Research and engineering application of the arc welding pulsed controller technology

0IntroductionSubmerged arc welding(SAW)is a welding processwhere the arc burns under flux[1].Automatic SAW hasbeen widely put into practice in the fields of ship-building,energy industry and mechanical engineering for its high ef-ficiency,good quality,flexibility of adjustment and fairlynice working condition.In a word,SAW can carry outwelding of high quality with high current at high speed.High heat input is usually applied for more depositedmetal when SAWis used to weld thick plate.In …     

Research and engineering application of the arc welding pulsed controller technology

The tenacity of heat-affected zone （HAZ） will decline and the size of grains will increase, because of the overheating on HAZ when submerged are welding （SAW） is ased to thick plate with high heat input. The shaping will worsen when SAW is used to thin plate with high current at high speed. A new SAW technology, the pulsed direct current （DC） automatic SAW, will be put forward in this paper in order to overcome the above shortcomings. And a pulsed controller with micro-controller unit （MCU） as the core, nixie tube （NT） and keyboard as the man-machine conversation interface is developed. The main functions of the pulsed controller include the output of pulsed welding current and the working with twinwire. The research has widely prospects in application with significant meanings in theory and practical engineering.     

紧急水冷及焊后正火对超细晶粒钢接头热影响区组织与硬度的影响

为细化400MPa级超细晶粒钢的粗晶热影响区的晶粒,对其TIG焊接头进行了相变结束前的紧急水冷及焊后正火处理,研究了紧急水冷及焊后正火对热影响区组织和硬度的影响。结果表明,紧急水冷可使粗晶区宽度与空冷条件相比有所减小,但并不能使粗晶区晶粒细化。焊后一次正火可显著细化粗晶区有效粒径,但同时引起细晶区晶粒的粗化。水冷接头比空冷接头热影响区硬度高,正火后每种接头和母材硬度均大幅度降低。仅水冷接头一次正火后的热影响区硬度与原超细晶粒钢母材匹配良好。推荐采用焊后紧急水冷＋一次正火工艺,因其可细化粗晶区的晶粒,并使整个热影响区硬度与原始母材接近。     

低合金高强钢激光电弧复合焊热模拟热影响区组织与冲击韧性

采用焊接热模拟技术制备了低合金高强钢激光电弧复合焊热影响区的均匀化组织试样,并结合示波冲击试验和组织精细化表征技术分析了热模拟试样组织与韧性之间的关系.?结果表明,热模拟粗晶区、细晶区组织为板条马氏体,临界区组织为马氏体和晶界碳化物,亚临界区组织为回火马氏体;峰值温度对热模拟试样裂纹形成功影响不大,对裂纹扩展功具有较大...     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of heat-affected zone of 680MPa grade steel endured thermal cycle of double-wire SAW

Based on the measured thermal cycle of double-wire submerged arc welding (SAW), the gleeble thermal test was performed. Meanwhile, the Charpy V-notch impact test at -50℃ and hardness test at room temperature were carried out after the thermal test. Thermally cycled microstructure and fracture surfaces were observed too. The results indicate that impact toughness of heat-affected zone (HAZ) at -50℃ is lower than that of parent metal with different wire spacing and welding speed. The microstructure of coarse-grains heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) is mainly made up of lath bainite with serious brittleness. The study also shows that a smaller energy input could be adopted to ensure the toughness of welded joints at the welding process in a common molten pool, while a higher energy input could be exerted to enhance welding efficiency at the welding process in two separate molten pools.     

ASTM4130钢再热粗晶热影响区组织及韧性分析

采用金相、扫描电镜、透射电镜和焊接热模拟方法,研究了二次热循环对ASTM4130钢焊接粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)显微组织、冲击韧性和断口形貌的影响.结果表明,再热粗晶热影响区低温冲击韧性均低于母材,发生热影响区整体脆化.临界粗晶区(IRCGHAZ)冲击吸收功损失分别为母材和CGHAZ的96.6%和37.9%,脆化现象最...     

EQ70钢激光电弧复合焊焊接热循环及其对热影响区组织演变的影响

采用Visul Environment 软件建立了EQ70钢激光电弧复合焊的三维模型,并利用SYSWELD软件对激光电弧复合焊焊接温度场进行了有限元数值模拟,结合热电偶测温法和热影响区的微观组织表征分析了激光电弧复合焊热循环特点及其对热影响区组织演变的影响. 结果表明,采用双椭球体+峰值递增锥体组合型热源可以准确模拟复合焊温度场,电弧区、过渡区、激光区相同热影响区微区具有相近的热循环,热影响区加热速度可达400 ℃/s,1 100 ℃以上停留时间为0.79～1.33 s,t_8/5为4～6 s. 粗晶区、细晶区组织为板条马氏体,临界区组织为马氏体+晶界碳化物,亚临界区组织为回火马氏体. 激光电弧复合焊具有快速加热、高温停留时间短的特点,在一定程度限制了奥氏体晶粒的长大,粗晶区和细晶区平均晶粒尺寸分别为42.7,19.8 μm.     

X70管线钢HAZ组织与性能预测及焊接工艺优化模型

将焊接热模拟技术和数值模拟技术结合起来,提出了焊接热影响区组织与性能预测及工艺优化模型的设想。以X70管线钢粗晶热影响区为研究对象,建立其模型,通过此模型可预测热影响区粗晶区先共析铁素体含量及显微硬度,并可根据组织和显微硬度要求确定合适的焊接线能量。     

双道次激光电弧复合焊热影响区微观组织与冲击韧性

采用焊接热模拟技术制备了低合金高强钢双道次激光电弧复合焊热影响区的均匀化组织试样,研究了二次峰值温度对热模拟试样微观组织和韧性的影响. 结果表明,未转变粗晶区为粗大的板条马氏体,晶粒尺寸在84 ~ 98 μm之间. 超临界再热粗晶区为细小的板条马氏体,晶粒尺寸为15.7 ~ 19.2 μm. 临界再热粗晶区为晶界和亚晶界分布有块状M-A组元的板条马氏体. 亚临界再热粗晶区组织为板条马氏体,晶粒尺寸在79 ~ 88 μm之间. 示波冲击试验结果表明,临界再热粗晶区试样抵抗裂纹形成能力最低,临界再热粗晶区和未转变粗晶区试样抵抗裂纹扩展能力最差.     

Study of microstructures and properties for girth welding of domestic X70 pipeline steels

With the development of domestic pipeline steels, it is necessary to develop suitable welding technology which can improve the properties of the welded pipeline. In this paper, the microstructures and mechanical properties of domestic X70 pipeline steels and welded joints are discussed. The welding consumables of BOHLER E6010 and HOBART 81N1 are matched for girth welding. The following characteristics in heat-affected zone(HAZ) are indicated that microstructures of intercritical HAZ(ICHAZ) is finer and more uniform, the grain sizes of fine-grain HAZ(FGHAZ) and subcritical HAZ(SCHAZ) are smaller than that of coarse-grain HAZ(CGHAZ). The hardness, tensile strength and toughness of welded joints come up to the standard. The micrographs of impact specimens in welded joints are cleavage, quasi-cleavage and dimple which shows there is typical ductile rupture.     

大线能量焊接DH36钢焊接热影响区组织与性能研究

利用双丝埋弧焊接试验,对比分析了传统DH36钢和大线能量焊接DH36船板钢焊接热影响区的组织与性能。结果表明,利用新型的Ti处理技术生产的大线能量DH36钢母材具有良好的强韧性和大线能量焊接性。经大线能量(100 kJ/cm)焊接后,传统DH36钢焊接热影响区低温韧性显著降低,不能满足指标要求(34 J)。大线能量DH36船板钢在50 kJ/cm和100 kJ/cm热输入焊接时均表现出良好的低温韧性,-20℃冲击功大于100 J。同传统的DH36钢相比,大线能量DH36钢焊接接头出现了软化区,但接头强度并未显著下降。总体上大线能量焊接DH36钢优越性在于:大线能量焊接时,焊接热影响区主要得到大量交错排列的晶内针状铁素体组织,热影响区硬度降低,低温韧性显著提高。     

铁路货车用TCS345不锈钢焊接热影响区韧性分析

利用 thermol-cal 软件获得一定成分体系下铁路货车用 12%Cr 铁素体不锈钢的相图,结合相图对 12%Cr 铁素体不锈钢的焊接过程进行分析.利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜分析 12%Cr 铁素体不锈钢的焊接热影响区为铁素体和马氏体以及碳、氮化物组成的粗晶区和细晶区两部分.结果表明,铁素体晶粒的尺寸与马氏体的含量是影响热影响粗晶区韧性的主要因素.当母材中的碳、氮化物颗粒尺寸在 2～5μm 时,具有最优的冲击性能;当母材中碳+氮含量为 0.02% 左右时,在文中试验条件下粗晶区的马氏体含量为 40%,焊接接头粗晶区具有 -22 ℃的最低韧脆转变温度.

Abstract：

The transformation temperature phase diagram of 12% chromium steel is obtained by using Thermal-cal software. Process of welding 12% chromium stainless steel is analysed with the phase transformation temperature scope. The heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the weld joints is observed with optic microscope and scanning electronic microscope, which the microstructure consists of ferrite, martensite, coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ), fine grain heat-affected zone (FGHAZ) and Ti(C/N). The key elements that affect toughness of CGHAZ are ferritic grain size and martensitic content. The base material has the best impact toughness when grain size of Ti(C/N) reaches 2-5μm. The lowest ductility-brittle transition temperature in CGHAZ is -22 ℃ when content of carbon plus nitrogen in base material is about 0.02% and martensitic content in CGHAZ is 40% under some certain welding procedure.     

X80管线钢Cu-Ni含量及热输入对CGHAZ冲击离散性的影响

利用Gleeble-1500模拟实际焊接条件下双丝纵列焊接热循环过程,通过冲击试验、光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）以及电子背散射衍射（EBSD）对不同Cu-Ni含量的X80管线钢模拟焊接粗晶区（CGHAZ）的显微组织、马/奥组元（M/A）分布及形态、冲击韧性和室温组织粗化程度进行了研究,对低Cu-Ni含量的X80管线钢在不同焊接热输入下进行了显微组织、晶粒粗化程度和冲击韧性的表征. 结果表明,随着奥氏体稳定性元素含量的降低,CGHAZ平均晶粒尺寸无明显变化,但晶粒尺寸离散度增加;原奥氏体向贝氏体转变温度升高,晶界渗碳体含量增加,且粒状贝氏体的晶粒取向选择过于单一,大角度晶界（>15°）密度显著降低;M/A组元由块状向长条状转变且数量明显减少. 上述原因使X80管线钢模拟CGHAZ的冲击韧性离散性增加,但随着焊接热输入的降低,模拟CGHAZ晶粒尺寸离散度降低,大角度晶界（>15°）密度显著提高,这使X80管线钢模拟焊接接头的CGHAZ冲击吸收功得以稳定.     

焊接热循环对含铜时效钢HAZ组织与力学性能的影响

研究了焊接热循环对含铜时效钢焊接热影响区组织与性能的影响.结果表明,经历单次热循环后,含铜时效钢焊接热影响区不同区域性能存在显著差异.粗晶区冲击韧度最差,这主要是奥氏体的晶粒长大及粒状贝氏体的增多所致;两相区是热影响区的"软化区",母材中析出相的粗化及重溶和铁素体量的增多是导致两相区硬度降低的主要原因.二次热循环对模拟HAZ组织和性能有显著影响,粗晶区 两相区是二次热循环中性能最差的区域.基体中部分析出物的粗化或回溶以及组织中铁素体量的增加是导致两相区硬度降低的主要原因;大尺寸粒状贝氏体的增多是导致该区域韧性下降的主要原因.     

Characterization of the microstructure and hardness of the HAZ in a 800 MPa grade RPC steel

The microstructure and hardness of the HAZ in a 800 MPa grade ultra-low-carbon microalloyed steel were studied.The results indicate that the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the RPC (Relaxation- Precipitation- Controlling) steel possesses a continuous gradient structure, and can be classified into three zones, i. e. CGHAZ ( coarse-grain HAZ ) , FGHAZ (fine-grain HAZ ) and ICHAZ ( intercritical temperature HAZ ). The microstructures in the HAZ are all composed of bainite-like structure.The microstructare in the CGHAZ mainly consists of lath-like bainite and granular bainite . The influences of heat input and t8/5 on the hardness in the HAZ of RPC steel are notable. With the increase of heat input and t8/5, the softening tendency of HAZ becomes obvious. The hardening phenomenon that normally occurs in the CGHAZ does not take place with this steel in the range of experimental conditions. The softening in the ICHAZ is bound to occur. Hence appropriate welding technologies need to be selected.     

船板生产工艺对高热输入焊接性能影响的对比与分析

利用热模拟技术研究了两种成分船板分别通过传统热轧和热机械轧制生产,经高热输入焊接后热影响区各区域的性能,观察了组织形态和晶粒尺寸的变化.结果表明,完全重结晶区性能与母材无关,部分重结晶区和粗晶区性能与母材性能有直接关系.粗晶区是热影响区中性能最薄弱的部位.碳当量是决定组织形式和韧性的主要因素,采用TMCP工艺有利于提高高热输入焊接性能.低碳当量设计和TMCP工艺相结合是生产具有良好高热输入焊接适应性船板的合理方法.     

不同焊接条件下接头组织和断裂韧度的对比分析

在球阀的焊接过程中采用振动埋弧焊和常规埋弧焊相结合的工艺.接头金相显示,附加振动后,焊接接头晶粒细化明显,熔合区和过热区变窄,魏氏组织减小.从断裂力学的角度分析机械振动对焊接接头韧度的影响,结果表明,焊缝的断裂韧度明显大于HAZ;振动焊接条件下的焊缝和HAZ的CTOD值明显高于常规焊接下焊缝和HAZ的CTOD值;且振动焊接使得焊接接头的各部分之间断裂韧度的差别明显缩小,断裂韧度更趋均匀化.经断口的扫描电镜可观察到振动焊接下焊缝的韧窝密度明显大于常规焊接下焊缝的韧窝密度.     

多丝埋弧焊低线能量化高效焊接工艺探讨

对国内外常用的几种高效埋弧焊焊接工艺(焊丝大干伸长、冷填丝、预热填丝、单电源双丝单电弧串联、单电源多细丝多电弧并联、纵列带极等)进行了探讨;分析后认为:将这些工艺巧妙合理地应用于多丝埋弧焊生产中,在保证焊缝质量的前提下,可以进一步提高焊接效率,尤其是可以显著降低焊接线能量,对于改善焊缝及其热影响区的热循环过程、细化晶粒、提高强韧性具有重要的意义。     

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 基于焊接物理模拟技术,在Gleeble3500热模拟试验机上,采用不同t8/5,对3Cr 1Mo 0.25V钢焊接热影响区粗晶区的热循环过程进行了模拟。同时,利用热膨胀法测定了模拟焊接热影响区的奥氏体连续冷却转变曲线。观察了模拟粗晶区的光学显微组织,测定了相应的维氏硬度,分析了合金元素对3Cr 1Mo 0.25V钢焊接粗晶区奥氏体连续冷却转变组织及其性能的影响。试验结果为3Cr 1Mo 0.25V钢焊接工艺的选取和制定提供了参考。     

X80管线钢焊接热模拟热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展行为的分析及预测

通过焊接热模拟方法对X80双相管线钢不同焊接热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行了研究,并分析实际焊接试样与焊接热模拟试样的热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展行为的差异,讨论了焊接热模拟技术应用于疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测的可行性。结果表明,当裂纹在粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)和临界热影响区(ICHAZ)上扩展时,由实际焊接试样与焊接热模拟试样热影响区所测得的疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线(da/dN-DK曲线)存在明显差异,其原因与显微组织变化引起的裂纹扩展阻力大小不同有关。因此,建议采用实际焊接试样完整的热影响区所测得的da/dN-DK曲线来评估疲劳裂纹扩展寿命。