超高层建筑结构放大型黏滞消能伸臂减震效果研究

为提升超高层建筑结构的抗震性能,提出了一种可充分发挥阻尼器耗能能力的放大型黏滞消能伸臂减震装置,该装置通过增加菱形转动机构,将核心筒与外框架之间竖向相对变形进行二次放大,以增大对超高层结构的动力响应的控制效果。基于某案例工程超高层结构,对其采用放大型黏滞伸臂方案、传统黏滞伸臂方案和抗震方案进行了弹塑性时程分析对比。结果表明：相比传统黏滞伸臂,放大型黏滞伸臂由于菱形放大装置的转动,阻尼器的耗能效果得到进一步提升,对主体结构的层间位移角、基底剪力等地震响应和塑性损伤均具有良好的控制效果,综合提升了阻尼伸臂系统的耗能效果。     

带位移放大装置新型阻尼墙结构的地震响应分析

基于黏滞阻尼器的耗能原理,针对地震时阻尼器位移小的特点,提出一种可提高阻尼器耗能能力的位移放大装置,并在此基础上设计出一种黏滞阻尼墙。针对黏滞阻尼器力学模型,增设放大装置后,得到带放大系数的黏滞阻尼墙力学模型。以12层框架为例,利用有限元软件分析比较带放大装置的黏滞阻尼墙减震结构与常规阻尼器建筑结构的减震效率。在加速度、层间位移、层间剪力等地震响应的控制效果方面,基于文中提案采用放大装置的减震结构更为有效。     

采用黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架的超高层结构模型振动台试验研究

黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架兼具高效耗能和“有限刚度”加强层的特点,可提高结构的抗震性能,尤其适用于高烈度区超高层结构抗震设计。中国国际丝路中心塔楼建筑高度498m,是目前全球最高的采用黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架的高层建筑,为验证其抗震性能和减震措施的有效性,进行了1∶40的缩尺模型振动台试验研究。本文介绍了模型设计、试验过程及主要现象。试验测试了结构在8度小震、8度中震、8度大震地震波输入下的动力响应,包括结构自振特性、动力放大系数、楼层位移、层间位移角、损伤发展及阻尼器耗能等。将主要试验结果与有限元分析结果进行了对比,总体上吻合程度较好,可互为验证。试验及分析结果表明：结构设计合理,采取的减震措施有效,结构整体抗震性能满足规范及预定的抗震性能目标要求;黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架产生的附加阻尼比随地震作用强度增加而降低,并且随主体结构进入弹塑性后进一步降低。根据试验结果对结构设计提出了相应的建议,揭示的阻尼比变化规律可供类似项目设计参考。     

集成黏滞阻尼伸臂减震装置超高层建筑结构续建改造设计

为了在超高层建筑结构续建改造设计中减少已建结构的改造工程量,通过附加黏滞阻尼装置有效提高高层建筑在地震作用下的结构耗能,从而降低结构的内力和变形响应。研究了黏滞阻尼伸臂的变形放大原理,介绍了黏滞阻尼伸臂的最优布置方法,并提出了续建改造多状态矩阵,分析了续建改造项目典型驱动因素,总结了集成黏滞阻尼伸臂减震装置的超高层建筑结构续建改造设计策略,最后以工程实例验证该方法的有效性及准确性。结果表明：黏滞阻尼伸臂适用于以弯曲变形为主的超高层建筑结构,变形放大系数可近似为区格的跨度与高度之比,理论放大系数一般为2～3;采用基于阻尼耗能排序不变假定的黏滞阻尼伸臂设计方法,仅需对结构进行一次满布阻尼计算分析即可确定耗能排序及各附加阻尼方案;在以弯曲变形为主的框架核心筒结构中,阻尼伸臂布置在中、高区减震效果最好,距离该位置越远,耗能效果越差,相邻两道伸臂式阻尼提供的附加阻尼比相差约15%;在续建改造项目中布置黏滞阻尼减震系统,黏滞阻尼器提供的附加阻尼并非越大越好,存在使结构综合成本最低的集成减震设计方案;黏滞阻尼伸臂减震集成设计方法在提升结构抗震性能的同时有效降低了结构续建改造成本,具有实际工程价值。     

黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架布置对超高层建筑抗震性能的影响

超高层建筑中利用伸臂桁架布置黏滞阻尼器,可避免传统刚性伸臂桁架所带来的不利影响.为探讨伸臂桁架布置形式对超高层建筑结构中黏滞阻尼器的减震效果和对局部构件受力的影响,以一个8度区、407m高的巨型斜撑框架-核心筒结构为例,通过动力弹塑性时程分析,研究黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架分别按通过内柱或避开内柱直接由核心筒悬挑两种方案设计时结构的整体抗震性能和构件内力.结果表明:两种设计方案均可有效协同核心筒和外框架共同受力,但当伸臂桁架经过内柱且弦杆布置在楼面时,因桁架端部受楼面约束,黏滞阻尼器变形受到限制,不能充分发挥作用.当伸臂桁架改为避开内柱、直接由核心筒悬挑,且弦杆脱离楼板约束可自由变形时,黏滞阻尼器耗能能力大幅提升,即使主体结构因塑性损伤产生一定偏位,黏滞阻尼器仍可适应变形继续耗能;因黏滞阻尼器耗能作用明显,主体结构变形得到有效控制,与其相连的巨柱和核心筒负担减轻,结构抗震性能得到一定改善.     

黏滞阻尼伸臂对超高层框架-核心筒结构抗震性能的影响研究

超高层框架-核心筒结构通常设置伸臂桁架以提高结构刚度并满足层间位移角等规范控制指标.采用PERFORM-3D软件建立了带有普通伸臂的刚性方案模型和带有黏滞阻尼伸臂的阻尼方案模型,对比了两种方案在多遇、设防、罕遇地震作用下的层间位移角及结构受力情况,比较了罕遇地震作用下两种方案的残余变形及结构的损伤情况,最后结合构件的耗能对结构损伤进行量化分析.分析结果表明:阻尼方案改善了刚性方案结构刚度突变的问题,结构的抗侧刚度分布更为均匀,同时有效地降低了结构内力;与刚性方案相比,阻尼方案结构顶部残余变形显著减小,核心筒以及外框架的损伤情况得到改善.在地震作用下,黏滞阻尼伸臂充当结构第一道抗震防线,提高了结构的抗震韧性,有较好的应用前景.     

基于阻尼器导向装置的锅炉钢结构抗震性能研究

考虑阻尼器导向装置对锅炉钢结构抗震性能的影响,在SAP2000软件中采用时程分析法分别对未布置阻尼器、布置位移型阻尼器和布置黏滞型阻尼器的1000 MW锅炉钢结构进行有限元分析,对比锅炉钢结构在地震作用下的底部剪力、顶点位移等结构响应和阻尼器耗能能力,并给出了相应的结构附加阻尼比.结果 表明:在6度(0.05g)多遇地震作用下,布置黏滞型阻尼器的锅炉钢结构较布置位移型阻尼器的锅炉钢结构的底部剪力和顶点位移优化效果更佳;位移型阻尼器的耗能效果不佳,为结构附加的阻尼比较小,最大仅为0.0045,而黏滞型阻尼器充分耗能,为结构附加的阻尼比较大,均在0.071～0.091的范围内,且黏滞型阻尼器为结构附加的阻尼比与地震烈度关系不大;从底部剪力和顶点位移等结构响应、阻尼器耗能能力以及阻尼器为结构附加阻尼比等方面来看,布置黏滞型阻尼器的锅炉钢结构取得的减震优化效果较好,结构抗震性能最优.     

黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架在超高层结构中的应用研究

黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架是针对核心筒-伸臂桁架结构将黏滞阻尼器竖向布置于伸臂桁架端部的一种消能减震技术,对位于高烈度抗震设防区的超高层框架-核心筒结构,采用该技术不仅可以有效地降低地震作用,还可以避免传统刚性伸臂桁架所带来的不利影响。为研究黏滞阻尼伸臂在超高层结构中的减震规律,对设置黏滞阻尼伸臂的超高层框架-核心筒结构进行减震作用分析,同时研究伸臂桁架刚度以及阻尼器参数对减震效果的影响。结果表明:黏滞阻尼伸臂具有附加阻尼和等效动刚度双重减震作用;综合考虑减震效果和经济性,伸臂桁架存在最优刚度;阻尼指数越小,减震效果越好;阻尼系数存在较优区间,使得黏滞阻尼伸臂取得较好的减震效果。     

黏滞阻尼器凸轮式响应放大单自由度减震体系的地震反应分析

为了研究黏滞阻尼器凸轮式响应放大装置的减震控制,基于对其工作机理和阻尼力计算公式的已有研究,建立了安装黏滞阻尼器凸轮式响应放大装置的单自由度体系运动方程和能量方程,对安装黏滞阻尼器的单自由度体系和安装黏滞阻尼器凸轮式响应放大单自由度体系进行了地震反应分析对比,包括:对具有相同阻尼系数的黏滞阻尼器,进行了多遇地震作用下的控制效果分析和能量分析;对El Centro波作用下具有相同位移控制效果的不同阻尼系数的黏滞阻尼器,进行了罕遇地震作用下的控制效果分析和能量分析.结果表明,该装置在不同强度地震作用下对位移、速度、阻尼力等响应具有明显的放大作用,安装阻尼系数较小的阻尼器可达到直接安装阻尼系数较大阻尼器相同的减震和耗能效果,且具有在不同强度地震作用下位移不失效的优点.     

黏滞阻尼器凸轮式响应放大单自由度减震体系的地震反应分析

为了研究黏滞阻尼器凸轮式响应放大装置的减震控制,基于对其工作机理和阻尼力计算公式的已有研究,建立了安装黏滞阻尼器凸轮式响应放大装置的单自由度体系运动方程和能量方程,对安装黏滞阻尼器的单自由度体系和安装黏滞阻尼器凸轮式响应放大单自由度体系进行了地震反应分析对比,包括:对具有相同阻尼系数的黏滞阻尼器,进行了多遇地震作用下的控制效果分析和能量分析;对El Centro波作用下具有相同位移控制效果的不同阻尼系数的黏滞阻尼器,进行了罕遇地震作用下的控制效果分析和能量分析.结果表明,该装置在不同强度地震作用下对位移、速度、阻尼力等响应具有明显的放大作用,安装阻尼系数较小的阻尼器可达到直接安装阻尼系数较大阻尼器相同的减震和耗能效果,且具有在不同强度地震作用下位移不失效的优点.     

Distribution of strong earthquake input energy in tall buildings equipped with damped outriggers

The seismic design of optimal damped outrigger structures relies on the assumption that most of the input energy will be absorbed by the dampers, whilst the rest of the structure remains elastic. When subjected to strong earthquakes, nevertheless, the building structure may exhibit plastic hinges before the dampers begin to work. In order to determine to which extent the use of viscously damped outriggers would avoid damage, both the host structure's hysteretic behaviour and the dampers' performance need to be evaluated in parallel. This article provides a parametric study on the factors that influence the distribution of seismic energy in tall buildings equipped with damped outriggers: First, the influence of outrigger's location, damping coefficients, and rigidity ratios core‐to‐outrigger and core‐to‐column in the seismic performance of a 60‐story building with conventional and with damped outriggers is studied. In parallel, nonlinear behaviour of the outrigger with and without viscous dampers is examined under small, moderate, strong, and severe long‐period earthquakes to assess the hysteretic energy distribution through the core and outriggers. The results show that, as the ground motion becomes stronger, viscous dampers effectively reduce the potential of damage in the structure if compared to conventional outriggers. However, the use of dampers cannot entirely prevent damage under critical excitations.     

Optimal vertical configuration of combined energy dissipation outriggers

The damped outrigger system emerged as an improvement of the conventional outriggers with the aim to provide supplemental damping and to contribute to the vibration control in super tall buildings where this system is usually applied. In addition to viscous dampers (VDs), buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) have also been employed as energy dissipating members in outriggers. Nevertheless, the combined use of outriggers with VDs and BRBs in the same structure has not yet been studied. Such combination can contribute to achieve an effective multiperformance design of super tall buildings. This paper presents a study whose main objective was to determine the optimal vertical combination of two types of energy dissipation outriggers to control the seismic responses of a 9‐zone super tall model structure. Outriggers with VDs (OVDs) and outriggers with BRBs (OBRBs) were placed at the different zones of the structure considering all the possible combinations and in configurations of up to four outriggers. The effects of these combinations on the seismic performance of the structure were studied through parametric analysis and optimization methods. This form of the outrigger system is defined in this paper as combined energy dissipation outrigger system. The results indicate that when two energy dissipation outriggers are used, the combination of OBRB plus OVD shows superior seismic performance compared with other double‐outrigger configurations. In addition, the results show that the locations of OVDs and OBRBs play an important role in the structure behavior; it was found that it is more beneficial to place OBRBs above OVDs.     

Energy dissipation and performance assessment of double damped outriggers in tall buildings under strong earthquakes

The use of a single set of outriggers equipped with oil viscous dampers increases the damping ratio of tall buildings in about 6–10%, depending on the loading conditions. However, could this ratio be further increased by the addition of another set of outriggers? Should this additional set include dampers too? To answer these questions, several double damped outrigger configurations for tall buildings are investigated and compared with an optimally designed single damped outrigger, located at elevation 0.7 of the total building's height (h). Using free vibration, double outrigger configurations increasing damping up to a ratio equal to the single‐based optimal are identified. Next, selected configurations are subjected to several levels of eight ground motions to compare their capability for avoiding damage under critical excitations. Last, a simplified economic analysis highlights the advantages of each optimal configuration in terms of cost savings. The results show that, within the boundaries of this study, combining a damped outrigger at 0.5h with a conventional outrigger at 0.7h is more effective in reducing hysteretic energy ratios and economically viable if compared with a single damped outrigger solution. Moreover, double damped outrigger configurations for tall buildings exhibit broader display of optimal combinations, which offer flexibility of design to the high‐rise architecture.     

超高层建筑结构加强层耗能减震技术及连接节点设计研究

在框架-核心筒结构体系中,加强层可显著提高结构抗侧刚度、减小结构侧移,但会带来结构刚度、内力突变等不利影响。以某超高层建筑为工程背景,研究了黏滞阻尼器在伸臂桁架体系中的应用及在多遇地震和罕遇地震作用下的减震效果,研究了设置黏滞阻尼器的环带桁架在超高层建筑中的较优位置和减震效率。结果表明：黏滞阻尼器在伸臂桁架结构中的设置可以减小核心筒剪力墙的塑性损伤,减小结构的动力响应;设置黏滞阻尼器的环带桁架宜布置在层间相对速度大的位置,随超高层结构高度增加,阻尼器的减震效率降低。通过对伸臂桁架与外框柱、核心筒连接节点的设计及构造的分析,提出了连接节点的设计建议。     

Self‐centering viscoelastic diagonal brace for the outrigger of supertall buildings: Development and experiment investigation

This paper aims to improve the seismic performance of outriggers within supertall buildings and eliminate the defects of obvious degradation of stiffness, low energy dissipation capacity, and large residual deformation after the buckling of traditional diagonal members by presenting a new type of outrigger. The traditional profiled steel diagonal member is replaced with a self‐centering viscoelastic diagonal brace (SC‐VEDB) in the proposed outrigger, providing enhanced energy dissipation and self‐centering capacity. The new SC‐VEDB is composed of the inner and outer steel tubes, viscoelastic materials, and prestressed tendons. Energy dissipation capacity is produced by the shear deformation of viscoelastic materials, whereas prestressed tendons provide the self‐centering capacity. The working mechanism of SC‐VEDB is first theoretically analyzed. Following this, two specimens with a length of 2.2 m were designed, fabricated, and tested under low cyclic reversed loadings within different frequencies and pretension forces. The results confirm that the hysteretic curve of SC‐VEDB has a typical flag shape, which imparts the stable stiffness, good energy dissipation, and self‐centering capacities. The activation force of SC‐VEDB is mainly determined by the initial pretension force, and the post‐activation stiffness predominantly depends on the stiffness of the prestressed tendons. Moreover, SC‐VEDB has better repairability, and the initial hysteretic behavior of the component can be quickly recovered by replacing the damaged prestressed tendons. A refined finite element model for SC‐VEDB is established to predict its hysteretic behavior, and the numerical simulation corresponds well with the experimental results. The maximum relative error of the initial elastic stiffness and ultimate strength is approximately 4.6% and 1.3%, respectively, which verifies the accuracy of the SC‐VEDB numerical simulation method.     

A general solution for performance evaluation of a tall building with multiple damped and undamped outriggers

This paper presents a general solution for performance evaluation of a tall building with multiple damped and undamped outriggers. First, general rotational stiffness (GRS) is proposed to model an outrigger that consists of the stiffness of perimeter columns and an outrigger connection and the damping of dampers in an outrigger. By utilizing the dynamic stiffness method, the GRS can be represented by complex stiffness in an outrigger element. To analyze the dynamic characteristics of a tall building with multiple outriggers, a dynamic transcendental equation is obtained from the combination of the GRS and dynamic stiffness method. The structural responses can be calculated through the Fourier transform based on this equation. Moreover, the GRS can also be blended into a finite element (FE) model to generate an augmented state‐space equation for the analysis of the dynamic characteristics and structural responses. Applications to various outriggers are illustrated. In the numerical analysis, good agreements are found between the GRS and the FE that validates the proposed method, and the performances of various outrigger systems are evaluated parametrically. As the results of a tall building with multiple damped or undamped outriggers, the proposed method is capable of providing an optimally parametric design with respect to the position of outriggers, damping, and core‐to‐column and core‐to‐outrigger stiffness ratio. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国国际丝路中心超高层结构设计与关键技术

中国国际丝路中心超高层建筑总高度498 m,位于陕西省西安市,抗震设防烈度8度,该结构的侧向变形和承载力均由地震作用控制.为解决结构侧向刚度不足的问题,设置了伸臂桁架加强层,然而传统伸臂桁架往往会造成结构刚度和承载力突变等问题.为此,采用基于刚性伸臂和黏滞阻尼伸臂的组合伸臂桁架技术,研究刚性伸臂桁架和黏滞阻尼伸臂桁架在...     

中间柱型阻尼器装配式自复位钢框架数值模拟

装配式自复位钢框架具有震后结构自动复位、结构残余变形及损伤较小、可以恢复结构正常使用功能等优势。但是当装配式自复位钢框架跨度较大时,常因刚度不足导致其层间位移角不能满足抗震设计规范限值要求。为此,提出了中间柱型阻尼器装配式自复位钢框架,在拟动力试验研究基础上,通过有限元软件ABAQUS进行数值模拟,并与试验结果进行对比分析;在数值模拟校验的基础上,通过有限元分析研究了施加竖向活荷载对中间柱型阻尼器工作机制的影响。研究结果表明：数值模拟与子结构拟动力试验结果在结构位移峰值、滞回性能、索力变化等方面吻合较好,数值模拟方法可靠;中间柱型阻尼器可提高框架结构的抗侧刚度,有效控制结构层间位移角,同时提高结构耗能能力,延缓主体结构塑性发展进而保护主体结构,减小结构残余变形并控制损伤;中间柱型阻尼器装配式自复位钢框架具有良好的自复位能力,竖向活荷载对中间柱型阻尼器滞回性能及耗能能力影响不大。     

局部肘节消能装置的减振机制分析及其优化控制

传统的肘节式位移放大机构可以增大阻尼器变形从而提高结构减振效率,但其需占据较大空间,且相关的基于小变形假设的位移放大系数理论公式不能反映放大系数时变特性,难以实现几何构造优化。为此,提出一种以黏滞阻尼器为阻尼元件的局部肘节消能装置,其具有占用空间小、布置灵活等特点。基于几何关系推导局部位移放大系数解析解,并对其进行参数分析。分析结果表明：局部凸肘节消能装置的位移放大能力随下连杆与水平面夹角增大而增强,而局部凹肘节消能装置则与之相反;局部凸肘节消能装置的最优下连杆长度与装置高度之比位于［0.7,1.3］区间内,局部凹肘节消能装置的该比值约为0.7。根据改进D值法提出适用于框架结构的局部肘节消能装置层间位移放大系数计算方法。以消能装置在外部激励下最大侧移为基础,给出了针对层间位移放大系数的优化步骤,并通过算例分析验证局部肘节消能装置的可行性和几何优化方法的有效性。采用所提优化方法进行局部肘节消能装置设计,可有效增强其位移放大能力和振动控制效果。     

伸臂刚度对加强层设置位置的影响分析

根据伸臂结构的简化模型和伸臂与外框柱的变形协调条件,考虑伸臂的实际刚度,导出伸臂对核心墙的附加力矩,求得结构顶点侧移。对伸臂位置变化引起的侧移变化与内力突变进行了分析,结合工程分析结果对高层建筑加强层设计提出了一些参考意见。