Y-α-β Sialon复相陶瓷的显微结构和蠕变行为

研究了一种以YAG为晶界相和理论初始α/β比率为65/35的Y-c-β复相sialon在温度1250～1350°C和应力110～290MPa的四点弯曲蠕变行为,得出在1250、1300、1350°C下的应力指数分别为1.31、1.49、1.62,蠕变激活能为677kJ.mol-1,显微结构观察表明几乎所有的空洞都位于多晶界,从而推断伴随着多晶界空洞形成的扩散-滑移耦联机制是蠕变的速率控制机制.Monkman-Grant关系式得出的蠕变速率指数p值为1.6,蠕变断裂是由多三晶界空洞的成核、生长、聚结和连接引起的.     

The development of microstructural damage during high temperature creep–fatigue of a nickel alloy

Alloy 617 is the leading candidate material for an Intermediate Heat Exchanger (IHX) of the Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR). To evaluate the behavior of this material in the expected service conditions, strain-controlled cyclic tests that include hold times up to 9000 s at maximum tensile strain were conducted at 950 °C. The fatigue resistance decreased when a hold time was added at peak tensile strain, owing to the mechanisms resulting in a change in fracture mode from transgranular in pure fatigue to intergranular in creep–fatigue. Increases in the tensile hold duration beyond an initial value were not detrimental to the creep–fatigue resistance. An analysis of the evolving failure modes was facilitated by interrupting tests during cycling for ex situ microstructural investigation.     

High temperature C/C–SiC composite by liquid silicon infiltration: a literature review

The ceramic matrix carbon fibre (CMC) reinforced composite has received great attention for use in aerospace engineering. In aerospace, the atmosphere is highly oxidative and experiences very high temperature. In addition to this, the materials require high thermal stability and high abrasion resistance in that atmosphere. The C/C–SiC composite meets with these requirements. In this paper, the C/C–SiC composite by liquid silicon infiltration is reviewed thoroughly.     

Effects of steam environment on creep behavior of Nextel™720/alumina–mullite ceramic composite at elevated temperature

The tensile creep behavior of an oxide–oxide continuous fiber ceramic composite was investigated at 1000 and 1100 °C in laboratory air and in steam. The composite consists of a porous alumina–mullite matrix reinforced with laminated, woven mullite/alumina (Nextel?720) fibers, has no interface between the fiber and matrix, and relies on the porous matrix for flaw tolerance. The tensile stress–strain behavior was investigated and the tensile properties measured. Tensile creep behavior was examined for creep stresses in the 70–140 MPa range. The presence of steam accelerated creep rates and dramatically reduced creep lifetimes. The degrading effects of steam become more pronounced with increasing temperature. At 1000 °C, creep run-out (set to 100 h) was achieved in all tests. At 1100 °C, creep run-out was achieved in all tests in air and only in the 87.5 MPa test in steam. Composite microstructure, as well as damage and failure mechanisms were investigated.     

High creep exponents in a nearly-lamellar γ-based titanium aluminide intermetallic

Secondary creep data are reported for an extruded nearly-lamellar Ti-48Al-1.5Cr-alloy tested in a temperature range of 700 to 900°C. Within this temperature regime, this alloy exhibits a two-stage creep deformation behavior, with relatively high (approximately 8–12) creep exponents occurring in the high stress/high temperature regime. The high exponents in this regime are explained by dynamic recrystallization phenomena observed ₂ + in the nearly-lamellar microstructure.     

Dy α-β Sialon 陶瓷的制备与相变研究

在Ｄｙ－Ｓｉ－Ａｌ－Ｏ－Ｎ系统相关系的研究基础上，设计了以ＤｙＡＧ和Ｍ’相作为晶界相的单相α－Ｓｉａｌｏｎ和β－Ｓｉａｌｏｎ以及复相α－β－Ｓｉａｌｏｎ材料。研究了它们的致密化行为，热处理过程中的α′→β′相变机制以及力学性能。结果表明：可以制备出以ＤｙＡＧ和Ｍ’本作为晶界相的单相α－Ｓｉａｌｏｎ和β－Ｓｉａｌｏｎ以及复相α－β－Ｓｉａｌｏｎ材料。作为绕结助剂，ＤｙＡＧ比Ｍ’更能有效地促进致密化。     

Room temperature synthesis of high temperature stable lanthanum phosphate–yttria nano composite

A facile aqueous sol–gel route involving precipitation–peptization mechanism followed by electrostatic stabilization is used for synthesizing nanocrystalline composite containing lanthanum phosphate and yttria. Lanthanum phosphate (80 wt%)–yttria (20 wt%) nano composite (LaPO₄–20%Y₂O₃), has an average particle size of ～70 nm after heat treatment of precursor at 600 °C. TG–DTA analysis reveals that stable phase of the composite is formed on heating the precursor at 600 °C. The TEM images of the composite show rod shape morphology of LaPO₄ in which yttria is acquiring near spherical shape. Phase identification of the composite as well as the phase stability up to 1300 °C was carried out using X-ray diffraction technique. With the phases being stable at higher temperatures, the composite synthesized should be a potential material for high temperature applications like thermal barrier coatings and metal melting applications.     

Effect of a temperature change from 20 to 50°C on the basic creep of HPC and HPFRC

This research was performed in order to study the basic creep of High Performance Concretes (HPC) under uniaxial compression at 20 and 50°C. The aim of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of the basic creep phenomena of HPC at moderate temperature and to provide experimental data which will be used in Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical models such as those necessary for the National project CEOS.FR (Sellier, Thermo hydro mechanical numerical modelling, invited paper at the CEOS International workshop on Control of cracking in R.C. structures: a major step towards serviceability, 2009). The article also presents the fitting of a model considering the effect of temperature via an Arrhenius law affecting its viscous modules (Sellier and Buffo-Lacarriere, Eur J Environ Civ Eng 10:1161–1182, 2009). The concretes are those envisioned for future storage structures of Intermediate Level Long-Life Nuclear Wastes. The research programme has been established with four HPC, two non fibrous and two fibrous; the kinetics and amplitude of basic creep under uniaxial compression are measured during several months at 50°C and compared to those obtained at 20°C for the same materials (Camps, PhD thesis, 2008). Experimental results show that the average creep at 50°C is about twice the creep at 20°C. Besides, results show that this amplification depends on the binder type; the sensitivity to the temperature rise is greater for blended cement based concretes than for OPC based ones. The creep increase due the temperature rise is higher for the HPC under study than for ordinary concretes inventoried in a literature survey. The creep amplitude of HPC seems correlated to their amount of secondary C–S–H. At last, the fitting of the model parameters on the experimental results shows that the values of activation energy are quite close to those obtained by other authors on ordinary concretes (Bazant et al., J Eng Mech ASCE 130(6): 691–699, 2004).     

High temperature fatigue of discontinuously-reinforced metal–matrix composites

This paper reviews the current knowledge on the fatigue behavior of discontinuously-reinforced metal–matrix composites at high temperature. The effect of cyclic loading at high temperature on the micromechanims of deformation, crack nucleation, and crack propagation are dealt with. The overall performance of these composites under isothermal and thermo-mechanical fatigue loading have been examined. A brief account of the current industrial applications of discontinuously-reinforced metal–matrix composites in components subjected to fatigue at high temperature is provided     

Elevated temperature creep of pearlitic steels: an experimental–numerical approach

Pearlitic steels are well known for their high strength and hardness. This makes them the natural choice for applications in which structural integrity and minimum irreversible deformation over time are required. Although their room-temperature mechanical response has been intensively studied in the past, little information can be found in the literature regarding the effect of temperature on the mechanical response of pearlitic steels. In this paper, an experimental–numerical approach is used to study the mechanical response of pearlitic steels in the temperature range 20–500 °C. A finite-strain thermo-viscoplastic model is presented together with a set of elevated temperature tests (tensile and creep tests). The aim of the tests is twofold: first, to provide insight into the elevated-temperature mechanical response of the material; and second, to provide the data required to identify the corresponding material parameters. Furthermore, the model and the experimental data are instrumental in showing that the influence of temperature on the mechanical behavior of pearlitic steels becomes significant for temperatures above 350–400 °C.     

Nanoindentation creep behavior of RPV’s weld joint at room temperature

SA508 Gr.3 steel has been widely used in nuclear reactor pressure vessels (RPV). Nuclear components are generally combined through arc welding processes, which always produces heterogeneous mechanical properties in heat affected zone (HAZ) of weld joint. In order to study mechanical heterogeneity of weld joint, HAZ was been divided into five small regions (HAZ1 to HAZ5) based on the distance from the weld center line. The elastic modulus, hardness, and creep deformations of five regions in HAZ were measured through nanoindentation, as well as base and weld metals. According to the experimental results, the HAZ2 region (belonging to the fine-grained HAZ) exhibited a significantly lower hardness and creep behavior. Strain rate sensitivities (SRS) in different regions were then estimated from the steady-state creep, and the HAZ2 region showed a relatively higher value. The influence of grain boundary fraction on the creep behavior of weld joints was discussed later. Furthermore, the results of SRS also indicated that the creep mechanism of tested regions could be dominated by dislocation activities.

     

Experimental and numerical investigation of composite bolted π-joint subjected to bending load

This present work investigated the failure mechanism of a novel composite bolted π-joint subjected to bending load by experimental and finite element simulation. A test sample manufactured by resin transfer moulding process (RTM) was tested. A 3D progressive damage model developed in ABAQUS/Standard was used to simulate the failure of the π-joint. Based on good correlation of failure load and damage distribution between experimental results and FE prediction, further investigation was extended to the effect of two primary assembly clearances on mechanical behavior of the π-joint. The study results reveal that delamination of the fillet region in L-preform is the π-joint's failure mode. Moreover, the assembly clearances have little effect on the failure load of the joint.     

On bending strength of superhard composite materials based on WC–Co hardmetals

We present analytical algorithms for computing the ultimate bending strength of superhard composite materials based on WC–Co hardmetals. The study is performed for fine-grained materials (where mean particle size of the dispersed superhard phase d _C and that of carbide grains d _WC are of the same order of magnitude) and coarse-grained materials (with d _C ≫ d _WC ). The strength of the composite is assumed to be governed by the strength of its hardmetal matrix. The stressed state of the matrix is assessed through volume-average microstresses for fine-grained materials and interface-average stresses for coarse-grained composites. The calculated results presented in the form of tables and graphs have been analyzed. The strength has been found to decrease drastically with increasing particle size of the superhard phase and its concentration in the composite.     

α-β phase transformation of silicon nitride — computer simulation

The simulation model of - silicon nitride phase transformation was developed for the case when the crystallization of the phase is the rate controlling step. The results gained on the base of the present model indicate that the temperature and total free surface area of silicon nitride phase present in the firing body limit the rate of transformation and total amount of transformed silicon nitride phase. These results are acceptable from the point of view of experimental experience and support the applicability of the presented model.     

Fabrication and oxidation behavior of a reaction derived graphite–ZrC composite for ultrahigh temperature applications

Graphite containing nominally 40 vol.% ZrC (graphite–ZrC) was prepared from commercially available ZrO₂ and graphite powders by hot pressing at 2000 °C in a vacuum. The oxidation behavior of the graphite–ZrC composite was carried out in dry stagnant air at the temperatures of 1200 and 2200 °C. Compared with the pure graphite, the graphite–ZrC composite exhibited good oxidation resistance because the mass loss of the composite powder was significantly lower than that of the pure graphite. The mass loss of graphite–ZrC at 2200 °C was lower than pure graphite at 1200 °C. Furthermore, the introduction of ZrC also improved the strength of the graphite–ZrC composite.     

Damage mechanisms and life prediction in high temperature fatigue of a unidirectional SiC–Ti composite

Isothermal fatigue tests are performed in the longitudinal direction at 450°C on a unidirectional SiC/Ti composite. Three major damage mechanisms are identified: the matrix cyclic softening which overloads fibers leading to their progressive rupture; the interfacial degradation of these broken fibers and their oxidation by the environment. Damage kinetics are estimated using microscopic observations and acoustic emission. Finally, a micromechanical model is used in order to understand the respective influence of these damage mechanisms. It is shown that, at a sufficient load level, fatigue fracture of the composite strongly depends on the interfacial degradation kinetics and that fiber oxidation by the environment generates more progressive damage and considerably reduces the composite fatigue life compared to loading under vacuum.     

High temperature stress relief cavitation of an Al-bearing α-brass

High temperature stress relief intergranular cavitation and subsequent room temperature embrittlement of an aluminium-bearing-brass has been studied metallographically. The behaviour of a cast susceptible to cavitation has been compared to one which does not exhibit intergranular cavitation during stress relief, and which is subsequently more ductile at room temperature. A number of micro-analytical techniques (SIMS and EDX) failed to reveal any difference in the grain boundary chemistry between a cast susceptible to intergranular cavitation and one which was not, but it is suspected that the combined action of dissolved gases (e.g. hydrogen) and trace element impurities plays a major role in cavitation. The cavities formed during stress relief were often polyhedral in shape and it is considered that this occurs by the diffusion of matter around the cavity surface to attain a lower energy surface configuration. Second phase particles were found to play only a minor role in the nucleation of cavities. Room temperature intergranular fracture surfaces of material, in which cavities had formed during stress relief, were interpreted in terms of high temperature cavity formation and coalescence combined with low temperature plastic void growth and interlinkage.