纤维状BPO4/SiO2催化剂的制备及其丙烷氧化脱氢性能

通过静电纺丝法制备了一种高温焙烧后具有纤维状结构的磷酸硼/二氧化硅（BPO₄/SiO₂）催化剂,并考察了BPO₄负载量和焙烧温度对该催化剂的结构和催化丙烷氧化脱氢性能的影响。研究发现焙烧过程使纤维直径减小。随着BPO₄负载量的增加,丙烷氧化脱氢活性增高。当BPO₄负载量为7%（质量分数）,焙烧温度为600℃时,BPO₄/SiO₂催化剂具有最佳的催化性能;在反应温度为480℃下,丙烷转化率和丙烯产率分别达到17.0%和13.0%,且催化剂稳定性良好。当焙烧温度较低时（550℃）,催化剂中的有机物分子未被除尽,导致烯烃的选择性偏低;当焙烧温度较高时（700℃）,SiO₂结构收缩紧密,抑制了活性相的暴露。由于纤维结构可暴露更多活性位点,该催化剂较相同条件下粉末状BPO₄催化剂有着更高的催化活性。     

KF/γ-Al2O3催化甘油酯交换合成碳酸甘油酯

采用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列氧化铝负载碱金属氟化物固体碱催化剂,用于甘油(丙三醇)与碳酸二甲酯酯交换反应合成碳酸甘油酯,其中KF/γ-Al2O3催化剂能够更好地促进碳酸甘油酯的生成。进一步考察了KF/γ-Al2O3催化剂的制备条件、反应条件对甘油与碳酸二甲酯酯交换反应的影响。当KF负载在γ-Al2O3的负载量为15%(质量分数,下同),于400℃焙烧5 h后制得固体碱催化剂,在n(碳酸二甲酯)∶n(甘油)=3∶1,反应温度80℃,反应时间1.5 h的条件下,甘油的转化率达96.1%,碳酸甘油酯选择性和收率分别达98.1%和94.3%。     

固体碱催化剂KF/γ-Al2O3催化合成聚甘油的研究

采用不同焙烧温度和不同负载量制备了9种KF/γ-Al2O3催化剂并用于甘油聚合反应,考察了焙烧温度和负载量对聚甘油聚合度的影响。采用XRD对固体碱的成分进行分析,用Hammett指示剂法、TG-DTA、CO2-TPD、BET对催化剂的结构和性能进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂的活性取决于其表面所含K3AlF6的量,采用焙烧温度为600℃、负载量为40%的条件所制得的催化剂活性最高,聚甘油的聚合度最高可达6.21。     

二氧化钛负载磷钨酸固体酸催化合成苯甲醛甘油缩醛

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了二氧化钛负载的磷钨酸(简写TPA-TiO2)固体酸催化剂,用XRD和N2-吸附对催化剂进行了表征.以苯甲醛和甘油为原料合成了苯甲醛甘油缩醛,考察了催化剂焙烧温度、TPA负载量、反应时间、反应物配比、催化剂用量及催化剂的重复使用性能对反应的影响.XRD结果指出TPA的存在延迟并抑制了TiO2的晶化以及稳定了锐钛矿晶相.实验结果表明,TPA-TiO2催化剂是合成苯甲醛甘油缩醛的良好催化剂;在TPA-TiO2催化剂的焙烧温度550℃,TPA负载量(质量分数)15%,催化剂用量0.5 g,n(苯甲醛):n(甘油)=1:1.1、甲苯为带水剂,反应时间2.0 h的最佳反应条件下,苯甲醛甘油缩醛的收率可达98.4%.TPA-TiO2催化剂的制备方法简单、催化活性高、重复使用性好,产品收率高,后处理简便,无三废污染,符合节能环保、绿色催化的发展趋势.     

苯甲醛甘油缩醛绿色催化合成工艺研究

以苯甲醛和甘油为原料,通过活性炭负载磷钨酸（TPA）为催化剂,催化合成苯甲醛甘油缩醛。分别研究了催化剂磷钨酸负载量、反应时间、反应物配比及催化剂用量对合成反应的影响。结果表明,TPA负载量（质量分数）15％,催化剂用量（质量分数）4％,苯甲醛：甘油=1：1．1（摩尔比）,反应时间2．0h,苯甲醛甘油缩醛的收率可达96．4％。     

KNO3/HMS催化酯交换法合成碳酸二月桂酯

研究了KNO₃/HMS对碳酸二甲酯（DMC）与月桂醇酯交换反应制备碳酸二月桂酯（DDC）的催化性能。用XRD、FTIR对KNO₃/HMS催化剂进行了表征,采用Hammett指示剂-苯甲酸法测定了催化剂碱强度和碱量分布的情况,并考察了KNO₃负载量、焙烧温度以及反应条件对KNO₃/HMS催化剂性能的影响。研究表明,KNO₃负载后载体HMS仍保持良好的孔结构,KNO₃的最佳负载量为13%（质量分数）,催化剂的总碱量也在此时达到最高,最佳焙烧温度为600℃;在反应物DMC/月桂醇摩尔比为1∶4、DMC的滴加温度为140℃、反应时间为5 h、催化剂用量为反应物总质量的1%条件下,催化剂的效果最佳,DDC的收率和选择性分别为81.9%和99.5%。     

KNO3/HMS催化酯交换法合成碳酸二月桂酯

研究了KNO₃/HMS对碳酸二甲酯（DMC）与月桂醇酯交换反应制备碳酸二月桂酯（DDC）的催化性能。用XRD、FTIR对KNO₃/HMS催化剂进行了表征,采用Hammett指示剂-苯甲酸法测定了催化剂碱强度和碱量分布的情况,并考察了KNO₃负载量、焙烧温度以及反应条件对KNO₃/HMS催化剂性能的影响。研究表明,KNO₃负载后载体HMS仍保持良好的孔结构,KNO₃的最佳负载量为13%（质量分数）,催化剂的总碱量也在此时达到最高,最佳焙烧温度为600℃;在反应物DMC/月桂醇摩尔比为1∶4、DMC的滴加温度为140℃、反应时间为5 h、催化剂用量为反应物总质量的1%条件下,催化剂的效果最佳,DDC的收率和选择性分别为81.9%和99.5%。     

CuSO4／SiO2催化合成苯甲醛甘油缩醛

通过溶胶-胶凝法和浸渍法制备了CuSO4／SiO2固体酸催化剂,用XRD、低温N2-吸附和NH3-TPD进行了表征,研究了CuSO4／SiO2固体酸催化合成苯甲醛甘油缩醛的催化性能,考察了催化剂的焙烧温度、CuSO4负载量、物料摩尔比、反应时间、带水剂用量等因素对产品收率的影响。结果表明CuSO4高度分散在SiO2的表面上,形成中等酸强度、高表面积的中孔固体酸催化剂,并且在苯甲醛和甘油的缩合反应中具有良好的催化活性和稳定性。最佳反应条件为催化剂的焙烧温度550℃、CuSO4的负载量15％、n（苯甲醛）：n（甘油）=1：1．1、催化剂的用量1．0g、环己烷10mL和反应时间1．5h。在最佳条件下,苯甲醛甘油缩醛的收率可达92．5％。     

MoO3／SiO2固体酸催化合成苯甲醛甘油缩醛

以钼酸铵和正硅酸四乙酯作为钼源和硅源,利用溶胶-胶凝技术制备了不同MoO3担载量的MoO3／SiO2催化剂,研究了在苯甲醛与甘油缩合反应中的催化性能,考察了催化剂的焙烧温度、MoO3负载量、反应时间和催化剂用量等对反应性能的影响。在MoO3／SiO2固体酸催化剂的焙烧温度450℃,MoO3担载量（质量分数）10％,催化剂用量0．5g,n（苯甲醛）：n（甘油）=1：1．1,甲苯15mL,反应时间2．0h的最佳反应条件下,苯甲醛甘油缩醛的收率可达93．4％。     

吡啶硫酸氢盐离子液体催化甘油与乙酸酯化反应动力学

以吡啶硫酸氢盐离子液体为催化剂,系统研究其催化甘油和乙酸酯化反应生成三乙酸甘油酯的动力学行为。采用单因素实验考察反应温度、酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量等因素对甘油转化率及产物三乙酸甘油酯收率的影响。根据拟均相一级反应机理建立微分方程组模型,通过动力学数据拟合获得指前因子和反应活化能。结果表明：甘油转化率随反应温度、酸醇摩尔比升高而增加;随着催化剂用量的增加,甘油的反应速率逐渐增大,但平衡转化率基本不变。当反应温度为110℃,乙酸/甘油摩尔比为6∶1,催化剂用量为甘油的3%（质量分数）时,甘油转化率最高为98.5%,三乙酸甘油酯收率最高为40.4%。甘油与乙酸反应逐步生成单乙酸甘油酯、二乙酸甘油酯、三乙酸甘油酯的指前因子k₁₀、k₂₀、k₃₀分别为7.17、14.19、13.78 min^-1,其相应的反应活化能E₁、E₂、E₃分别为19.10、21.58、23.25 kJ·mol^-1,该动力学模型计算值与实验值吻合较好。该催化剂相较于已报道的Amberlyst-15、杂多酸催化剂反应条件更温和、选择性更高、反应活化能更小,具有更好的催化效果。     

KF/C催化甘油酯交换合成碳酸甘油酯

以三嵌段共聚物(EO-PO-EO)F127为结构导向剂,甲阶酚醛树脂为碳源,KF·2H₂O为无机前驱体,用溶剂诱导挥发自组装的方法合成KF/C复合材料。采用XRD、BET和XPS等手段对合成的材料进行结构表征,并考察KF/C在甘油与碳酸二甲酯酯交换合成碳酸甘油酯反应中的性能,结果表明,在甘油加入量为0.184 6 g、碳酸二甲酯加入量为0.900 7 g、溶剂N,N-二甲基乙酰胺为5.426 g、催化剂KF/C加入量为0.1 g、反应温度100 ℃、反应时间2 h和搅拌速率600 r·min^-1条件下,甘油转化率达98.5%,碳酸甘油酯选择性达99.8%,催化剂具有较好的循环使用性能。     

Production of glycerol carbonate using crude glycerol from biodiesel production with DBU as a catalyst

The biodiesel production technology catalyzed by 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU) is developed in this work. Crude glycerol containing DBU and DBU/glycerol/CO₂ (DGC) ionic compounds reacts directly with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) to produce high value-added glycerol carbonate (GC) catalyzed by DBU and DGC. The catalytic performance of DBU and DGC, as well as the kinetics of the reaction catalyzed by DBU, were investigated. The results show that DGC has a weak catalytic effect on the transesterification of glycerol and DMC. When the temperature is higher than 60℃, DGC catalyzes the reaction jointly with DBU, which is produced from the decomposition of DGC. DBU has a good catalytic effect on the reaction between glycerol and DMC, with 90% conversion of glycerol and 84% selectivity to GC under the following conditions:DMC-to-glycerol molar ratio of 3:1, 4.0% DBU (based on glycerol mass), reaction time of 60 min, and reaction temperature of 40℃. The apparent kinetics results show that the activation energies are 30.95 kJ·mol^-1 and 55.16 kJ·mol^-1 for the forward and reverse GC generation reactions, respectively, and the activation energy of the decomposition reaction of GC to glycidol (GD) is 26.58 kJ·mol^-1.     

KF改性MgAl水滑石催化酯交换合成碳酸乙烯酯

通过简单的共沉淀法制备了MgAl水滑石（Mg₃Al₁-LDH）。随后通过超声法成功合成了KF负载的Mg₃Al₁-LDH（KF/Mg₃Al₁-LDH）前体,并在450℃下煅烧5h,得到一系列KF/Mg₃Al₁-LDO催化剂。使用X射线衍射、热重、红外光谱、N₂-吸脱附、CO₂-程序升温脱附对所制备的催化剂进行表征。表征结果显示样品具有典型的水滑石结构、较好的热稳定性和较高的碱强度。以KF-Mg₃Al₁-LDO作为催化剂用于碳酸二甲酯（DMC）和乙二醇（EG）酯交换合成碳酸乙烯酯（EC）的反应中,考察了反应工艺条件对催化性能的影响。KF/Mg₃Al₁-LDO催化剂表现出良好的催化性能。在酯醇摩尔比为1∶1、催化剂用量占DMC质量2%、反应温度为100℃、反应时间为4h的条件下,EC收率达到最高（54%）。催化剂可循环使用5次以上而催化活性没有显著下降。     

Production of glycerol carbonate via reactive distillation and extractive distillation:An experimental study☆

A process for the production of glycerol carbonate (GC) is proposed with the transesterification of glycerol (GL) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with CaO as catalyst by reactive distil ation and extractive distil ation. The perfor-mance of solvents in separating DMC-methanol azeotrope and the effects of operation parameters on the reactive distillation process are investigated experimental y. The results indicate that both the GL conversion and GC yield increase with the DMC/GL molar ratio, reflux ratio, final temperature of tower bottom, and CaO/GL molar ratio and decrease as the recycle number of CaO increases. The calcium concentration in the residual reaction mixture also decreases remarkably as the DMC/GL molar ratio increases. At DMC/GL molar ratio 4.0, reflux ratio 1.0, final temperature of tower bottom 358 K, and CaO/GL molar ratio 0.05, both the GL conversion and GC yield can reach above 99.0%, and the mass concentration of calcium in the product is less than 0.08%.     

负载型KI催化甘油与CO2合成甘油碳酸酯

添加不同组分对氧化铝载体进行调变改性,再以改性氧化铝为载体,负载KI制备了一系列负载型催化剂KI/Al₂O₃-MgO、KI/Al₂O₃-ZnO、KI/Al₂O₃-TiO₂和KI/Al₂O₃-ZrO₂,并通过CO₂、环氧丙烷和甘油合成甘油碳酸酯反应评价其催化活性,发现KI/Al₂O₃-MgO具有最高的活性。由不同载体的CO₂-TPD分析可以发现,载体表面少量碱性位的存在有利于反应进行。实验研究了不同负载量KI/Al₂O₃-MgO的活性及稳定性,发现KI负载量为1.5mmol/g较为适宜。同时,实验又通过N₂吸附/脱附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)等手段对不同负载量的KI/Al₂O₃-MgO进行了表征,进一步说明了负载量过多会导致KI晶粒团聚,并阻塞载体孔道。优化了反应条件,在最佳条件下(环氧丙烷0.3mol,甘油0.1mol,反应温度130℃,反应时间2h,反应压力6.0MPa),甘油的转化率为65.5%,甘油碳酸酯的产率为60.8%。     

Coupling reaction and azeotropic distillation for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate

A new process, coupling reaction and azeotropic distillation was proposed for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate (GC) from glycerol (G) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The bench scale experimental investigation was systematically conducted for this new process. With calcium oxide (CaO) as the solid catalyst, the high yield of glycerol carbonate can be obtained at a low molar ratio of dimethyl carbonate to glycerol with the method of coupling reaction and azetropic distillation. The effect of azeotropic agents on glycerol carbonate yield was explored, and indicated that benzene was the most effective azeotropic agent. The effects of the process parameters, tower height, amount of added benzene, final temperature of tower bottom and reflux ratio were investigated. Glycerol carbonate yield can be as high as 98% under the conditions at molar ratio of dimethyl carbonate to glycerol 1:1, final temperature of tower bottom 85 °C, 1.5 mass ratio of added benzene to that in the azeotrope with methanol theoretically produced and reflux ratio 4. By continuously removing methanol from reaction system with the method of coupling reaction and azeotropic distillation, the yield of glycerol carbonate can be retained at high level using the recycled catalyst.     

类水滑石催化剂催化合成碳酸二丙酯

采用共沉淀法,在500 ℃烘干焙烧制备了类水滑石催化剂,采用X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（FT-IR）、BET分析对催化剂进行了表征。将类水滑石催化剂应用于碳酸二甲酯（DMC）与正丙醇酯交换合成碳酸二丙酯（DPC）。研究结果表明：镁铝摩尔比为2∶1,在500 ℃焙烧后,类水滑石对反应有较高的催化活性;当丙醇∶DMC =3∶1（摩尔比）、催化剂用量为反应物总质量的1%、反应温度为90 ℃、反应时间为5 h时,DPC的收率为46.87%。     

Glycerol carbonate synthesis from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate using guanidine ionic liquids

A large number of surplus glycerol from the biodiesel production can be used as renewable feedstock to produce glycerol carbonate.In this paper,a series of guanidine-based ionic liquids were synthesized to catalyze the transesterification of glycerol and dimethyl carbonate.The tunable basicity and the anion-cation cooperative effect were responsible for the obtained results.The [TMG][TFE] showed the best activity turnover frequency (TOF) of 1754.0 h-1,glycerol (GL) conversion of 91.8％,glycerol carbonate (GC) selectivity of 95.5％) at 80 ℃ with 0.1 mol％ catalyst for 30 min.The reaction mechanism of the transesterification was also proposed.     

Synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate by transesterification: Catalyst screening and reaction optimization

The synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate by transesterification is reported. Firstly, a catalyst screening has been performed by studying the influence of different basic and acid homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts on reaction results. Catalytic activity is extremely low for acidic catalysts indicating that reaction rate is very slow. On the contrary, high conversions and yields are obtained for basic catalysts. Catalytic activity increases with catalyst basic strength. The best heterogeneous catalyst is CaO. Calcination of CaO increases dramatically its activity due to calcium hydroxide removal from its surface. A reaction optimization study has been carried out with CaO as catalyst by using a factorial design of experiments leading to operation conditions for achieving a 100% conversion and a >95% yield at 1.5 h reaction time: 95 °C, catalyst/glycerol molar ratio = 0.06 and dimethyl carbonate/glycerol molar ratio = 3.5. Carbonate glycerol can be easily isolated by filtering the catalyst out and evaporating the filtrate at vacuum. Leaching of catalyst in reaction medium was lower than 0.34%. Catalyst recycling leads to a quick decrease in both conversions and yields probably due to a combination of catalyst deactivation by CaO exposure to air between catalytic runs, and a decrease in the catalyst surface area available for reaction due to particle agglomeration.