量降低,甚至不合标准。因此,在选择磷矿原料时,对其中所含铁铝杂质矿物的含量有严格的限制。例如,在过磷酸钙或萃取磷酸生产中,磷矿原料中铁的含量不能超过如下的规定:     

An evaluation of the agronomic potential of partially acidulated rock phosphates in calcareous soil

The agronomic potential of four partially acidulated rock phosphates (PARP) made from a moderate reactive phosphate rock at 30 or 60 percent acidulation either by sulfuric acid alone or by combination of sulfuric and phosphoric acids was compared with that of monocalcium phosphate (MCP) and ground rock phosphate (RP) on a calcareous soil (Typic Hapluquent, pH 8.5) in greenhouse. Dry weight and P accumulation of successive cuttings of ryegrass shoots were used to evaluate the relative agronomic potential of these fertilizers. Results indicated that PARPs of higher water-soluble P content had similar immediate effectiveness as MCP at two earlier cuttings, however, they produced significantly less total dry matter than MCP did in overall six successive cuttings. PARPs were constantly inferior to MCP in terms of P uptake by plant in all the six cuttings. When compared to RP, on the other hand, PARPs had markedly higher relative effectiveness. RP itself affected neither the dry matter production nor the P uptake by plant as compared to control treatment.Fractionation of residual inorganic P in the soil samples at two time intervals during plant growth indicated that MCP-P mainly transformed to dicalcium phosphate and octacalcium phosphate, and to a less extent to Fe and Al associated P. These forms of P had significant correlation with P accumulation by plant. Raw RP did not subject to transformation after applied to the soil regardless the duration of culture time. No obvious dissolution of unreacted RP in PARP materials was detected. Plant dry matter production and P uptake were mainly correlated with water-soluble P added with the fertilizers. It is suggested from the experiment that although partial acidulation could substantially improved the effectiveness of rock phosphate and the immediate effect of the fertilizer was competitive with MCP, application of PARP to calcareous soils is only of short-term benefits; in a long run this fertilizer is not considered as a desirable source of P in calcareous soils since the unacidulated part in the fertilizer was unable to be solubilized in the alkaline conditions.     

Evaluation of the fertilizer value of some indigenous rock phosphates and basic slag of India

Summary Field and pot culture experiments were conducted in terai acid soil (Haplaquoll) to evaluate the fertilizer value of one basic slag and two rock phosphates, such as Purulia rock phosphate (Igneous) and Mussoorie rock phosphate (sedimentary). In the field experiments two crop sequences were followed: (i) Rice — wheat — greengram (ii) Greengram — rice — wheat. In terms of crop yield and P uptake Purulia rock phosphate did not show any significant effect, except in case of greengram grown as the third crop after its application. Mussoorie rock phosphate increased the yield and P uptake through its direct and residual effect in all the crops, except in rice. Irrespective of crop species and crop sequences basic slag showed considerable direct and residual effect in increasing the crop yield and P uptake. Its effect was at par with that of superphosphate. By total yield increase of three consecutive crops due to added P the efficiencies of the fertilizers were graded as basic slag > superphosphate = Mussoorie rock phosphate > Purulia rock phosphate for rice — wheat — greengram rotation and superphosphate > basic slag > Mussoorie rock phosphate > Purulia rock phosphate for greengram — rice —wheat rotation. Composting improved the efficiency of all the insoluble phosphatic fertilizers.     

The effect of various phosphorus fertilizers on yields,phosphorus uptake by plants and conversion of phosphorus fertilizers in long-term experiments on different soils

Long-term experiments have been undertaken to investigate the effects of various types of phosphorus fertilizers on yields, phosphorus uptake and fertilizer conversion in the soil. Optimum effects were obtained from water-soluble phosphate, whereas finely ground soft rock phosphate had little effect even with large amounts of phosphorus fertilizers and with a pH value of the soil of around 5.4. Partially decomposed and sintered phosphates performed well, as did NPK fertilizers (100% water soluble) and Thomas phosphate. The addition of large amounts of phosphorus fertilizers (to cereals, 26.4 kg/ha, to other crops 44 kg/ha) led to yields being increased by 7% and phosphorus extraction being increased by 11%. Smaller amounts of phosphorus fertilizers (13.2 and 17.6 kg/ha) did not have this effect. Increases in the amount of double-lactate-soluble phosphorus in the soil depended on the level of fertilization and did not differ significantly according to the type of phosphorus fertilizer used.     

Partially acidulated phosphate rocks: Phosphorus release characteristics

Five phosphate rocks varying in formic acid P solubility from 18.9 to 52.7%, expressed as percentage of total P, were acidulated with phosphoric or sulphuric acids to 0, 20%, 33% and 50% of full acidulation and granulated. In an incubation experiment fertilizer granules of diameter 1–2 mm were mixed with two acid soils and after 1 week incubation soil samples were extracted with a 0.5 M NaOH solution. In a dissipation experiment single fertilizer granules of 4 mm diameter were implanted into soil, incubated for 1 and 4 weeks and inorganic P fractionation in the residual granules and the surrounding soil was performed. Dissipated P was greater than the water soluble P content of the partly acidulated phosphate rock fertilizers indicating the dissolution of the non-acidulated phosphate rocks. The amount of P dissipated was related to the initial water soluble P content and to the formic acid solubility of phosphate rocks used for manufacturing the fertilizers. The P dissipated increased with an increase in soil acidity.     

Rock phosphates are not effective fertilizers in Western Australian soils: A review of one hundred years of research

The 1990s mark the centenary of the earliest work to identify the value of rock phosphate fertilizers for Western Australian agriculture. This review summarizes this and subsequent work. We arrive at a simple conclusion: rock phosphates are ineffective fertilizers because they do not dissolve rapidly in Western Australian soils.The effectiveness of different types of rock phosphate fertilizers has been compared with the effectiveness of superphosphate in several long-term field experiments on a variety of non-leaching soils in south-western Australia. These experiments have consistently shown that, all types of rock phosphate fertilizers are between one twentieth to one third as effective as freshly applied superphosphate both in the year of application and in subsequent years. Glasshouse experiments produce similar results. Laboratory studies of soils from these experiments have shown that the poor effectiveness of the rock phosphates is primarily due to the small extent of dissolution of these fertilizers in Western Australian soils. Several factors are responsible for the inability of adequate amounts of rock phosphate to dissolve in these soils. The soils are only moderately acid (pH in water > 5.5) and generally have low pH buffering capacities so can not rapidly contribute a large supply of protons to promote extensive dissolution of rock phosphate. The soils also have low capacities to adsorb the P and Ca released during dissolution of rock phosphate. They also have low water-holding capacities, and in the field under the Mediterranean climate the soil near the surface rapidly dries between rains thereby restricting dissolution of rock phosphates. In the laboratory it has been shown that rock phosphate dissolution is considerably enhanced in permanently-moist, acid soil with high pH buffering capacity, and high P and Ca buffer capacities.Thus the low extent of dissolution of rock phosphate fertilizers in Western Australian soils is responsible for the poor agronomic effectiveness of these fertilizers measured in the field experiments.     

我国磷矿资源与磷肥工业的可持续发展

简要分析了我国磷矿资源的特点，磷矿和磷肥生产现状，对当前存在的问题进行了探讨，并就磷肥工业的可持续发展提出了对策和建议。     

The effects of nitrogen fertilizer form on the plant availability of phosphate from soil,phosphate rock and mono-calcium phosphate

A glasshouse trial using lettuce as the test crop, and laboratory incubations were used to evaluate the influence of various nitrogen fertilizers on the availability of phosphate from an unfertilized loamy sand soil and from the same soil fertilized with Sechura phosphate rock or monocalcium phosphate. The order in which nitrogen fertilizer form increased plant yield and P uptake from soil alone and from soil fertilized with the rock was ammonium sulphate > sulphurised urea > ammonium nitrate > urea > potassium nitrate. For each rock application (both 30 and 60 mg/pot) and for soil alone, increased P uptake by the plant correlated well with decreased soil pH. In soil fertilized with the soluble P form, monocalcium phosphate, the form of the nitrogen fertilizer had little effect on plant P uptake. Subsequent laboratory incubation studies showed that increased dissolution of soil-P or Sechura phosphate rock did not occur until acidity, generated by nitrification or sulphur oxidation of the fertilizer materials, had lowered soil pH to below 5.5. A sequential phosphate fractionation procedure was used to show that in soils treated with the acidifying nitrogen fertilizers, ammonium sulphate and urea, there was considerable release of Sechura phosphate rock P to the soil, amounting to 42% and 27% of the original rock P added, respectively.     

The effect of direct application of phosphate rock on increasing crop yield and improving properties of red soil

Field experiments, designed to evaluate the effect of direct application of phosphate rock, were carried out on red soil (Ultisol) uplands at three different places. The results indicated: (1) for the first year's crop, the rapeseed yields with phosphate rock treatment and triple superphosphate treatment were almost identical when their rate of phosphorus application was the same; (2) when the same level of phosphorus fertilizer was applied, the residual effect of phosphate rock was better than that of triple superphosphate, and the residual effect of all phosphorus fertilizers on winter crop yields increased with the increase of the amount of Phosphorus applied; (3) with the application of phosphate rock, the pH value, the amount of available phosphorus and exchangeable Ca and Mg of soils went up, whereas the content of active Al in soils decreased. Therefore, the direct application of phosphate rock to red soil also has an important role in improving soil properties.The project was financially supported by American Phosphate Foundation, PPI/PPIC and National Natural Science Foundation of China.