烟煤煤焦等温CO2气化动力学模型研究

在建立的化学反应动力学控制实验条件下利用自建固定床实验台研究了烟煤煤焦等温CO2气化反应特性。采用均相模型、未反应收缩核模型和修正体积模型计算得到气化反应活化能分别为147.7kJ/mol、102.9kJ/mol和155.5kJ/mol。利用等转化率法避开反应机理函数的选择,计算得到反应活化能为144.1～166.0kJ/mol。通过比对不同模型相关系数大小以及与等转化率法计算所得活化能范围符合程度相结合的方法,确定均相模型和修正体积模型为最佳动力学模型;根据修正体积模型中经验常数b≈1,可认为修正体积模型与均相模型为同一模型。因此确定烟煤煤焦CO2气化反应最佳动力学模型为均相反应模型。     

浑源煤焦CO_2气化反应的影响因素及动力学特性分析

研究了热解温度、热解时间以及气化温度对浑源煤焦CO2气化反应的影响,并获得了气化反应的动力学模型.结果表明：浑源煤焦的气化活性随热解温度的提高而降低;每个热解温度都对应着一个最佳热解时间,且存在最佳热解时间随温度升高而缩短的趋势;提高气化温度能够显著提高煤焦的气化反应性能,气化温度对气化反应的影响大于热解温度的影响;低温度煤焦的气化活性随气化温度的提高而增加更为剧烈;900℃及以上的高温使活性点数增加,从而使煤焦间的活性差距分布均匀;浑源煤焦的气化反应适宜用体积模型来描述,所求取的动力学参数之间存在补偿效应,其等动力学温度约为1 199.6℃.     

非等温热重分析玉米芯半焦CO_2气化特性

采用非等温热重法对玉米芯热解半焦CO2气化行为和动力学特性进行研究。结果表明:升温速率对整个气化过程有重要影响。随着升温速率的增大,完成反应所需的温度提高,反应速率增加,反应时间缩短,而且升温速率越大,反应速率的峰值越高且向高温区偏移。利用Kissinger微分法和Coats-Redferm积分法分别计算动力学参数,所得不同升温速率下的平均活化能为180.77kJ/mol;升温速率越大,活化能越小。研究发现,玉米芯热解半焦CO2非等温气化的活化能E和频率因子A之间存在动力学补偿效应,两者满足lnA=0.09384E+2.604。     

制备温度对芒草热解焦CO2气化反应动力学的影响

利用热重分析仪进行了芒草热解焦与CO_2气化反应实验研究,选取均相反应模型、颗粒反应模型和随机孔模型计算了芒草热解焦的CO_2气化反应动力学参数,探讨了3种动力学模型的适用性.为进一步探讨制备温度对热解焦CO_2气化反应的影响机理,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)分析了芒草热解焦的孔隙结构和表面形态.研究表明,随着制备温度的升高,热解焦表面结构被逐渐加深,表面粗糙度提高,比表面积相对增大,制备温度为600℃的热解焦具有最大的微孔容积与总孔容积之比,使得其更容易发生气化反应;制备温度为400℃时,芒草热解焦在3种模型下具有最小的平均活化能,随机孔模型对芒草热解焦实验数据拟合效果最好,其模拟的相关性系数R2均大于0.97.     

煤焦气化反应动力学研究

气流床气化技术是煤炭清洁、高效转化的重要途径和发展方向之一。利用热天平,采用等温热重法对抽样选出的煤种在800℃～1 400℃温度范围内进行了煤焦CO2气化反应动力学特性研究。研究结果表明:高温下煤焦的气化反应特性不同于低温时的反应特性,在900℃～1 000℃时气化反应逐步由化学反应控制过渡到过渡区控制,在1 100℃～1 300℃时气化从反应过渡区控制逐步到扩散区控制;不同粒径的煤粉气化反应,在相同的时间内,1 000℃时的碳转化率、气化反应速率比950℃时的碳转化率、气化反应速率高很多,950℃时的碳转化率、气化反应速率比900℃时的碳转化率、气化反应速率高。     

秸秆焦的表面特征及CO2气化反应性的研究

在700～1000℃热解温度条件下制备了稻秸秆和麦秸秆焦并进行了SEM和BET表面积测试分析,采用等温热重法研究了这些秸秆焦的CO2气化反应特性.结果表明:在较低热解温度(700℃)下,秸秆热解焦中尚含有一定量未析出的焦油;在700～1000℃范围内,随热解温度上升秸秆焦的BET表面积逐渐增加,而气化反应活性却有所下降;在800～1100℃气化温度范围内,秸秆焦的气化反应性随气化温度明显增加,两种秸秆焦的表观活化能则随热解温度稍有增加,稻秸秆和麦秸秆焦的表观活化能范围分别为183.58～196.50kJ/mol和147.27～184.01kJ/mol.     

生物质半焦CO2气化反应动力学研究

采用热天平研究生物质半焦CO2气化反应动力学特性。考察半焦粒径、热解制焦温度以及热解制焦气氛对气化反应碳转化率的影响。采用随机孔模型、未反应芯缩核模型和混合模型对生物质半焦气化反应速率随碳转化率变化的趋势进行拟合,并求出半焦气化的动力学参数,结果表明随机孔模型的拟合效果最好。     

准东煤气化动力学模型研究

混合准东煤原煤与催化剂K_2CO_3、Ca(OH)_2并制成煤样,在化学反应动力学控制条件下研究其气化反应特性,分析了煤样质量、CO_2体积流量和颗粒直径对气化过程中内、外扩散阻力的影响,获得不同反应温度下均相模型、未反应芯收缩核模型和修正体积模型的拟合曲线,利用等转化率法计算气化反应活化能,并通过催化活性指数验证了该方法计算活化能的准确性.结果表明:在转化率为0.2、0.4、0.6和0.8时对应的活化能为100.1~130.2kJ/mol,3种模型计算所得活化能分别为128.97kJ/mol、140.33kJ/mol和139.43kJ/mol;均相模型为较合适的气化反应动力学模型.     

热解条件对生物质焦气化活性的影响及等温气化动力学参数求解方法

生物质气化是生物质利用研究的一个重点。生物质气化包含生物质的热解和热解所得焦炭的气化两个过程。不同的热解条件将得到具有不同气化活性的生物质焦炭,不同热解条件制取的焦炭的动力学参数也不相同。本文主要概述了热解条件对生物质焦气化活性的影响。同时基于阿伦尼乌斯公式介绍了生物质焦等温气化动力学参数的两种获取方法,非等转化率法是通过选择动力学模型中的结构因子f(x) 来获取动力学参数,而等转化率法是通过避开选择动力学模型中的结构因子f(x) 来获取动力学参数。基于简单碰撞理论提出了获取等温气化动力学参数的新方法,对阿伦尼乌斯公式中的指数项、指前因子A提出了明确的物理意义。基于简单碰撞理论的等温求解气化动力学参数方法类似于基于阿伦尼乌斯公式的等温求解气化动力学参数方法。     

Experimental study on gasification and kinetic characteristics of inferior coal with high ash content under CO2 atmosphere

The effect of heating rate and particle size on gasification of one inferior coal was experimentally studied. A homogeneous reaction model was used to calculate kinetic parameters with the Freeman–Carroll method. The results show that gasification reactivity can be enhanced by reduction of coal particle size and increase of heating rate. Additionally, coal ash plays a catalytic role to a certain extent on gasification. It was also found that the reaction rate can be enhanced significantly, when increasing the ash-coal weight ratio from 1:2 to 2:1. The gasification order under CO₂ atmosphere is close to 1. There is a kinetic compensation effect between activation energy and frequency factor for the gasification of the inferior coal investigated.     

Study on biomass gasification under various operating conditions

An Aspen Plus model of biomass gasification with different gasifying agents has been developed. Due to lack of kinetic data, the developed model is based on Gibbs free energy minimization. The main objective of this study is to study the influence of gasifying agent (pure oxygen; oxygen-enriched air and air), gasification temperature and equivalence ratio (ER) on gas composition, gas lower heating value (LHV), and energy/exergy efficiencies. The developed model was validated with experimental data which was found to be in well agreement. Increase in gasification temperature led to a significant increase in H₂ content. On the other hand, an increase in ER led to a significant reduction in H₂, CO, and CH₄ and a significant increase in CO₂. Also, a gradual downward trend of exergy efficiency (EE) was found, as ER increased from 0.15 to 0.21, while it basically kept constant as the gasification temperature was varied.     

Inhibition of steam gasification of biomass char by hydrogen and tar

The influence of hydrogen and tar on the reaction rate of woody biomass char in steam gasification was investigated by varying the concentrations in a rapid-heating thermobalance reactor. It was observed that the steam gasification of biomass char can be separated into two periods. Compared with the first period, in the second period (in which the relative mass of remaining char is smaller than 0.4) the gasification rate is increased. These effects are probably due to inherent potassium catalyst. Higher hydrogen partial pressure greatly inhibits the gasification of biomass char in the first and second periods. By calculating the first-order rate constants of char gasification in the first and second periods, we found that the hydrogen inhibition on biomass char gasification is caused by the reverse oxygen exchange reaction in the first period. In the second period, dissociative hydrogen adsorption on the char is the major inhibition reaction. The influence of levoglucosan, a major tar component derived from cellulose, was also examined. We found that not only hydrogen but also vapor-phase levoglucosan and its pyrolysates inhibited the steam gasification of woody biomass char. By mixing levoglucosan with woody biomass sample, the pyrolysis of char proceeds slightly more rapidly than with woody biomass alone, and gas evolution rates of H₂ and CO₂ are larger in steam gasification.     

Effect of CO2 and steam gasification reactions on the oxy-combustion of pulverized coal char

For oxy-combustion with flue gas recirculation, elevated levels of CO₂ and steam affect the heat capacity of the gas, radiant transport, and other gas transport properties. A topic of widespread speculation has concerned the effect of gasification reactions of coal char on the char burning rate. To asses the impact of these reactions on the oxy-fuel combustion of pulverized coal char, we computed the char consumption characteristics for a range of CO₂ and H₂O reaction rate coefficients for a 100 μm coal char particle reacting in environments of varying O₂, H₂O, and CO₂ concentrations using the kinetics code SKIPPY (Surface Kinetics in Porous Particles). Results indicate that gasification reactions reduce the char particle temperature significantly (because of the reaction endothermicity) and thereby reduce the rate of char oxidation and the radiant emission from burning char particles. However, the overall effect of the combined steam and CO₂ gasification reactions is to increase the carbon consumption rate by approximately 10% in typical oxy-fuel combustion environments. The gasification reactions have a greater influence on char combustion in oxygen-enriched environments, due to the higher char combustion temperature under these conditions. In addition, the gasification reactions have increasing influence as the gas temperature increases (for a given O₂ concentration) and as the particle size increases. Gasification reactions account for roughly 20% of the carbon consumption in low oxygen conditions, and for about 30% under oxygen-enriched conditions. An increase in the carbon consumption rate and a decrease in particle temperature are also evident under conventional air-blown combustion conditions when the gasification reactions are included in the model.     

气化参数对高温空气气化的影响

介绍了生物质高温空气气化思想和系统的工作原理及其过程,并就气化参数对生物质高温空气气化的影响进行了深入的分析,结畏发现：随蒸汽消耗率的增加气化温度降低,而气化所得的煤气热值增大;气化温度随氮碳比的增大而升高,而气化所得的煤气热值却随氮碳比的增加而降低;煤气热值随气化温度的增加而增大,但是增加量不大。     

Isothermal and non-isothermal kinetic study on CO2 gasification of torrefied forest residues

CO₂ gasification of torrefied forest residues (birch and spruce branches) was investigated by means of a thermogravimetric analyser operated non-isothermally (400–1273 K) and isothermally (1123 K) under the kinetic regime, followed by kinetic analyses assuming different models. For the non-isothermal gasification, the distributed activation energy model (DAEM) with four or five pseudo-components was assumed. It is found that the severity level of torrefaction had great influences on gasification behaviour as well as devolatilization step. The activation energy of non-isothermal gasification step of three samples varied in the range of 260–290 kJ/mol. The char reactivity decreased with increased torrefaction temperature. For the isothermal gasification, the random pore model (RPM), shrinking core model (SCM), and homogeneous model (HM) were tested. The result has confirmed the trend of decrease in char reactivity with increased torrefaction temperature observed from the non-isothermal gasification. However, different trends in char reactivity due to different wood types were observed by the two methods of gasification.     

Kinetics of CO2 gasification of biomass char in granulated blast furnace slag

The CO₂ gasification reactions of biomass char in granulated BFS (blast furnace slag) were isothermally investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer with the temperature ranging from 1173 K to 1323 K. The effects of temperature, biomass type and granulated BFS on the kinetic characterizations of CO₂ gasification of biomass char were illuminated. The kinetic mechanism models and parameters were obtained through a novel two-step calculation method. The results indicated that the CO₂ gasification reactivity of biomass char as conversion and gasification index increased with the increase of temperature and it could be promoted through granulated BFS. The CO₂ gasification reactivity of CS (cornstalk) char with lower alkali index was lower than that of PS (peanut shell) char. The A₄ model (Avrami-Erofeev (m = 4) model) and A₃ model (Avrami-Erofeev (m = 3) model) were demonstrated as the best appropriate models for CO₂ gasification of CS char and PS char, respectively. The gasification activation energy of CS char ranging from 155.08 to 160.48 kJ/mol was higher than that of PS char whether with or without granulated BFS. Granulated BFS could decrease the activation energy of CO₂ gasification of char at any biomass type.     

生物质气化及其燃气的可替代性研究

文章采用下吸式固定床气化炉,对稻壳、麦秸和木屑3种典型生物质的气化过程进行了仿真模拟。通过对比可知,木屑原料的气化效果最好,稻壳次之。选取木屑为气化原料,得到了最佳工况下生物质气化气的体积分数和特性参数。利用A.G.A.多元指数法和德尔布法对生物质燃气进行互换性分析,结果表明,生物质燃气可以直接置换发生炉煤气,不能直接置换天然气、液化石油气、焦炉煤气和混合煤气。