Dictionary learning for VQ feature extraction in ECG beats classification

Vector quantization(VQ) can perform efficient feature extraction from electrocardiogram (ECG) with the advantages of dimensionality reduction and accuracy increase. However, the existing dictionary learning algorithms for vector quantization are sensitive to dirty data, which compromises the classification accuracy. To tackle the problem, we propose a novel dictionary learning algorithm that employs k-medoids cluster optimized by k-means++ and builds dictionaries by searching and using representative samples, which can avoid the interference of dirty data, and thus boost the classification performance of ECG systems based on vector quantization features. We apply our algorithm to vector quantization feature extraction for ECG beats classification, and compare it with popular features such as sampling point feature, fast Fourier transform feature, discrete wavelet transform feature, and with our previous beats vector quantization feature. The results show that the proposed method yields the highest accuracy and is capable of reducing the computational complexity of ECG beats classification system. The proposed dictionary learning algorithm provides more efficient encoding for ECG beats, and can improve ECG classification systems based on encoded feature.     

基于聚类分析的心电节拍分类算法

为提高计算机辅助心电节拍分类算法的准确率和普适性,提出一种基于聚类分析的心电节拍分类算法,该算法利用心电节拍个体内差异性较小的特性,采用两级聚类分析、抽样代表性心电节拍的方法,结合心电医师的辅助诊断,实现对心电节拍的准确分类。为了验证算法的准确性,采用国际公认的标准数据库--MIT-BIH心律失常数据库,AAMI/ANSI标准规定的心电节拍分类方法及准确率的计算方法进行仿真实验,最终总体分类准确率达到99.07%。与Kiranyaz等(KIRANYAZ S, INCE T,PULKKINEN J, et al. Personalized long-term ECG classification: A systematic approach［J］. Expert Systems with Applications, 2011, 38(4): 3220-3226.)的心电节拍分类算法相比,该算法无需进行设定的训练,且S类心电节拍分类灵敏度由40.15%提高到89.82%,显著提高了分类算法的普适性。     

Combining recurrent neural networks with eigenvector methods for classification of ECG beats

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of the recurrent neural networks (RNNs) trained with Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm on the electrocardiogram (ECG) beats. Four types of ECG beats (normal beat, congestive heart failure beat, ventricular tachyarrhythmia beat, atrial fibrillation beat) obtained from the Physiobank database were analyzed. Decision making was performed in two stages: feature extraction by eigenvector methods and classification using the RNN trained on the extracted features. The RNNs were implemented for classification of the ECG beats using the statistical features as inputs. The ability of designed and trained Elman RNNs, combined with eigenvector methods, were explored to classify the ECG beats. The classification results demonstrated that the combined eigenvector methods/RNN approach can be useful in analyzing the ECG beats.     

ECG beat classification by a novel hybrid neural network

This paper presents a novel hybrid neural network structure for the classification of the electrocardiogram (ECG) beats. Two feature extraction methods: Fourier and wavelet analyses for ECG beat classification are comparatively investigated in eight-dimensional feature space. ECG features are determined by dynamic programming according to the divergence value. Classification performance, training time and the number of nodes of the multi-layer perceptron (MLP), restricted Coulomb energy (RCE) and a novel hybrid neural network are comparatively presented. In order to increase the classification performance and to decrease the number of nodes, the novel hybrid structure is trained by the genetic algorithms (GAs). Ten types of ECG beats obtained from the MIT-BIH database and from a real-time ECG measurement system are classified with a success of 96% by using the hybrid structure.     

采用S变换特征选择方法的心律失常分类

针对短时傅里叶变换与小波变换对心电图（Electrocardiogram,ECG）信号特征提取不足以及心律失常识别困难的问题,提出了一种基于S变换特征选择的心律失常分类算法。首先对ECG信号进行S变换,并从幅值和相位两个角度提取ECG信号的时频特征,与形态特征和RR间隔组成原始特征向量。然后将遗传算法与支持向量机（Support vector machine,SVM）结合组成Wrapper式特征选择方法,并在其中融入ReliefF算法,即采用ReliefF算法计算特征权重,并根据特征权重大小来指导遗传算法种群初始化,遗传算法以SVM的分类性能作为适应度函数来搜索特征子集。最后使用"一对多"（One against all,OAA）SVM对MIT-BIH心律失常数据库8种类型心拍进行分类。实验结果表明,该算法达到了较好的分类效果,灵敏度、特异性和准确率分别为96.14%,99.75%和99.81%。     

基于核极化的特征选择在LSSVM的应用

为了对最小二乘支持向量机中样本的各个特征的差异性进行研究,引入了多参数高斯核,在分析核极化几何意义的基础上,提出了基于核极化梯度迭代优化多参数高斯核的特征选择算法。利用核极化梯度迭代算法对样本中每个特征的重要性程度进行测定;按特征的重要性大小进行LSSVM样本的特征选择;运用LSSVM对选出的特征子集进行训练和测试,称该方法为KP_LSSVM。UCI数据集上的实验结果表明,相较于PCA_LSSVM、KPCA_LSSVM和LSSVM方法,提出的方法可以取得更为准确的分类结果,验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于多核超限学习机的实时心电信号分析

心电分类是一种复杂的模式识别问题。目前,大部分基于不同机器学习模型的心电分类方法都取得了很高的分类精度,但学习效率不高,因此需要一种快速的心电学习方法。文章提出了基于多种核函数的超限学习方法,利用不同的核函数将特征映射到希尔伯特空间,使心电数据在高维空间中线性可分,并在 MIT-BIH 标准库进行了该方法的实验验证。与其他方法相比,文章所提出的方法具有较高的分类准确率和更快的学习速度,对临床上动态心电图的检测与分析和个性化的实时心电监测具有重要意义。     

ECG arrhythmia recognition via a neuro-SVM-KNN hybrid classifier with virtual QRS image-based geometrical features

In this study, a new supervised noise-artifact-robust heart arrhythmia fusion classification solution, is introduced. Proposed method consists of structurally diverse classifiers with a new QRS complex geometrical feature extraction technique.Toward this objective, first, the events of the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal are detected and delineated using a robust wavelet-based algorithm. Then, each QRS region and also its corresponding discrete wavelet transform (DWT) are supposed as virtual images and each of them is divided into eight polar sectors. Next, the curve length of each excerpted segment is calculated and is used as the element of the feature space. Discrimination power of proposed classifier in isolation of different Gold standard beats was assessed with accuracy 98.20%. Also, proposed learning machine was applied to 7 arrhythmias belonging to 15 different records and accuracy 98.06% was achieved. Comparisons with peer-reviewed studies prove a marginal progress in computerized heart arrhythmia recognition technologies.     

Feature extraction for ECG heartbeats using higher order statistics of WPD coefficients

This paper describes feature extraction methods using higher order statistics (HOS) of wavelet packet decomposition (WPD) coefficients for the purpose of automatic heartbeat recognition. The method consists of three stages. First, the wavelet package coefficients (WPC) are calculated for each different type of ECG beat. Then, higher order statistics of WPC are derived. Finally, the obtained feature set is used as input to a classifier, which is based on k-NN algorithm. The MIT-BIH arrhythmia database is used to obtain the ECG records used in this study. All heartbeats in the arrhythmia database are grouped into five main heartbeat classes. The classification accuracy of the proposed system is measured by average sensitivity of 90%, average selectivity of 92% and average specificity of 98%. The results show that HOS of WPC as features are highly discriminative for the classification of different arrhythmic ECG beats.     

Application of InP Neural Network to ECG BeatClassification

This paper presents an application of a hybrid neural network structure to the classification of the electrocardiogram (ECG) beats. Three different feature extraction methods are comparatively examined: discrete cosine transform, wavelet transform and a direct method. Classification performances, training times and the numbers of nodes of Kohonen network, Restricted Coulomb Energy (RCE) network and the hybrid neural network are presented. To increase the classification performance and to decrease the number of nodes, the hybrid neural network is trained by Genetic Algorithms (GAs). Ten types of ECG beats obtained from the MIT-BIH database and from a real-time ECG measurement system are classified with a success of 98% by using the hybrid neural network structure and discrete cosine transform together.     

Implementing wavelet transform/mixture of experts network for analysis of electrocardiogram beats

Abstract: Mixture of experts (ME) is a modular neural network architecture for supervised learning. This paper illustrates the use of the ME network structure to guide model selection for classification of electrocardiogram (ECG) beats. The expectation maximization algorithm is used for training the ME so that the learning process is decoupled in a manner that fits well with the modular structure. The ECG signals were decomposed into time–frequency representations using discrete wavelet transforms and statistical features were calculated to depict their distribution. The ME network structure was implemented for ECG beats classification using the statistical features as inputs. To improve classification accuracy, the outputs of expert networks were combined by a gating network simultaneously trained in order to stochastically select the expert that is performing the best at solving the problem. Five types of ECG beats (normal beat, congestive heart failure beat, ventricular tachyarrhythmia beat, atrial fibrillation beat, partial epilepsy beat) obtained from the Physiobank database were classified with an accuracy of 96.89% by the ME network structure. The ME network structure achieved accuracy rates which were higher than those of the stand-alone neural network models.     

聚类加权和CS-LSSVM的文本分类

文本特征提取和分类器优化是文本分类的两个关键问题,为了提高文本分类正确率,提出一种聚类加权（CW）和布谷鸟（CS）算法优化最小二乘支持向量机（LSSVM）的文本分类模型。采用TF-IDF算法计算特征词的权重,根据特征词的位置进行加权,经过特征聚类处理降低特征冗余度,采用LSSVM建立文本分类器,采用CS算法对LSSVM参数进行优化。采用复旦大学语料库对模型性能进行仿真测试,仿真结果表明,模型不仅提高了文本分类的正确率,而且提高了文本分类的效率。     

最小二乘支持向量机分类的稀疏化方法研究

最小二乘支持向量机在提高求解效率的同时,会丧失解的稀疏性,导致其在预测新样本时速度较慢。为此,提出一种稀疏化最小二乘支持向量机分类算法。在特征空间中寻找近似线性无关向量组,构造分类判别函数的稀疏表示,相应的最小二乘支持向量机优化问题可以通过线性方程组求解,从而得到最优判别函数。实验结果表明,该算法在不损失分类精度的前提下,能够获得比最小二乘支持向量机更快的预测速度。     

Feature saliency using signal-to-noise ratios in automated diagnostic systems developed for ECG beats

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used in a great number of medical diagnostic decision support system applications and within feedforward ANNs framework there are a number of established measures such as saliency measures for identifying important input features. By identifying a set of salient features, the noise in a classification model can be reduced, resulting in more accurate classification. In this study, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) saliency measure was employed to determine saliency of input features of multilayer perceptron neural networks (MLPNNs) used in classification of electrocardiogram (ECG) beats (normal beat, congestive heart failure beat, ventricular tachyarrhythmia beat, atrial fibrillation beat) obtained from the Physiobank database. The SNR saliency measure determines the saliency of a feature by comparing it to that of an injected noise feature and the SNR screening method utilizes the SNR saliency measure to select a parsimonious set of salient features. ECG signals were decomposed into time–frequency representations using discrete wavelet transform. Input feature vectors were extracted using statistics over the set of the wavelet coefficients. The MLPNNs used in the ECG beats-classification were trained for the SNR screening method. The application results of the SNR screening method to the ECG signals demonstrated that classification accuracies of the MLPNNs with salient input features are higher than that of the MLPNNs with salient and non-salient input features.     

基于非线性流形学习和支持向量机的文本分类算法

为解决文本自动分类问题,提出一种流形学习和支持向量机相结合的文本分类算法(LLE-LSSVM)。LLE-LSSVM算法利用非线性流形学习算法LEE对高维文本特征进行非线性降维,挖掘出特征内在规律与本征信息,从而得到低维特征空间,然后将其输入到LSSVM中进行学习,同时利用混沌粒子群算法对LSSVM参数进行优化,建立文本分类模型。仿真实验结果表明,LLE-LSSVM算法提高了文本分类准确率,减少了分类运行时间,是一种有效的文本分类算法。     

基于卷积核补偿ECG检测分类算法

传统ECG检测分类算法通常分成检测、分类两个步骤,本文提出一种基于卷积核补偿ECG检测分类的新算法,可以将ECG的检测和识别合并成一步完成,文章对LTST数据库的ECG数据进行了该算法的验证,说明该算法完全可以实现ECG的检测和分类。     

Statistics over features of ECG signals

This paper presented the usage of statistics over the set of the features representing the electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. Since classification is more accurate when the pattern is simplified through representation by important features, feature extraction and selection play an important role in classifying systems such as neural networks. Multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) architectures were formulated and used as basis for detection of variabilities of the ECG signals. Four types of ECG beats (normal beat, congestive heart failure beat, ventricular tachyarrhythmia beat, atrial fibrillation beat) obtained from the Physiobank database were classified. The selected Lyapunov exponents, wavelet coefficients and the power levels of power spectral density (PSD) values obtained by eigenvector methods of the ECG signals were used as inputs of the MLPNN trained with Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The classification results confirmed that the proposed MLPNN has potential in detecting the variabilities of the ECG signals.     

Analysis of electrocardiographic changes in partial epileptic patients by combining eigenvector methods and support vector machines

Abstract: In the present study, the diagnostic accuracy of support vector machines (SVMs) on electrocardiogram (ECG) signals is evaluated. Two types of ECG beats (normal and partial epilepsy) were obtained from the Physiobank database. Decision making was performed in two stages: feature extraction by eigenvector methods and classification using the SVM trained on the extracted features. The present research demonstrates that the power levels of the power spectral densities obtained by eigenvector methods are features which represent the ECG signals well and SVMs trained on these features achieve high classification accuracies.     

Evaluation of bagging ensemble method with time-domain feature extraction for diagnosing of arrhythmia beats

We explore the effect of using bagged decision tree (BDT) as an ensemble learning method with proposed time-domain feature extraction methods on electrocardiogram (ECG) arrhythmia beat classification comparing with single decision tree (DT) classifier. RR interval is the main property which defines irregular heart rhythm, and its ratio to the previous value and difference from mean value are used as morphological feature extraction methods. Form factor, its ratio to the previous value and difference from mean value are used to express ECG waveform complexity. In addition, skewness and second-order linear predictive coding coefficients are added to the feature vector of 56,569 ECG heart beats obtained from MIT–BIH arrhythmia database as time-domain feature extraction methods. The quarter of ECG heart beat samples are used as test data for DT and BDT. The performance measures of these classifiers are evaluated using the metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and Kappa coefficient for both classifiers, and the performance of BDT classifier is examined for number of base learners up to 75. The BDT results in more predictive performance than DT according to the performance measures. BDT with 69 base learners has 99.51 % of accuracy, 97.50 % of sensitivity, 99.80 % of specificity and 0.989 of Kappa coefficient while DT gives 98.78, 96.05, 99.57 and 0.975 %, respectively. These metrics show that the suggested BDT increases the numbers of successfully identified arrhythmia beats. Moreover, BDT with at least three base learners has higher distinguishing capability than DT.     

基于改进K均值聚类生成匹配模板的心搏分类方法

为提高分析含大量数据的动态心电时的准确性和分析效率,提出了一种基于改进的K均值聚类生成心搏模板的匹配方法.使用K均值聚类和波形反混淆技术进行循环纠错,生成可变宽心搏模板、并建立心搏模板库.利用可变宽心搏模板和相关系数相结合的策略,对动态心电中心搏进行快速准确分类.实验方法经心率失常数据库MIT-BIT和ANMA/ANSI标准验证,分类结果总体准确率达98.06%,达到了心搏分类目标.