电磁耦合问题的区域分解算法

作为偏微分方程数值解新技术,区域分解算法对于大型复杂问题的求解表现出巨大的优越性。本文将其与频域有限差分法(FDFD)结合,对有限厚度导体平面上缝隙电磁耦合问题进行了分析。通过将所分析的结构划分为多个相对独立的规则子域,使原问题中差分方程的系数矩阵转换为各子域中带宽极窄的带状阵,从而使计算时间和计算所需内存分别下降为O(N)和O(max(Ni)),其中N为总网格点数,Ni为第i个子域的网格点数。数值结果与文献提供的结果吻合,证明了该法的有效性。同时,该法很容易实现并行计算,为进一步提高计算效率提供可能。     

渐近波形估计技术加速的频域有限差分法

本文提出了一种基于三维频域有限差分法(3D-FDFD)和渐近波形估计技术(AWE)计算三维微波结构S参数的快速算法。在分析中,将输入和输出端口的电场分别展开成某抽样频率点处的泰勒级数,通过Pad逼近及奇异值分解技术求出电场与频率的有理函数解析表达式,从而获得频带内的S参数。数值计算结果与已有结果吻台良好,并且与传统FDFD法相比,计算效率提高很多。     

圆形金属波导传输特性的2-D频域有限差分法分析

时域有限差分(FDTD)法和频域有限差分(FDFD)法用于处理传输系统的本征值问题非常有效。本文首先基于二维频域有限差分(2 -DFDFD)法,导出圆柱坐标系中2- DFDFD的一般分析公式,并提供了圆波导中不规则划分网格的相应场量表达式;然后将导出的2- DFDFD分析公式应用于圆波导的传播特性的分析。数值计算结果和理论结果吻合很好,从而证明本文分析思路的正确性。同时,所编制的2- DFDFD程序具有通用性,只要调整边界条件的设置同样适于分析其他柱形金属波导结构。     

Propagation in Circular Waveguide Loaded with an Azimuthally Magnetized Ferrite Tube (Short Papers)

A new computer method for the study of radially inhomogeneous guiding structures presenting circular symmetry is utilized to determine propagation properties of a ferrite loaded guide. The nonreciprocal characteristics obtained can be used to design latching rotators and differential phase shifters for polarization orthogonality restoration in high-frequency (above 10 GHz) communication systems with frequency reuse.     

区域分裂法及其在三维散射中的应用

基于区域分裂（ＤＤＭ）和频域有限差分（ＦＤＦＤ）提出了一种分析三维散射问题的精确高效算法。用区域分裂法可以把原问题分解成若干子问题,可以大大缩小稀疏矩阵的规模,使得求解大尺寸三维散射问题成为可能。文中首先在小尺寸下计算了三维立体柱的散射特性,并和没有进行区域分裂时的ＦＤＦＤ法进行了对比,验证了本算法的正确性;然后又计算了尺寸比较大的三维矩形柱的散射特性,验证了它的高效性。     

FDFD full-wave analysis and modeling of dielectric and metalliclosses of CPW short circuits

A finite-difference method in the frequency domain (FDFD) is used to analyze the influence of lossy materials on the scattering behavior of CPW short ends. Not only dielectric losses but also realistic metallic losses are taken into account for the first time in an FDFD method. Both, the numerical results for the three-dimensional structure and the complex propagation constants of the homogeneous waveguide are presented. These are compared with those yielded by an analytical method and shown to be of good agreement. Finally, a simple model is presented, which describes the CPW short end with good accuracy     

Wire antennas in the presence of a dielectric/ferrite inhomogeneity

A moment method solution for treating thin-wire antennas in the presence of an arbitrary dielectric and/or ferrite inhomogeneity is presented. The wire is modeled by an equivalent surface current density, and the dielectric/ferrite inhomogeneity is modeled by equivalent volume polarization currents. The conduction currents on the wire and the polarization currents in the dielectric/ferrite inhomogeneity are treated as independent unknowns and determined in the moment method solution. The method is applied to the problem of a loop antenna loaded with dielectric or ferrite. Numerical results are presented, and are in good agreement with measurements and previous calculations.     

Fast numerical analysis of dielectric resonators with perturbed rotational symmetry

A fast finite difference frequency domain (FDFD) formulation for obtaining resonant frequencies of structures with perturbed rotational symmetry is described. The formulation combines a three-dimensional (3-D) eigenfunction function expansion algorithm with 3-D FDFD in the cylindrical coordinate system. Numerical tests have showed that the technique gives high accuracy results and significant CPU time reduction.     

A Compact 2-D Finite-Difference Frequency-Domain Method for Dispersion Characteristics Analysis of Trapezoidal-Ridge Waveguides

A compact two-dimension (2-D) finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) method is used to analyze the dispersion characteristics of single and double trapezoidal-ridge waveguides. The general 2-D FDFD formulation under orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system is derived from the difference form of Maxwell’s equations, and modified difference formulas at the trapezoidal-ridge section are built. After implementing the boundary conditions, the 2-D FDFD formulation is concluded as an eigen equation and then constructed by a highly sparse matrix. By solving the matrix-eigen equation, the dispersion characteristics of the ridged waveguides can be obtained. Computed results are in good agreements with the previously published and simulated ones, which prove the correctness of the method.     

A Short-Slot Waveguide Latching Ferrite Switch

A new type of latching switch, which consists of a short-slot waveguide junction loaded with a latched ferrite at the coupling section, is presented. The behavior of this switch is explained by application of the concept of a short-slot waveguide directional coupler. In order to estimate isolation characteristics, the phase constants of the two modes in the coupling section loaded with ferrite toroid are calculated. Practical construction based upon the calculated results has been carried out, and a switch with 8-percent bandwidth has been obtained.     

An improved compact 2-D finite-difference frequency-domain method for guided wave structures

An improved compact two-dimensional (2-D) finite-difference frequency-domain method is presented to determine the dispersion characteristics of guided wave structures. Eigenvalue equations that contain only two transverse electric field components are derived from Maxwell's differential equations. Compared to the traditional 2-D FDFD containing four or six field components, both the order and number of nonzero elements of the coefficient matrix are reduced simultaneously. The method is verified by two application examples.     

四分量二维紧凑格式频域有限差分方法对粗糙导体表面导波结构的分析

文章利用四分量紧凑格式的二维频域有限差分方法（2-DFDFD）,结合等效表面阻抗边界条件（SIBC）,对粗糙导体表面导波结构的传输特性进行数值分析。根据等效表面阻抗边界条件,可以方便地计算边界上的切向场。只要求出本征方程,在给定频率上的传播常数就可以作为其特征值而被求得。     

Propagation Constant of a Rectangular Waveguides Completely Full of Ferrite Magnetized Longitudinally

This paper is an analysis of rectangular waveguide completely full of ferrite magnetized longitudinally. The analysis is based on the formulation of the transverse operator method (TOM), followed by the application of the Galerkin method. We obtain an eigenvalue equation system. The propagation constant of some homogenous and anisotropic waveguide structures with ferrite has been obtained. The results presented here show that the transverse operator formulation is not only an elegant theoretical form, but also a powerful and efficient analysis method, it is useful to solve a number of the propagation problems in electromagnetic. One advantage of this method is that it presents a fast convergence. Numerical examples are given for different cases and compared with the published results. A good agreement is obtained.     

区域分裂法在电大尺寸柱体电磁散射中的应用

基于区域分裂算法（ＤＤＭ）提出了一种精确高效的算法。通过沿二维物体表面将原问题分解为若干个相对独立的子问题,使得原问题中的稀疏矩阵变换为各子域中带宽极窄的带状阵,计算时间从Ｏ（Ｎ＾２）下降为Ｏ（Ｎ）。同时,由于每个子域可以单独求解,使内存开销从Ｏ（Ｎ＾２）下降为Ｏ（Ｎ／ｍ）（ｍ为子域个数）,从而可以很好地处理电大尺寸或超大尺寸柱体的散射问题。文中成功地计算了周长为１０万个波长的几个电大尺寸二维柱体     

Edge-element analysis of anisotropic waveguides with full permittivity and permeability matrices

Dispersion characteristics of anisotropic guided-wave structures are analyzed by the edge-element method to eliminate spurious solutions. This approach can be applied to the cases in which the permittivity and permeability matrices are full. An eigenvalue equation which can provide direct solution for the phase constants is also derived when the tensors of the medium can be seperated into transverse and axial components. Numerical examples are presented for longitudinally magnetized, ferrite loaded waveguides and optical waveguides whose optic axis lies in xz- or yz- plane.     

矩形波导铁氧体移相器的有限元分析

本文从麦克斯韦方程推出适合于解决导磁率为张量形式的各向异性介质加载波导本征值问题的全电场有限元方程,讨论识别主模的方法和如何把两种不同媒质界面上的边界条件引入有限元方程。通过所建立的有限元方程,分析了双板铁氧体加载矩形波导的传播特性,并同解析解作比较,两者所得结果吻合得很好。     

Computer simulations of nonlinear propagation of an optical pulseusing a finite-difference in the frequency-domain method

To simulate propagation of an optical pulse in a nonlinear medium, a finite-difference in frequency-domain (FDFD) method was developed. In this method, Maxwell's equations were solved rigorously without introducing an electric-field envelope function commonly used in conventional methods. This method was used to calculate the propagation of an optical soliton in a fused-silica-like material, and results were compared with those of a finite-difference in time-domain (FDTD) method. It was found that the FDFD method was efficient and more robust than the FDTD method. Another advantage of the FDFD method is the case of incorporating arbitrary linear dispersion relations into the calculations     

Application of the spatial finite-difference and temporaldifferential (SFDTD) formulation to cylindrical structure problems

The recently developed spatial finite-difference and temporal differential (SFDTD) approach is extended to dielectric loaded cylindrical environments. Although the method is developed differently, its resultant formulation can be directly obtained from the corresponding finite-difference time-domain (FD-TD) method. Good agreements between the SFDTD and reference results are obtained for different configurations of dielectric loaded cylindrical structures. As a result, the SFDTD approach is shown to be generally effective and robust for resonant structures     

A simple finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) algorithm for analysis of switching noise in printed circuit boards and packages

Simultaneous switching noise (SSN) compromises the integrity of the power distribution structure on multilayer printed circuit boards (PCB). Several methods have been used to investigate SSN. These methods ranged from simple lumped circuit models to full-wave (dynamic) three-dimensional Maxwell equations simulators. In this work, we present an efficient and simple finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) based algorithm that can simulate, with high accuracy, the capacity of a PCB board to introduce SSN. The FDFD code developed here also allows for simulation of real-world decoupling capacitors that are typically used to mitigate SSN effects at sub 1 GHz frequencies. Furthermore, the algorithm is capable of including lumped circuit elements having user-specified complex impedance. Numerical results are presented for several test boards and packages, with and without decoupling capacitors. Validation of the FDFD code is demonstrated through comparison with other algorithms and laboratory measurements.     

Magneto optical technique for beam steering by ferrite based patcharrays

An improved technique is presented to scan a beam of a phased antenna array on a ferrite substrate through use of time delays instead of phase shifts provided by nonlinear transmission lines coupled to elements of the array. A coplanar transmission line loaded with a varactor diode when subjected to varied optical illumination offers bias dependent time delays to the elements of the arrays over a wide range of tunable operating frequencies at lower UHF without scan blindness effect. This method results in a broadband ferrite based phased antenna array with reduced weight, loss and complexity of the integrated system. This technique has proved to have a special application potential in case of beam steering by ferrite based microstrip antenna arrays at lower UHF (800 MHz-2 GHz)