A static pushover method for identifying weak areas of earthquake resistant space frame structures

空间网格结构在强震下出现薄弱区的原因是该区域杆件的地震内力与决定其截面配置的非抗震设计内力差异较大，且该内力差异主要来自于少数模态的贡献。为此，利用非抗震设计和多遇地震验算的最不利内力，提出了一种疑似薄弱区杆件的简便判别方法。基于多遇地震下由振型分解反应谱法计算得到的结构响应，可以确定疑似薄弱区杆件地震内力的主要贡献模态。考虑这些主要贡献模态并参考振型质量参与系数，构造了能够近似反映最不利单向地震响应的综合模态，并基于结构应变能相等的原则确定了罕遇地震水平的等效静力推覆荷载。给出了一种能够计入三向地震动贡献的静力推覆方法，并对一个三心圆柱面双层网壳算例进行了推覆分析。通过与动力弹塑性时程分析结果对比发现，只要在建立推覆荷载时组合模态包括了疑似薄弱区杆件地震内力的主要贡献模态,并且所有组合模态的振型质量参与系数之和大于90%，则该静力推覆方法可以有效识别到该结构在罕遇地震下可能形成的薄弱区。     

北京大兴国际机场航站楼大跨度钢结构C5区地震响应分析

北京大兴国际机场航站楼大跨度钢结构C5区为双层网壳结构,结构形式复杂,杆件众多,其抗震性能是设计与分析中的关键问题。对C5区建立有限元模型,首先进行了自振模态分析,初步了解了其动力特性。然后,根据规范合理选择地震波,进行动力时程分析,研究了模型在8度多遇及罕遇地震作用下的动力响应和杆件内力情况。分析结果表明:C5区的自振频率分布十分密集,振型以竖向振动为主且对称出现;在8度多遇地震作用下,整体杆件地震内力系数均处于较低水平,上弦及下弦杆件的地震内力系数稍大,受地震作用影响较大;在8度罕遇地震作用下,上、下弦极少数杆件的应力进入塑性范围,其余杆件的应力均处于弹性范围内,整体塑性发展程度较弱;在8度多遇及罕遇地震作用下,结构的层间位移角、剪重比等指标均满足规范要求。总体来说,结构在8度多遇及罕遇地震作用下能实现"小震不坏、大震不倒"的抗震设防水准要求,抗震性能良好。     

高烈度地区高层建筑错层剪力墙结构抗震性能分析

错层结构对抗震不利。结合一幢高烈度区的钢筋混凝土剪力墙错层高层建筑,采用静力弹塑性推覆分析以及动力弹塑性时程分析方法,研究了结构在设计小震、中震以及大震作用下的变形特征、构件屈服机制及结构破坏模式,揭示出结构中可能存在的抗震薄弱部位,给出了结构在罕遇地震作用下抗震性能的评价,并提出了对同类工程结构设计有益的建议。     

改进的基于模态推覆的时程分析地震动记录调整

利用时程分析计算结构地震反应时,不同的地震动记录或不同的地震动记录调整方法得到的结果差别很 大,因此如何选择和调整地震动记录,减小结构地震反应分析结果的离散性,是提高结构抗震分析结果可靠性的 必然要求。针对基于模态推覆的地震动记录调整方法的不足,提出引入以振型参与重量系数为加权系数、可考虑 前若干阶振型贡献的综合调整系数调整初选的地震动记录,其中每一阶振型对应的调整系数利用该阶振型相应等 效单自由度体系非线性时程分析所得最大位移匹配其目标位移确定。进一步,以一6层钢筋混凝土框架结构为例 ,分别采用改进的基于模态推覆、基于模态推覆和基于ASCE7的调整方法调整地震动记录进行时程分析,并对不 同调整方法下结构最大水平位移、最大层间位移角等结构响应计算结果的离散性进行了对比。对比结果表明,与 基于模态推覆和基于ASCE7的地震动记录调整方法相比,基于改进模态推覆的地震动记录调整方法所得结构地震 响应分析结果的离散性明显下降。     

基于渐进地震失效模式的高层结构抗罕遇地震设计方法研究

针对高层结构罕遇地震作用下局部集中损伤破坏易导致整体倒塌的问题,及超静定次数消耗集中且不充分的结构地震失效本质,确定了高层结构耗能构件分批次充分消耗超静定次数的多阶段塑性发展路径,提出了高层结构塑性发展充分、失效方向可控、失效路径延长的渐进地震失效模式。同时,考虑结构多阶段塑性发展过程中地震作用的往复特性、高阶振型影响和非线性内力重分布特点,建立基于多阶段振型组合的标准地震作用,给出了多阶段塑性发展的抗震性能量化需求,建立了基于渐进地震失效模式的高层结构抗罕遇地震设计方法。该方法将高层结构渐进地震失效全过程的复杂设计简化为有限塑性阶段的分段抗罕遇地震设计,解决了高层结构难于抗罕遇地震量化设计的难题。为验证该设计方法的有效性,对一幢10层高层结构进行了抗罕遇地震设计,通过非线性时程分析方法验证了按所提方法设计的结构能够实现结构渐进地震失效模式以及结构抗震性能目标,并对比分析了按所提方法设计的结构与按现行规范方法设计的结构的抗震性能,得到按所提方法设计的结构在地震动峰值加速度为0.22g作用下耗能提高了57%,在非线性静力推覆作用下非线性抗力（基底剪力）最大值提高了15.59%。     

立式网壳构筑物建筑方案对比与验证

结合实际构筑物工程给出四种建筑方案,即钢筋混凝土筒体封闭结构、钢板内夹混凝土组合筒体封闭结构、钢混凝土组合桁架通透结构和立式网壳钢混凝土组合通透结构,经对比分析最终决定采用立式网壳钢混凝土组合通透结构。在荷载和力学模型简化的基础上,采用ANSYS开展了立式网壳组合结构的静力与动力仿真分析,得到静力和罕遇地震作用下的杆件变形和内力极值,均符合规范要求,验证了该建筑的合理性。该构筑物空间整体性好,抗震性能优越,施工速度快,工程周期短,整体造价低。     

Study on seismic design method of high-rise structures resistant to rare earthquakes on basis of progressive seismic failure mode

针对高层结构罕遇地震作用下局部集中损伤破坏易导致整体倒塌的问题，及超静定次数消耗集中且不充分的结构地震失效本质，确定了高层结构耗能构件分批次充分消耗超静定次数的多阶段塑性发展路径，提出了高层结构塑性发展充分、失效方向可控、失效路径延长的渐进地震失效模式。同时，考虑结构多阶段塑性发展过程中地震作用的往复特性、高阶振型影响和非线性内力重分布特点，建立基于多阶段振型组合的标准地震作用，给出了多阶段塑性发展的抗震性能量化需求，建立了基于渐进地震失效模式的高层结构抗罕遇地震设计方法。该方法将高层结构渐进地震失效全过程的复杂设计简化为有限塑性阶段的分段抗罕遇地震设计，解决了高层结构难于抗罕遇地震量化设计的难题。为验证该设计方法的有效性，对一幢10层高层结构进行了抗罕遇地震设计，通过非线性时程分析方法验证了按所提方法设计的结构能够实现结构渐进地震失效模式以及结构抗震性能目标，并对比分析了按所提方法设计的结构与按现行规范方法设计的结构的抗震性能，得到按所提方法设计的结构在地震动峰值加速度为0.22g作用下耗能提高了57%，在非线性静力推覆作用下非线性抗力（基底剪力）最大值提高了15.59%。     

型钢混凝土框架—混凝土核心筒结构抗震性能分析

采用Etabs软件,以某型钢混凝土框架-混凝土核心筒结构为研究对象,建立整体空间有限元模型进行模态、振型分解反应谱法及弹性时程分析;并采用midas/gen软件对该高层结构进行设防烈度及罕遇地震下的静力弹塑性时程分析。分析该建筑结构在多遇及罕遇地震作用下的地震反应,并验算了该高层建筑在多遇地震下的弹性变形及罕遇地震作用下结构的弹塑性变形。结果表明该结构满足抗震规范要求。     

静力弹塑性计算方法及工程应用

应用弹塑性计算方法对汶川地震遭受损害的什邡电信大楼进行推覆分析,研究该结构在罕遇地震作用下的内力、变形与破坏情况。比较该结构在不同加载模式下的抗震性能,从而判定结构在罕遇地震作用下是否满足不倒塌的抗震设计目标。通过SAP2000软件辅助计算深入理解静力弹塑性计算方法并将计算方法延伸到更加复杂的结构抗震设计中。     

通州某超限高层商务型公寓楼结构设计

本文以实际案例分析超高层公寓的结构设计,通过采用SATWE和PMSAP进行多遇地震作用下反应谱和动力弹性时程分析,设防地震作用下竖向构件不屈服分析,罕遇地震作用下静力弹塑性分析(推覆分析),分析结构安全性并找出结构薄弱部位,采取相应抗震加强措施。分析表明结构具有良好的抗震性能,能够满足规范要求。     

Assessment of modified consecutive modal pushover analysis for estimating the seismic demands of tall buildings with dual system considering steel concentrically braced frames

According to the previous researches, conventional nonlinear static procedure (NSP), which is limited to single mode response, cannot predict the seismic demands of tall buildings with reliable accuracy. To estimate the seismic demands in upper stories for tall buildings the effects of higher modes should be included. In the recent years, developing traditional pushover analysis to consider the effects of higher modes conducted researchers to propose several methods, such as N2, MPA and MMPA procedures, that have a specific approach to estimate seismic demands of structures but the accuracy of them is doubtable for estimating of hinge plastic rotations. Recently consecutive modal pushover (CMP) procedure was proposed to consider the effects of higher modes with acceptable accuracy especially in prediction of hinge plastic rotations. The CMP procedure was limited to include two or three modes, and use of higher modes might cause some inaccuracy at results of upper stories. In CMP procedure, estimation of modal participating factors is important and choosing inadequate modes may cause large errors. In this paper some changes have been applied to the CMP procedure to improve accuracy of the results and the modified method is proposed and named modified consecutive modal pushover (MCMP) procedure. In this modified method the contribution of mode is used of effective modal participating mass ratio. The comparison of MCMP procedure to exact values derived by nonlinear response history analysis (NL-RHA) demonstrated the reliable predictions and it can overcome the limitations of traditional pushover analysis.     

A new pushover procedure for two‐way asymmetric‐plan tall buildings under bidirectional earthquakes

Conventional pushover analyses despite of extensive applications are unable to estimate the general responses of asymmetric‐plan tall buildings because of ignoring the effects of higher modes and torsion. A consecutive modal pushover procedure is one of the recent nonlinear static pushover procedures that used to analyse the seismic response of one‐way asymmetric‐plan tall buildings under one‐directional seismic ground motions. In this paper, a modified consecutive modal pushover procedure (MCMP) has been proposed to estimate the seismic demands of two‐way asymmetric‐plan tall buildings under two horizontal components of earthquakes simultaneously. The accuracy of the MCMP procedure is evaluated using different buildings and comparing with the results of FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) procedures, the practical modal pushover procedure and nonlinear time history analyses as an exact solution. The results show the proposed MCMP procedure is able to estimate the displacements and storey drifts accurately and introduces a great improvement in predicting the plastic hinge rotations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Identification of Modal Combinations for Nonlinear Static Analysis of Building Structures

Abstract:   An essential requisite in performance-based seismic design is the estimation of inelastic deformation demands in structural members. An increasingly popular analytical method to establish these demand values is a "pushover" analysis in which a model of the building structure is subjected to an invariant distribution of lateral forces. Although such an approach takes into consideration the redistribution of forces following yielding of sections, it does not incorporate the effects of varying dynamic characteristics during the inelastic response. Simple modal combination schemes are investigated in this article to indirectly account for higher mode effects. Because the modes that contribute to deformations may be different from the modes that contribute to forces, it is necessary to identify unique modal combinations that provide reliable estimates of both force and deformation demands. The proposed procedure is applied to typical moment frame buildings to assess the effectiveness of the methodology. It is shown that the envelope of demands obtained from a series of nonlinear static analysis using the proposed modal-combination-based lateral load patterns results in better estimation of inter-story drift, a critical parameter in seismic evaluation and design.     

An improved multidimensional modal pushover analysis procedure for seismic evaluation of latticed arch‐type structures under lateral and vertical earthquakes

Pushover methods for seismic assessment of buildings under multidimensional earthquakes have been studied and retrofitted. However, these current methods are not suitable when applied to widely adopted arch‐type structures characterized by strong geometrical nonlinearity and coupling effects. An improved multidimensional modal pushover procedure with two‐stage analyses is proposed for seismic evaluation of latticed arches. Taking overall multidimensional response into consideration, modal stiffness of the equivalent single‐degree‐of‐freedom system is derived, and its capacity curve is determined during the first‐stage analysis. To provide a deformation profile with algebraic signs of response retained, the second‐stage analysis is conducted using the pushover load pattern derived from modal displacement superposition. The objective of the improved procedure is to overcome the drawback of the conventional modal pushover method, which describes the capacity curve resorting to base shear and roof displacement, and that of quadratic combination rules which eliminate the sign reversals of response. To validate its serviceability, nodal displacements and element stresses, as well as the yielding members, of two typical latticed arches are calculated. Through comparative analysis, the results by the improved procedure exhibit good agreement with those by response history analysis. Additionally, this procedure demonstrates great superiority over the conventional method for its satisfying accuracy.     

A consecutive modal pushover procedure for nonlinear static analysis of one-way unsymmetric-plan tall building structures

Seismic responses of unsymmetric-plan tall buildings are substantially influenced by the effects of higher modes and torsion. Considering these effects, in this article, the consecutive modal pushover (CMP) procedure is extended to estimate the seismic demands of one-way unsymmetric-plan tall buildings. The procedure uses multi-stage and classical single-stage pushover analyses and benefits from the elastic modal properties of the structure. Both lateral forces and torsional moments obtained from modal analysis are used in the multi-stage pushover analysis. The seismic demands are obtained by enveloping the peak inelastic responses resulting from the multi-stage and single-stage pushover analyses. To verify and appraise the procedure, it is applied to the 10, 15, and 20-storey one-way unsymmetric-plan buildings including systems with different degrees of coupling between the lateral displacements and torsional rotations, i.e. torsionally-stiff (TS), torsionally-similarly-stiff (TSS) and torsionally-flexible (TF) systems. The modal pushover analysis (MPA) procedure is implemented for the purpose of comparison as well. The results from the approximate pushover procedures are compared with the results obtained by the nonlinear response history analysis (NL-RHA). It is demonstrated that the CMP procedure is able to take into account the higher mode influences as well as amplification or de-amplification of seismic displacements at the flexible and stiff edges of unsymmetric-plan tall buildings. The extended procedure can predict to a reasonable accuracy the peak inelastic responses, such as displacements and storey drifts. The CMP procedure represents an important improvement in estimating the plastic rotations of hinges at both flexible and stiff sides of unsymmetric-plan tall buildings in comparison with the MPA procedure.     

A displacement‐based adaptive pushover method considering modal sign reversal for RC frame structures

Nonlinear static procedures are favored tools for practical applications in the structural engineering profession. However, some limitations are associated with them, including their deficiencies to properly reflect higher modal effects and inertial seismic forces fluctuations in their responses. Some different adaptive pushover methods intended to improve these limitations have been proposed in the literature, but each one has come out with a special deficiency. In this study, based on the concepts of the displacement‐based adaptive pushover, a new dual‐run procedure method called Improved DAP (IDAP) has been developed, aiming to improve higher modal and sign reversal consideration of pushover methods. The seismic scope of this study has been focused on near‐fault regions. Four concrete SMRF with different heights have been employed for the evaluations. The results of the proposed method in terms of capacity curves, interstory and shear profiles are compared with those of the IDA method. Results indicate that the ability of the new method in reproducing seismic story forces and capacity curves, as well as interstory drifts, has been improved in comparison with its primitive counterpart. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

500kV杯形塔及“干”字塔的抗震性能分析

针对四川某500 kV输电线路工程中代表性的杯形直线塔及“干”字形转角塔,利用钢结构分析设计软件STAAD建立梁桁混合模型,采用振型分解反应谱法进行不同地震水准、抗震设防烈度、场地类别下的动力特性和地震响应分析,对比研究非抗震和抗震两种情况下杆件的设计控制内力,分析地震作用对铁塔各杆件的影响程度,找出杯形塔及“干”字塔的薄弱部位,并针对薄弱部位采取加强措施.