Ni3Al合金硼原子占位及晶界偏聚

依据ＬＩ２型金属间化合物八面体，四面体间隙的特点，并利用硬球模型计算了上述各类间隙的空球半径大小，发现Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金中６Ｎｉ八面体间空球半径比其他间隙大，使硼原子在更易进入６Ｎｉ八间隙，由于富Ｎｉ－Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金晶界比Ａｌ－Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金有更我的６Ｎｉ八面体间隙，所以硼在富Ｎｉ－Ｎｉ３Ａｌ晶界偏聚较多，另外富Ａｌ－Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金晶界原子间作用力比富Ｎｉ－Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金晶界原子间作用力大，这也阻碍了     

Ti-31合金微观结构的TEM研究

用透射电子显微镜（ＴＥＭ）研究了Ｔｉ－３１合金微观结构。结果表明，锻件在８００℃退火缓冷条件下，合金组织存在α、α２、β及富Ｎｉ呈片状的α／β界面相；８００℃退火空冷时，其基本组织为α＋β相和界面相；相成分分析结果还表明，Ｎｉ、Ｍｏ只分布在β相和界面相中，α相中Ａｌ、Ｚｒ含量比β相中的相对高很多，造成α相Ａｌ当量高，可在α相中析出α２相。     

富Ni的NiAl退火组织和室温力学性能

快速凝固Ｎｉ－３４．６ａ．％Ａｌ薄带经１５２３Ｋ退火２ｈ并以较快速度冷却扣形成以ＮｉＡｌ马氏体为基体，γ－Ｎｉ３Ａｌ沿晶界网状分布和少量残β－ＮｉＡｌ的组织，退火，室温弯曲延性良好。     

WC／Ni3Al基复合材料的研制

通过机械合金化，将ＮｉＡｌ粉、Ｎｉ粉和ＷＣ粉机械混合，制坯，半烧结，再堆焊形成以Ｎｉ３Ａｌ为基，ＷＣ颗粒强化的复合材料。在烧过程中，形成部分Ｎｉ３Ａｌ相，在堆焊过程中形成Ｎｉ３Ａｌ基体，并有少量ＷＣ分解溶入基体。在８５０℃以下组成相稳定，颗粒均匀分布和基体具有良好的润滑性能。该复合材料硬度高，具有很高的耐磨性能。     

温度与晶粒尺寸对Ni3Al基合金形变硬化率的影响

研究了温度与晶粒尺寸对金属间化合物Ｎｉ３Ａｌ形变硬化率的影响。结果发现，在一定塑变下Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金在形变硬化率随晶粒尺寸的增加而降低，在２００－４００℃左右其形变硬化率出现峰值。分析表明，形变硬化率峰值温度的出现是由于随温度的升高在Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金中的｛１１１｝滑移面上超位错的可动性降低，而合金中的动态回复作用增加。在弥散γ相强化的Ｎｉ３Ａｌ基合金中，由于弥散γ相阻止了动态回复，进一步降低了超位错的     

溅射Ni3Al微晶涂层的抗氧化性能

研究了铸态Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金及其微晶溅射涂层在１０００－１１００℃下等温氧化性能及１０００℃下的循环氧化性能，结果表明：铸态Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金在氧化过程中形成Ａｌ２Ｏ３，ＮｉＯ和ＮｉＡｌ２Ｏ４的复杂氧化膜，微晶Ｎｉ３Ａｌ涂层在氧化过程中形成α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３和ＮｉＡｌ２Ｏ４尖晶石，不含ＮｉＯ，这种氧化膜的保护作用比含ＮｉＯ的氧化膜的保护作用好，使得其氧化增重比铸态合金小约１半，此外铸态Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金在氧化过程     

用透射和扫描电镜观察Ni—Cr—Al合金γ‘和Cr（α）析出相

Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ－３％Ａｌ－０．２％Ｃｅ合金０．３ｍｍ细丝经５００－６００℃时效处理，用透射和扫描电镜观察组织形貌，用化学定量提取法和测定微区成分的方法确定相Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ａｌ的含量，用程控图像仪测定富Ｃｒ（α）相析出颗粒大小和分布，查明了γ相沿基体９１００）面共格析出并细小颗粒状，在γ相周围析出的过饱和富Ｃｒ（α）相弥散分布在合金基体中，据此认为该合金是由γ相和富Ｃｒ（α）相复合析出强化合金基体的。     

WC/Ni60A等离子喷涂层的相结构分析

利用Ｘ射线衍射,ＳＥＭ,ＥＤＡＸ,ＴＥＭ及选区电子衍射等手段研究了ＷＣ／Ｎｉ６０Ａ等离子喷涂层的显微组织及其相结构。结果表明：涂层组织呈片层状,在Ｎｉ基合金片层中的镍基固溶体上析出了大量高度弥散分布的Ｍ７Ｃ３,Ｍ２３Ｃ６及Ｎｉ３Ｂ;由于等离子喷涂温度较高,ＷＣ大部分熔化并与Ｎｉ包覆层相溶,发生高温分解,在Ｎｉ包ＷＣ片层中形成了弥散程度很高的Ｍ６Ｃ及α－Ｗ２Ｃ颗粒相。     

磁控溅射铝膜的退火对膜组织结构转变的影响

利用ＳＥＭ、ＴＥＭ以及ｘ射线衍射，研究了磁控溅射Ａｌ膜的退火对膜组织 结构转变的影响。Ａｌ膜被磁控溅射在Ｎｉ基体上，所得镀膜分别经 １００℃、２００℃、 ３００℃、４００℃、５００℃、５５０℃和 ６００℃真空退火。结果表明， １００℃开始 Ａｌ膜再结晶； ４００℃开始有Ａｌ－Ｎｉ金属间化合物相生成，随温度升高，金属间化合物相的形成顺序为 Ａｌ３Ｎｉ—Ａｌ３Ｎｉ２－Ｎｉ３Ａｌ ＡｌＮｉ。薄膜的组织也由开始的细颗粒状组织转变为多边形 晶粒组织。     

Ni3Al金属间化合物及溅射CoCrAlY涂层的高温热腐蚀

研究了Ｎｉ３Ａｌ金属间化合物及溅射ＣｏＣｒＡｌＹ涂层在９００～９５０℃空气中，表面存在（Ｎａ，Ｋ）２ＳＯ４盐膜时的热腐蚀行为，结果表明，Ｎｉ３Ａｌ遭受严重的热腐蚀，溅射ＣｏＣｒＡｌＹ涂层可以通过在表面迅速形成保护性Ａｌ，Ｃｒ氧化膜而显著改善Ｎｉ３Ａｌ的耐热腐蚀性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from