纳米印染助剂开发中的团聚问题及其控制

纳米粉体的易团聚性是纳米印染助剂开发以及应用的瓶颈.为此,对纳米粉体的团聚机理及其控制进行了系统而深入的探讨结果表明：接触是团聚的前提,粒子之间的界面能差是导致纳米粉体团聚的内动力,必要的位阻效应是控制团聚的最有效手段.     

免烫树脂FR-E对大豆蛋白织物的抗皱整理

采用免烫树脂FR-E对大豆蛋白织物进行抗皱处理,讨论了各种工艺参数对整理效果的影响。通过测试在不同整理条件下织物的折皱回复角、断裂强力、透气性、白度等性能取得了优化整理工艺,并通过DSC、TG和FT-IR等方法对整理后的织物进行了一些有关结构和性能方面的测试。实验结果表明:整理后织物的折皱回复角和白度均获得了较大的提高,且断裂强力获得了一定的改善,织物的耐碱性能和弱酸性条件下染色的上染百分率也都获得了相应的提高。此外,整理前后织物的晶区结构基本没有发生改变,但整理后织物的热稳定性获得了一定程度的提高,红外光谱中还出现了一些交联反应中所生成的新基团的吸收峰。     

大豆蛋白纤维在羊毛混纺产品中的形态变化

文章对已染色羊毛/涤纶/大豆蛋白纤维,经分别用10%次氯酸钠溶液,20%和36%盐酸处理后,大豆蛋白纤维的形态变化进行了研究.研究表明,大豆蛋白纤维纵向形态不光滑,表面有沟槽,夹杂星点泡状物,有细微孔隙;经20%和36%盐酸处理后,大豆蛋白纤维明显变细;用10%次氯酸钠溶液处理大豆蛋白纤维,明显分裂成若干根细纤维.染色的羊毛和染色的涤纶颜色较深,而大豆蛋白纤维染色的颜色亮而浅.     

大豆蛋白纤维的性能及其在混纺产品中的含量分析

介绍了大豆蛋白纤维的性能,并利用物化性能测定了在其混纺产品中的含量。认为采用次氯酸钠检测方法操作简便,数据稳定。     

大豆蛋白/聚乙烯醇共混纤维活性染料变性浴染色

在碱性条件下,部分活性染料在上染纤维的同时,将被水解而“失活”。但是由于已经“失活”的活性染料的结构和酸性染料相似,因此可以利用改变染色浴酸碱性的方法使活性染料实现第2次上染,即所谓的“变性浴”,从而达到提高染料利用率和减少染色污水排放的目的。对大豆蛋白/聚乙烯醇共混纤维采用活性染料变性浴的染色方法,可以达到良好的效果。     

Canola meal or soybean meal as protein source and the effect of microencapsulated sodium butyrate supplementation in calf starter mixture. II. Development of the gastrointestinal tract

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of protein source, either soybean meal (SM) or canola meal (CM), and microencapsulated sodium butyrate (MSB) supplementation in a pelleted starter mixture on the development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in dairy calves. Twenty-eight bull calves (8.7 ± 0.8 d of age and 43.0 ± 4.4 kg; mean ± SD) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: CM as a main source of protein without or with MSB or SM without or with MSB. Calves were fed starters ad libitum and exposed to a gradual weaning program, with weaning taking place on 51.7 ± 0.8 d of age. Calves were observed for an additional 3 wk after weaning and slaughtered on d 72.1 ± 0.9 of age, after which the GIT was dissected. Morphometric measurements were recorded, and samples for determination of ruminal fermentation, histology, gene expression, and brush border enzyme activities were collected. Canola meal use in the starter mixture increased abomasal tissue weight, jejunal tissue weight and length, and mRNA expression of SLC16A4 (formerly known as MCT4) and FFAR2 (GPR43) in the ruminal epithelium, and decreased ruminal ammonia and mRNA expression of SLC15A2 (PEPT2) and SLC6A14 (ATB0+) in the proximal small intestine and ileum, respectively. However, MSB inclusion in the starter mixture decreased ruminal papillae length, ruminal epithelial surface, and ruminal epithelium dry weight, while increasing mRNA expression of SLC16A1 (MCT1) in ruminal epithelia. Reduced ruminal surface area associated with MSB supplementation was the most apparent when MSB was combined with CM in the starter mixture. Additionally, MSB supplementation decreased the thickness of omasal epithelium, omasal epithelium living strata, and stratum corneum, and increased duodenal and ileal aminopeptidase A enzymatic activity and ileal aminopeptidase N enzymatic activity. Overall, CM might increase growth of the GIT of calves, particularly of the small intestine, but may negatively affect intestinal epithelium function and peptide and AA absorption. Supplementation of MSB has a negative effect on the ruminal and omasal epithelium development, particularly when combined in a starter mixture with CM.     

Canola meal or soybean meal as protein source and the effect of microencapsulated sodium butyrate supplementation in calf starter mixture. I. Performance,digestibility, and selected blood variables

Two studies were conducted to assess the effect of protein source and microencapsulated sodium butyrate (MSB) inclusion in pelleted starter mixtures on growth performance, gain to feed (G:F) ratio, nutrient digestibility, and selected blood metabolites in calves. In study 1, 28 Holstein bull calves (8.7 ± 0.8 d of age and 43.0 ± 4.4 kg; mean ± SD) were allocated to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and fed a pelleted starter mixture containing canola meal (CM, 35% as fed) or soybean meal (SM, 24% as fed) as the main source of protein, with or without supplemental MSB (0.3% as fed). Starter mixtures were formulated to be similar for crude protein, Lys, and Met, and were fed ad libitum. Calves were weaned after 42 d of milk replacer feeding (51.7 ± 0.8 d of age) and observed for another 21 d. Furthermore, selected blood metabolites were measured on d 21, 42, and 63 of the study, and nutrient digestibility was measured after weaning. In study 2, 60 Holstein heifer calves (9.1 ± 0.8 d of age and 43.2 ± 4.2 kg) were assigned to the same treatments as in study 1. The calves were weaned after 49 d of milk replacer feeding (59.1 ± 0.8 d of age) and observed for an additional 14 d. Milk replacer and starter mixture intake and fecal score were recorded daily, whereas body weight (BW) was recorded weekly. In study 1, calves fed starter mixtures containing CM had or tended to have lesser preweaning starter intake, weaning average daily gain (ADG), weaning and overall G:F ratio, and postweaning total-tract dry matter digestibility, as opposed to those fed starter mixtures with SM. However, these differences did not affect overall starter intake, overall ADG, or final BW. Supplementation with MSB only tended to increase the preweaning starter mixture intake. In study 2, heifer calves that were fed starter mixtures with CM had greater cumulative starter intake after weaning, but the protein source in the starter mixture had no effect on ADG, BW, or G:F ratio. Inclusion of MSB in starter mixtures for calves tended to decrease postweaning starter mixture intake. In conclusion, use of CM or SM as the main source of protein in starter mixture resulted in similar growth performance of bull and heifer calves; however, CM use in starter mixtures reduced starter intake, ADG, and G:F ratio at least at some points of rearing. Supplementation of MSB had minor effects on the growth performance of calves.     

Separate roles for N- and C-termini of the STE4 (β) subunit of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae G protein in the mediation of the growth arrest. Lack of growth-arresting activity of mammalian βγ complexes

Mating pheromone signal transduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae involves a G protein composed to Scg1p (Gpa1p), Ste4p and Ste18p subunits, homologous to the α, β and γ subunits of mammalian G proteins. Growth arrest in G1 phase is activated by the Ste4p/Ste18p complex via a downstream pathway and it is negatively controlled by the Scg1p subunit. Here we explored whether mammalian β or γ subunits could functionally substitute for their yeast homologues. While no evidence was obtained for functional replacement of Ste4p and Ste18p, we found that overexpression of Ste18p potentiated the effect of hybrid proteins in which the N terminus of the Ste4p subunit was replaced by that of the mammalian β, ste4 mutants having deletions in the N terminus showed a decreased activity in signalling to the downstream effector of the pheromone response. This defect was totally cured by overexpression of Ste18p, indicating that the truncated forms of Ste4p have retained their ability to form an active complex with Ste18p. Removal of six amino acids from the C terminus of Ste4p rendered a completely inactive subunit and this defect persisted in hybrids where the C terminus was placed by that of the β subunit, indicating that the C terminus of Ste4p is essential to trigger the effector of the yeast pheromone response pathway.