不同核酸提取方法用于多重荧光PCR法检测3种混合熟肉的比较分析

目的 探讨不同核酸提取方法以及蒸、煮、烤烹饪方式制作的混合熟肉制品的多重荧光定量PCR检测结果之间的差异。方法 用3种不同的提取方法：抽提法、离心柱法及磁珠法,提取经过蒸、煮、烤烹饪方式制作的牛、鸡、猪、鸭混合样品的DNA,通过对不同方法提取DNA的质量及提取DNA用于多重荧光PCR检测的效果方面进行比较。结果 三种方法提取DNA的浓度及纯度无明显差别,磁珠法提取的混合样品DNA进行多重实时荧光PCR检测的Ct值最小,扩增效果最佳。结论 该研究中磁珠法提取熟肉制品DNA的检测效果更为理想。     

TaqMan实时荧光PCR对沙门氏菌能力验证样品的快速检测与鉴定

本研究依据GB 4789.4-2016标准对沙门氏菌ACAS-PT526能力验证样品进行常规培养法检测,同时使用TaqMan实时荧光聚合酶链反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）技术对预增菌培养物进行快速检测和鉴定。本研究首先以沙门氏菌特异性基因hut基因为靶基因,设计合成特异性引物和探针,提取各类食源性菌种的核酸DNA进行实时荧光PCR反应,仅沙门氏菌属出现阳性扩增,非沙门氏菌属、阴性对照和空白对照均无扩增信号,验证设计合成的引物探针具有较高的特异性。其次将能力验证样品和加标样品经预增菌、增菌、分离、纯化、生化试验和血清学鉴定,同时将预增菌培养物经实时荧光PCR测定后,18-D319和加标样品有显著的S型扩增曲线,Ct值分别为24.34和26.21,为沙门氏菌阳性,18-M906无显著荧光信号,Ct值>40.00,为沙门氏菌阴性。经API20E试剂条鉴定,18-D319为猪霍乱沙门菌亚利桑那亚种,鉴定百分率为99.90%,T值为0.97,18-M906为大肠埃希氏菌,鉴定百分率为99.80%,T值为0.94。实时荧光PCR检测结果与常规培养法检测结果一致,且更为简单快速,从预增菌到结果判定仅需12 h,结果准确度高,一批次可检测多个样品,可用于大量样品中沙门氏菌的快速筛查和对能力验证样品的检测验证。     

改良十六烷基三甲基溴化铵-磁珠核酸提取方法及在植物转基因检测中的应用

目的 建立一种快速、高效、便捷的植物基因组DNA提取方法并运用于植物转基因检测。方法 改良传统的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium ammonium bromide, CTAB)方法, 并结合磁珠吸附基因组DNA, 配合核酸自动提取系统提取水稻和加工米粉中的核酸, 荧光聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)检测Bt63大米转基因成分, 并与另外4种提取方法的结果进行对比, 评价提取效果。结果 5种不同方法中CTAB-磁珠法提取的样品基因组DNA浓度和质量最佳, 荧光PCR检测低浓度Bt63转基因成分(0.01%)的Ct值最小, 检测结果最好。结论 该方法可高效快速地提取植物核酸, 在低含量的转基因成分检测中相比其他几种方法具有绝对优势。     

Identification of pork genome in commercial meat extracts for Halal authentication by SYBR green I real‐time PCR

The identification of pork DNA in meat extracts is very important for Halal authentication and Muslim consumers demand protection from falsely labelled meat products. A pig‐specific SYBR green I real‐time PCR assay has been developed to address this issue. Using specific primers for pig mitochondrial DNA, successful amplification has been obtained by DNA extracted from control meat samples. With SYBR green I real‐time PCR, the specificity of the amplification was showed by Tm value. Detection limit of the real‐time PCR was down to 0.1 ng of porcine DNA. An appropriate linearity was obtained by construction of a standard curve based on Ct value and different concentrations of porcine DNA. By conventional PCR, no amplification was shown by porcine DNA less than 0.1 ng. The established method was conducted on commercially available meat extracts for detection and quantification of porcine DNA. The results showed the SYBR green I real‐time PCR could be considered a robust method for Halal authentication of meat extracts.     

不同食品加工方式对提取鮟鱇鱼肉DNA的影响

目的研究不同食品加工方式对提取鮟鮟鱼肉DNA的影响。方法以实时荧光PCR方法检测鮟鮟鱼成分标准为例,采取水煮、微波、油炸3种处理方式,选用试剂盒提取DNA,利用核酸蛋白测定仪测定其在260 nm、280 nm处的吸光度,通过A260来计算核酸浓度,A260/A280来评估核酸的纯度。以提取的DNA为模板,进行实时荧光PCR扩增。通过Ct值判断不同加工方式对实时荧光PCR结果的影响。结果水煮、微波、油炸3种加工方式中,油炸对DNA的影响最明显,当在高温下油炸时间过久会导致鱼肉焦糖化反应及蛋白质变性严重,变成具有一定孔隙的焦状物,此时鱼肉在提取DNA的过程中难以消化,造成DNA提取量少,最终导致实时荧光PCR结果假阴性。而水煮、微波两种加工方式即使处理时间过久也没有对实时荧光PCR结果产生明显影响。结论在鱼制品使用实时荧光PCR方法检测时,应充分考虑加工方式对鱼制品DNA的影响。     

单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌实时荧光SPIA方法的建立

以单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌（Listeria monocytogenes,L.monocytogenes）hly A基因为靶序列,设计5’端为RNA序列,3’端为DNA序列的嵌合引物和链终止Blocker序列,经过优化,建立实时荧光单引物等温扩增（Real-time fluorescence SPIA）方法,进行特异性、检出限实验,并对不同DNA提取方法进行比较。结果显示,确定荧光染料SPIA法的最佳反应温度为58℃,反应30 min,引物特异性良好,只有4株不同来源的L.monocytogenes DNA产生典型的S型荧光扩增曲线。对L.monocytogenes纯培养DNA的检出限为3.6×10¹fg/μL,相应菌液浓度为1.2×10¹CFU/m L;Realtime fluorescence SPIA检测试剂盒法、水煮法、溶菌酶-蛋白酶K法、饱和酚提取法四种方法提取DNA,均产生典型的扩增曲线,Ct值没有明显差异。对人工添加猪肉火腿样品中的L.monocytogenes,采用水煮法提取DNA的检出限为1.1×10²CFU/g。结果表明,所建立的L.monocytogenes的Real-time fluorescence SPIA新型等温扩增方法,特异性强、灵敏度高、不受DNA纯度的影响、快速、简便。      

Detection of genetically modified rice: a construct-specific real-time PCR method based on DNA sequences from transgenic Bt rice

Genetically modified rice varieties developed in China are close to approval for agricultural cultivation and production. However, so far no method has been reported for specific detection of transgenic varieties of this crop. In the present study, rice seeds assumed to consist of field-tested Bt rice (‘Anti-pest Shanyou 63’ and ‘Anti-pest Jinyou 63’) were used as reference material to determine transgenic DNA sequences. The transition between the cryIA(b) and cryIA(c) fusion gene and the nopaline synthase terminator (nos) sequence was used to develop a construct-specific real-time PCR based detection method. This Bt rice specific detection system was combined with a recently published quantitative real-time PCR method for the rice-specific (Oryza sativa L.) reference gene gos9. The complete PCR assay for detection of transgenic Bt rice was in-house validated and the limit of quantification was found to be below 0.1% Bt rice relative to the rice content. Application of the PCR assay should allow more precise detection of transgenic rice varieties in imported food products which are so far not approved in the EU.     

TaqMan实时荧光PCR检测菰米成分的方法建立

本研究建立了一种能够快速检测食品中菰米成分的TaqMan实时荧光PCR方法。以菰米核糖体内转录间隔区（internal transcribed space, ITS）基因为检测靶标,设计特异性引物和探针,建立菰米成分的实时荧光PCR检测方法,并进行物种特异性分析、灵敏度分析以及实际应用检测。结果显示:本研究所建立的实时荧光PCR检测方法特异性强,仅对菰米品种中国菰（Z. latifolia）、水生菰（Z. aquatica）、沼生菰（Z. palustris）和德克萨斯菰（Z. texana）基因组DNA出现特异性扩增曲线,供试的其他30种谷物以及异源性动植物基因组DNA均无扩增曲线;该方法对菰米成分检测的灵敏度为0.001 ng/μL菰米基因组DNA或0.01%（W/W）菰米粉。应用该方法对100份市售的进口菰米、菰米碎米、杂粮米及混合米粉等样品进行检测,在80份进口菰米和5份菰米碎米中检测出菰米成分,其他样品中未检出菰米成分,与商品标识一致。该方法灵敏度高,特异性强,可快速高效地进行菰米成分的真实性甄别。     

A Pilot Study for Identification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmonella</Emphasis> in Food Processing Plants by Real-Time PCR Screening

Salmonella remains a major public health concern worldwide. Microbiological methods are the gold standard for Salmonella detection. These methods are highly specific, but their sensitivity is variable. Moreover, they are lengthy, labour intensive and not always consistent with the speed of food manufacturing processes. Thus, in the food industry, there is the need for more rapid, sensitive and accurate detection methods. The purpose of this study is to describe a Salmonella-monitoring scheme in different food processing plants based on a screening approach by a commercial real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit and subsequent confirmation of positive molecular results by the reference microbiological method. This scheme was tested on a total of 4,693 samples, 90 of which were positive with the real-time PCR screening; 52 of the positive samples were eventually confirmed by the microbiological method. The real-time PCR kit was tested in comparison to the microbiological method in order to evaluate its performances and drawbacks. The comparison between cycle threshold (Ct) values of real-time PCR and the microbiological results (Wilcoxon rank sum test) showed a statistically significant difference between the Ct values of bacteriological positive and bacteriological negative samples (p value, <0.05). Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to identify the Ct value ensuring the lowest level of misclassification between Salmonella-positive and negative samples. The present study confirms that the real-time PCR kit tested could be used as a screening tool, leading to a rapid and sensitive identification of Salmonella and confining bacteriological confirmation to samples previously identified as positive.     

Quantification of total viable bacteria on fish fillets by using ethidium bromide monoazide real-time polymerase chain reaction

Real-time PCR based on universal primers for amplification of a highly conserved bacterial 16S rDNA sequence was utilized in conjunction with the treatment of extracted bacterial cells with ethidium bromide monoazide (EMA) for the differential enumeration of viable and dead cells on cod fillets. Amplification of DNA from dead bacterial cells was successfully inhibited by EMA, whereas the DNA from viable cells was readily amplified. The detection range of the EMA real-time PCR assay was linear from 1 x 10(1) to 1 x 10(5) mixed bacterial genomic targets per PCR derived from broth cultures of fish tissue. The minimum detection limit of bacteria was found to be 1 x 10(1) genomic units/real-time PCR, equivalent to 1 x 10(5) CFU per gram of tissue. The EMA real-time PCR allowed construction of a standard curve obtained by plotting the log of genomic targets from strictly viable cells against resulting PCR cycles (Ct values) that facilitated quantification of total viable bacteria from fish fillets. The log of the total number of genomic DNA targets from EMA treated cells and plate counts from six randomly procured cod fillets were found not to be statistically different with the exception of one fillet. The process of freezing and thawing fillet tissue resulted in a drop in mean colony forming units (CFU) detected by plate counts from log 8.5+/-0.2 to log 8.1+/-0.1. A similar reduction in genomic targets from 8.5+/-0.1 to 8.0+/-0.16 was detected by EMA real-time PCR.     

适于肉种掺杂比例实时荧光PCR测定的样品前处理方法

对适用于肉种掺杂比例实时荧光PCR测定的样品前处理方法及样品均匀性进行研究。正交试验结果表明:稀释倍数为肉、水比1:4(m/V),匀浆机转速12000r/min,匀浆时间8min,此条件下制备的样品均匀性好,样品质量、DNA质量浓度和实时荧光PCR实验Ct值结果都具有较好的均一性,无显著性差异。采用这种样品前处理方法时,肉样的取样量对样品的均匀性没有影响。     

DNA-based qualitative and quantitative identification of bovine whey powder in goat dairy products

As one of the main ingredients in some milk powders, whey powder is sometimes added to pure goat milk products, which can cause health risks, economic fraud, and unfair competition of food industries. This study is the first to explore qualitative and quantitative methods to identify adulteration of bovine whey powder in goat dairy products based on DNA. We extracted DNA from whey powder using a modified DNA extraction method; this exhibited good quality and integrity, with purity of 1.53 to 1.75 and concentration of 122 to 179 ng/μL. Conventional PCR and real-time PCR were compared for qualitative detection of bovine whey powder; real-time PCR demonstrated sensitivity of 0.01 ng/μL, which was higher than the 0.05 ng/μL detected by the conventional PCR method. Furthermore, real-time PCR was conducted for DNA quantitative detection, with good linearity (R² = 0.9858) obtained for bovine whey powder contents from 0.1% to 30%. Relative error decreased with increase of the mixing proportion of whey powder; the coefficient of variation above 0.1% of the mixing ratio was close to or less than 5%; and the relative standard deviation of repeatability results was less than 5%. Considering the economic costs of testing, conventional PCR could be performed first, and samples with obvious intentional adulteration detected can be further accurately quantified by real-time PCR. Overall, this research provides a realistic and effective method for qualitative and quantitative identification of bovine whey powder in goat dairy products, thus laying a good foundation for verification of goat dairy product label claims and industrial control.     

食用植物油DNA提取方法的优化

目的建立可从不同种类食用植物油中提取得到高质量的、可用于分子生物学检测的DNA的提取方法。方法使用2种改进十六烷基三甲基溴化铵法(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide,CTAB)和2种商用试剂盒提取6种食用植物油的DNA,通过紫外分光光度计检测所得DNA样品的浓度和纯度。设计特异性引物,并通过普通聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)和实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qPCR)检测DNA样品是否可用于分子生物学分析。结果使用改良CTAB法1及2种商业试剂盒无法有效提取得到的6种食用植物油的DNA,样品无法满足分子生物学检测的需要,使用改良CTAB法2提取得到的6种食用植物油DNA纯度和浓度检测结果均为最佳,其提取的橄榄油、菜籽油、花生油DNA样品可用于后续实时荧光定量PCR检测。结论该方法可为橄榄油、菜籽油、花生油DNA提取提供有效手段,为食用植物油检测和研究奠定基础。     

实时定量PCR法对牛肉中鸡源性成份的量化检测

目的实现样品中牛源性成份和鸡源性成份的量化分析。方法通过在基因组单拷贝基因上设计引物,绘制模板DNA扩增标准曲线以及确定牛肉、鸡肉质量与DNA浓度的比值常数,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对四种不同掺混比例的牛鸡瘦肉混合样本中牛源性成份和鸡源性成份所占的质量百分比含量进行分析。结果通过荧光实时定量PCR反应的Ct值、模板DNA扩增标准曲线和质量与DNA的比值常数可以计算出样品中所含牛源性成份和鸡源性成份的质量百分比含量,检测值与理论值之间的绝对误差可控制在5%以内,量化研究结果基本准确。结论对于组织成份单一的样品,可以通过在基因组单拷贝基因上设计特异性的引物,利用PCR技术实现在质量水平上对食品中动物源性成份的量化分析,该技术方法的建立可以为肉类掺假监管工作提供有力的技术支撑。     

Application of quantitative real-time PCR in the detection of prion-protein gene species-specific DNA sequences in animal meals and feedstuffs

This study describes a method for quantitative and species-specific detection of animal DNA from different species (cattle, sheep, goat, swine, and chicken) in animal feed and feed ingredients, including fish meals. A quantitative real-time PCR approach was carried out to characterize species-specific sequences based on the amplification of prion-protein sequence. Prion-protein species-specific primers and TaqMan probes were designed, and amplification protocols were optimized in order to discriminate the different species with short PCR amplicons. The real-time quantitative PCR approach was also compared to conventional species-specific PCR assays. The real-time quantitative assay allowed the detection of 10 pg of ruminant, swine, and poultry DNA extracted from meat samples processed at 130 degrees C for 40 min, 200 kPa. The origin of analyzed animal meals was characterized by the quantitative estimation of ruminant, swine, and poultry DNA. The TaqMan assay was used to quantify ruminant DNA in feedstuffs with 0.1% of meat and bone meal. In conclusion, the proposed molecular approach allowed the detection of species-specific DNA in animal meals and feedstuffs.     

转基因大豆MON89788实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立

为实现转基因大豆MON89788的标识管理,针对转基因大豆MON89788的品系特异性序列设计引物和TaqMan探针,建立转基因大豆MON89788实时荧光聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）检测方法,并对该方法的特异性、灵敏度和重复性进行检测。结果显示：建立的转基因大豆MON89788实时荧光PCR检测方法能扩增出127 bp的产物,特异性强,灵敏度达到0.1%,约为40 个单倍体基因组拷贝,检测重复性好,可成功应用于实际样品检测。因此,建立的转基因大豆MON89788实时荧光PCR检测方法可以应用于转基因大豆MON89788大豆及其制品的检测。     

实时荧光PCR法检测鼠伤寒沙门氏菌

目的 建立实时荧光PCR法检测鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的方法。方法 基于鼠伤寒沙门氏菌II型限制酶基因, 设计引物及Taqman探针, 利用实时荧光PCR进行特异性、灵敏性及模拟样品的检测实验。结果 特异性探针可从25种血清型沙门氏菌(共49株)及11株阴性对照菌株中检测出全部的11株鼠伤寒沙门氏菌。以鼠伤寒沙门氏菌梯度稀释菌液DNA为模板进行实时荧光PCR实验, 菌株模板浓度与Ct值呈良好线性关系, 线性系数(R2)为0.998, 扩增效率90%, 最低检测浓度300 cfu/mL。对已接种鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的4种模拟样品同时进行实时荧光PCR检测和传统方法鉴定, 两者结果一致。结论 此方法特异、灵敏、准确, 适于食品中鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的检测。     

实时荧光PCR技术快速检测奶制品中掺入的大米源性成分

目的:建立基于实时荧光PCR技术的奶制品中掺入大米源性成分的快速检测方法。方法:以水稻的根部表达基因(gos9)为靶基因设计特异性引物和探针,经特异性实验和灵敏度实验验证引物探针可行性,并经模拟含大米奶粉及市售奶类制品检测验证其实际检测能力。结果:该引物探针体系只针对大米DNA进行扩增,与奶类主成分牛、羊及其它谷类和植物性食物DNA均无交叉扩增;最低能检测到0.1ng的大米DNA,对含大米粉的模拟混合奶粉样品,检出限可达0.1%(W/W)。将其应用于21份市售奶制品样品检测,对含大米源性成分的奶制品扩增阳性,检测结果与食品标签相符。结论:该实时荧光PCR检测体系具有快速、特异、灵敏的优点,可以准确鉴定出奶制品中大米成分,适用于奶类中掺加大米源性成分的检测。      

A survey of the use of soy in processed Turkish meat products and detection of genetic modification

To screen for possible illegal use of soybeans in meat products, the performance characteristics of a commercial polymer chain reaction (PCR) kit for detection of soybean DNA in raw and cooked meat products were established. Minced chicken and beef products containing soybean at levels from 0.1% to 10.0% were analysed by real-time PCR to amplify the soybean lectin gene. The PCR method could reliably detect the addition of soybean at a level of 0.1%. A survey of 38 Turkish processed meat products found only six samples to be negative for the presence of soybean. In 32 (84%) positive samples, 13 (34%) contained levels of soy above 0.1%. Of soybean positive samples, further DNA analysis was conducted by real-time PCR to detect whether genetically modified (GM) soybean had been used. Of 32 meat samples containing soybean, two samples were positive for GM modification.     

基于多重荧光PCR检测的肉及其制品中鸭DNA成分的鉴别方法

针对现有肉制品中鸭DNA成分检测方法不能检测番鸭DNA成分的问题,通过下载番鸭、家鸭及其相近物种的12SrDNA序列,使用CLUSTAL X2进行序列比对,筛选特异性序列,设计了一对通用引物及两条番鸭、家鸭特异性探针,构建了可同时检测番鸭、家鸭DNA成分的实时荧光PCR方法。结果表明:最终构建的检测方法可在掺伪量为0.1%的情况下,检测出样品中的家鸭或番鸭DNA成分。该方法相比普通PCR或单重荧光PCR检测方法节省了劳动力,提高了检测效率,补充了现有检测方法的不足,为更有效地识别掺伪肉类提供技术支持。