电渗析技术处理电厂脱硫废水试验研究

脱硫废水的深度处理是火力发电厂难点之一.介绍了电渗析技术处理火电厂高盐废水的运行效果和处理水质情况,结果表明:选用一价选择性阴离子膜可有效截留SO42-,处理脱硫废水效果较好;电渗析技术浓缩倍率高,浓水侧出水含盐量可达200000 mg/L;电渗析技术处理废水电耗较低,与浓水侧含盐量线性相关.     

选择性电渗析处理火电厂脱硫废水

设计并开发得到了选择性电渗析系统,用于火电厂脱硫废水的浓缩处理。考察了浓缩过程中的离子迁移规律、能耗、电流效率和结垢情况,研究了浓水循环液和淡水循环液水质及水量对选择性电渗析效果的影响。结果表明,以恒电压模式(15.0 V)批次处理 Cl^-浓度为 4 743～9 092 mg/L 的火电厂脱硫废水,Cl^-和重金属离子在浓水侧富集,但 SO₄^2-不会发生大量迁移,选择性系数 S^Cl_SO4保持在-1.05 ～ -0.96 范围内,电流效率可达 0.70 以上,平均能耗为1.39 kWh/kg(以 Cl^-质量计),淡水循环液和浓水循环液的水质及水量对选择性电渗析效果几乎没有影响。应用该技术连续 96小时处理火电厂高硬度脱硫废水,不会发生电渗析系统结垢,有潜力成为一种高效低成本的脱硫废水减量技术方案。     

离子膜电渗析在高盐废水"零排放"中的应用、机遇与挑战

高盐废水“零排放”是当今很多企业需要面临的非常严峻的环保问题，而离子膜电渗析由于其独特的分离机制能够实现高盐废水中无机盐的分离、浓缩和资源化利用，从而实现水和盐的回收利用。本文综述了离子膜电渗析目前在高盐废水“零排放”盐浓缩工艺中的应用情况；展望了电渗析在高盐高COD废水中的应用前景以及新型的电渗析技术如选择性电渗析和双极膜电渗析在混盐分离和盐的资源化利用中的机遇；同时指出离子膜电渗析在大规模应用中仍存在很多挑战，如离子膜性能的提高、电渗析工艺的优化和电渗析设备的投资成本和能耗如何降低。本文将为高盐废水“零排放”提供新思路，同时为离子膜电渗析在高盐废水“零排放”中的规模化应用奠定基础。     

火电厂深度节水技术研究进展

综述了循环水高浓缩倍率运行技术、中水深度处理技术和凝结水精处理技术的原理及特点,列举了各处理工艺的成功应用实例,指出其在火电厂节能减排中的优势。提高循环水浓缩倍率是火电厂节水的重要措施;中水回用大大减少了外排水量;凝结水精处理优化技术可进一步改善出水水质。火电厂节水减排是一个系统过程,通过对各技术进行合理的运行及优化,即可达到较为理想的效果。     

新型电渗析工艺的技术发展与应用

传统电渗析工艺在去除有害离子和脱盐领域虽具有明显的技术优势却也存在一定的技术限制。近年来,研究者相继开发了可原位产酸碱的双极膜电渗析、利用膜特性进行离子选择性分离的选择性电渗析、具有重组和浓缩离子能力的复分解电渗析、将化学差势能转化为电势差发电的逆电渗析等新型电渗析技术,同时又将光电池引入装置缓解了能耗问题。综述了各种新型电渗析技术的最新研究和应用领域,以期推动电渗析技术的应用发展。     

电渗析集成技术在高盐废水处理中的应用研究进展

随着高盐废水排放造成的资源流失及水环境问题的日益突出，不断提升的废水排放标准导致积极回收高盐废水中的有价资源，回用废水减少排放以降低对环境的危害成为必然趋势。为解决高盐废水处理难的问题，膜分离技术，尤其是电渗析（ED），由于对废水中的荷电离子分离、淡化和浓缩的能力，受到研究者的广泛的关注。然而使用单一电渗析技术处理高盐废水时，成本能耗过高，因此将ED技术与压力驱动的膜技术进行集成。这种方法实现了高效回收高盐废水中的有价资源的目标，并减少了向环境中排放的废水，成为了高盐废水处理的热门工艺。本文介绍了ED技术的基本原理和常用的几种电渗析模式，重点介绍了ED+压力驱动膜集成技术处理高盐废水的研究发展现状。最后结合了近年ED-膜技术集成工艺的发展，并对这些集成联用技术在高盐废水的资源化处理应用前景进行了展望，为未来高盐废水处理研究提供参考。     

双极膜在食品工业领域中的应用

双极膜作为一种新型膜发展很快,并在近几年里得到了迅速的发展。双极膜电渗析技术在食品工业领域中的应用非常广泛,食品工业与人类息息相关,因此从理论研究和应用两方面阐述了双极膜中水解离、电渗析技术等理论研究和双极膜电渗析技术在食品领域中的广泛应用。     

电渗析浓缩海水制盐

介绍了国外电渗析海水浓缩制盐技术经济现状,分析了浓缩过程对离子交换膜传质性能的要求.采用反渗透浓水电渗析浓缩制盐的制约因素之一是膜堆沉淀结垢,讨论了防止沉淀结垢的措施.从我国电渗析技术水平出发,提出了开发电渗析浓缩制盐技术的建议.     

钢铁酸洗废液资源化的膜处理技术

钢铁酸洗废液具有腐蚀性,其中含有可回收利用的大量酸和铁资源.作者就酸洗废液中酸的回收、浓缩和含酸废水达标排放涉及到的膜分离技术的发展现状进行了综述.着重介绍了渗析法、电渗析、纳滤、气升式膜反应器和减压膜蒸馏技术在钢铁酸洗废液资源化中的应用.     

焦化废水浓盐水零排放处理技术研究进展

焦化废水处理过程中产生的浓盐水盐分含量高，处理难度大，是焦化废水能否实现零排放的关键问题。首先分析了焦化废水中盐分的来源和特征，然后分别介绍了主要的废水浓缩技术和盐分结晶技术的特点及其在浓盐水处理中的应用。废水浓缩是为了进一步提高浓盐水中的盐分含量，降低后续盐分结晶的成本，常用的浓缩技术包括电渗析、纳滤、反渗透等。浓缩后的浓盐水需要进行盐分结晶分离，才能实现零排放处理。与混盐结晶相比，分质结晶通过纳滤分离不同价态离子，将废水中的NaCl和Na2SO4分别回收，可以实现盐分的资源化利用，降低处置成本。最后对浓盐水零排放处理技术的未来发展进行了展望。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。