东平湖表层沉积物的理化特性及分布特征研究

以东平湖表层沉积物为研究对象,研究了东平湖表层沉积物理化特性分布特征.结果表明,东平湖沉积物pH值为7.80-8.26,属于中性偏碱性水质,而电导率和阳离子交换量的变化与水质情况有密切联系.东平湖沉积物有机质平均含量为29 mg/g,湖泊表层沉积物以粉砂质为主,对沉积物中营养元素的吸附以及迁移的影响较大.湖泊TN和TP含量的平均值为938.12、806.5 mg/kg,TP平均舍量比TN低约17.8%,且两者不存在显著相关性,表明东平湖沉积物中的氮和磷具有非同源性.     

活性炭在原生硫化铜矿细菌浸出中对铜与铁离子吸附的影响

通过摇瓶实验,研究了活性炭在原生硫化铜矿细菌浸出中对铜与铁离子吸附的影响。研究结果表明,活性炭浓度和pH值对活性炭吸附铜和铁离子有重要影响,活性炭对铜和铁离予的吸附量随活性炭浓度增加而增加。在原生硫化铜矿石细菌浸出的初始阶段,添加活性炭可以大大加快铜的浸出速度和提高铜的浸出率,在600h内,铜的浸出率可以达到79％,比不添加活性炭时提高了68％。     

活性炭在原生硫化铜矿细菌浸出中对铜与铁离子吸附的影响

通过摇瓶实验,研究了活性炭在原生硫化铜矿细菌浸出中对铜与铁离子吸附的影响.研究结果表明,活性炭浓度和pH值对活性炭吸附铜和铁离子有重要影响,活性炭对铜和铁离子的吸附量随活性炭浓度增加而增加.在原生硫化铜矿石细菌浸出的初始阶段,添加活性炭可以大大加快铜的浸出速度和提高铜的浸出率,在600h内,铜的浸出率可以达到79%,比不添加活性炭时提高了68%.     

离子交换法处理氰化贫液中铜的工艺及动力学

用201×7离子交换树脂处理黄金氰化贫液的高含量铜,研究了树脂吸附铜的工艺和动力学,考察了温度、pH、液固比和时间对吸附的影响。结果表明,该树脂能有效吸附氰化贫液中的铜。温度和pH对吸附性能影响不大,降低液固比能提高吸附效果;在1.0h后吸附趋于饱和,吸附过程符合一级动力学模型。     

矿山含铜氰废水资源化利用工艺研究

采用"活性炭吸附—解吸联合工艺"处理某矿山的含铜氰废水。吸附阶段考察了吸附液pH和吸附方式对含铜氰废水中铜吸附率的影响,解吸阶段考察了解吸方式、时间、解吸液的硫酸和双氧水浓度对含铜炭中铜解吸率的影响。结果表明,先将含铜氰废水pH调至8左右,然后在5级串联吸附条件下吸附1.5h,铜的吸附率均稳定在90%以上,吨炭铜含量为31.4kg;所得含铜炭采用淋滤解吸,并在解吸液的双氧水和硫酸浓度分别为2g/L和3%条件下解吸7h,铜解吸率为87.60%,整个工艺铜的直收率达78%以上。     

堆浸富液中高铜载金炭吸附金的影响因素研究

利用正交试验法对高铜载金炭吸附金的影响因子进行了研究。通过对试验数据进行极差和方差分析表明:富液铜质量浓度、液炭比、p H值、氰化钠质量浓度、吸附时间等5种因素对高铜炭吸附金的影响权重依次减小;其优化工艺条件为富液铜质量浓度越低越好,液炭比5∶1,p H值9.0,氰化钠质量浓度400 mg/L,吸附时间0.5 h。在该试验条件下,富液铜质量浓度只有小于500 mg/L才可避免高铜炭对铜的吸附,进而保证活性炭吸附工艺的正常运行。     

电吸附处理氰化废水过程中外加电压的影响研究

以自制的煤基电极材料为阴阳极,采用电吸附技术处理氰化废水,主要研究了外加电压对电吸附处理氰化提金废水的影响,测定了煤基电极材料的循环伏安曲线,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)对吸附后的电极片进行分析表征。研究表明,外加电压对电吸附过程的影响显著,外加电压越大,离子的去除率越大。开路状态下仅发生离子的吸附现象,反应5 h后铜离子和总氰的去除率为14.60%,10.50%;当外加电压为0.4 V时,各离子在电场作用下发生定向迁移,富集于电极的双电层上,该过程主要发生离子的定向迁移及电吸附现象,各离子吸附顺序依次为Cu(CN)3-4,Zn(CN)2-4,Cu(CN)2-3,CN-,SCN-,5 h后铜离子和总氰的去除率为19.93%,22.53%;当外加电压2.0 V时,溶液中离子在定向迁移、电吸附与富集沉淀的共同作用下,5 h后铜离子及总氰的去除率可达到88.49%,75.17%,在此过程中阳极附近产生硫氰酸铜等絮状沉淀物。     

鄱阳湖鲤、鲫鱼资源变迁及其原因初探

[目的]保护和合理开发利用鄱阳湖鲤、鲫鱼资源.[方法]在分析1959-2006年鄱阳湖鲤、鲫鱼资源数据的基础上,分析近50年鄱阳湖鲤、鲫鱼资源变迁情况,并初步探讨了该变化的发生原因及相关应对措施.[ 结果]50来鄱阳湖鲤、鲫鱼虽成为优势种群,但其个体越来越小,性成熟年龄也越来越小,资源呈现出严重衰退状况.其原因主要是由于鄱阳湖枯水期水位过低,水质污染,加上过度捕捞以及非法渔具渔法的滥用等方面引起的.[结论]应明确鄱阳湖鲤、鲫鱼产卵场的范围,严格控制鄱阳湖流域工业污水、城市污水以及农业面污染源的直接排放.     

氨基酸对La(Ⅲ)与黄河沉积物相互作用的影响

研究了La3+离子在黄河水中与沉积物的相互作用特性及谷氨酸和酪氨酸对吸附作用的影响。结果表明,黄河水中La3+与沉积物相互作用的吸附等温线是一种台阶型的二级交换等温线,用分级离子交换等温式求出了平衡常数K1和K2。氨基酸对La3+与沉积物相互作用有明显影响,低浓度的氨基酸使La3+与沉积物的交换吸附作用增强;酪氨酸对镧与沉积物的相互作用的促进较谷氨酸大。     

太平洋含矿沉积物中的金、银矿物

近来增加了对大洋含矿沉积物的兴趣.尽管对这些生成物研究的时间短,但已有大量文献阐明它们的成份、结构与生成条件.根据发表的资料判断,含矿沉积物的堆积常发生在强烈隆起盆地的毗邻部位,大量微细的悬浮物同其他陆源与生物成因的物质一起带入到那里,当铁和锰的可溶化合物氧化时形成了主要的热液源.所研究的含矿沉积物不同于在湖、海底形成的Fe-Mn结核,在大洋浮游生物水层中伴随有多套火山成因的矿物.现已查明含矿沉积物中含有:铜、铅、锌的氧化物;     

Analysis of Sediment Characteristics and Total Phosphorus Models for Shagawa Lake

Shagawa Lake, Minn., received direct discharges of municipal wastewater for nearly 80 years and attained annual average total phosphorus concentrations of 30–60 μg∕L. A tertiary wastewater-treatment facility was constructed in 1973 that removed 80% of the external total phosphorus loading to the lake. The subsequent recovery of the lake was less than expected because of internal loading of phosphorus associated with accumulated lake sediments. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the effects of sediment phosphorus release to predict accurately the dynamics of phosphorus in Shagawa Lake. Measurements of the sediment characteristics have been used to estimate mass transfer coefficients that describe the release of phosphorus from the sediments. Three alternative mass-balance models were developed to determine the significance of the water sediment interactions. Recent field measurements were used to gauge the performance of the models. It was found, even more than 20 years after the reduction of the external loading, that sediment feedback of phosphorus has a significant influence on the dynamics of total phosphorus in the lake. Continued monitoring and data analysis of the sediment are necessary to refine the models and to predict accurately the ultimate fate of the lake.     

Zebra Mussel Biofouling as Function of Copper Dissolution Rate

Copper and copper alloys have proven to be highly effective in preventing zebra mussel biofouling. The present laboratory measurements reveal that the rate of copper release (mg∕m2∕day) from surfaces in flowing lake water is inversely proportional to the number of zebra mussels adhering to similar surfaces in Lake Erie. Data are shown for copper, copper-nickel alloys (90:10, 80:20, and 70:30), a copper-epoxy coating, and galvanic couples of copper connected to zinc or aluminum.     

Investigation of Cadmium Desorption from Different-Sized Sediments

Using the adsorptive reaction kinetics equation and the mass conservation equation, formulas for calculating the particulate heavy metal concentration (or the residual adsorption content of unit weight of sediment) and the dissolved heavy metal concentration were deduced. Furthermore, equations for calculating the equilibrium particulate heavy metal concentration (or the equilibrium residual adsorption content of unit weight of sediment) and the equilibrium dissolved heavy metal concentration were formulated. On the basis of these theoretically deduced formulas and through laboratory reactor modeling of artificially contaminated sediments with cadmium in suspension, heavy metal desorption rates from nonuniform sediment particles were studied. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results indicate that adsorption and desorption of heavy metal pollutants to and from sediment particles are partly reversible. It is also noticed from the experiments that the adsorption and desorption rates of heavy metals to and from sediments are dependent on the content of active adsorption components in the sediments. The greater the content of active adsorption components, the higher the adsorption rate of the sediments and the lower the desorption rate. The total amount of heavy metal desorbed from sediments is directly proportional to the concentration of suspended sediment particles.     

黄河水中稀土与沉积物的交换吸附特性研究

本文研究了稀土离子Pr     

Competition of Cd, Cu, and Pb Adsorption on Goethite

Competition of copper, lead, and cadmium adsorption on goethite was studied and found to be dependent on metal ion and oxide surface characteristics. In adsorption edges, ionic strength effects suggested copper, lead, and cadmium are specifically adsorbed on goethite. Metal capacity on the goethite surface was found to increase with metal electronegativity: Cu > Pb > Cd. On the other hand, the equilibrium constant for lead was greater than that of copper, which is in agreement with their hydrated radii (Pb < Cu < Cd). Modeling revealed that the single-site Langmuir isotherm described the Cu-Cd and Pb-Cd adsorption and competition results within the error of the model. Furthermore, although the model provided a good fit for Pb and Cd data in the Pb-Cu and Pb-Cu-Cd systems, it underpredicted copper adsorption. The difference in site densities between copper and lead revealed a set of sites not available for competition. Using this approach where copper affinity is equivalent for both sites, the model provided a good fit for copper adsorption and competition. This study confirms that adsorption competition plays a crucial role in contaminant mobility in the environment.     

树脂吸附处理某黄金矿山含铜废水的试验研究

离子交换树脂由于可反复再生循环使用,使用寿命长、运行成本低和工艺操作简单,在处理低浓度含铜废水方面具有一定的优势。但当废水中钙镁含量较高时会影响树脂对Cu2+的选择性吸附。对比研究了多种树脂在高钙镁条件下对某黄金矿山废水中Cu2+的选择吸附性能及解吸性能,并进行了现场扩试试验研究。结果表明,螯合树脂D401在高钙镁条件下对铜的吸附选择性最好,对于低浓度含铜废水,D401树脂的吸附和解吸性能都优于001×7树脂。本研究为高钙镁低含铜废水的处理探索了一种新方法。     

2,4-二硝基苯酚在黄河水中吸附作用的研究

对2,4－二硝基苯酚在黄河水体的吸附行为进行了研究,吸附等温曲线符合Freundish方程,即C5＝0．2607Ceq^0.6915。试验结果表明,在黄河水中有少量的2,4－二硝基苯酚存在时,它们绝大部分吸附于河流沉积物上。     

临水河河流沉积物对铀的吸附行为研究

沉积物对铀的吸附行为是铀在河流中迁移转化的一个重要环节,揭示其吸附规律对河流水体污染防治有重要意义。为了研究临水河河流沉积物对铀的吸附机制,采用静态吸附试验,分析吸附时间、pH、铀初始浓度、离子种类、重金属对不同埋深（0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40 cm,分别以L1、L2、L3、L4表示)沉积物对铀的吸附影响,同时进行吸附动力学模型和等温吸附模型拟合。结果表明,不同埋深沉积物对铀吸附效果不同,吸附容量排列顺序为L1>L3>L2>L4,主要与沉积物中有机质含量和化学成分有关。动力学模型拟合表明,L1沉积物对铀的吸附为物理吸附和化学吸附,L2和L3主要为化学吸附,L4主要为物理吸附;L1与L3可以用Langmuir等温吸附模型描述其吸附过程,吸附为单分子吸附。L2与L4的吸附特性符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,为多分子层吸附,存在于非均质表面。在不同吸附介质中,Ca2+、Mg2+、CO32-对沉积物吸附铀都产生明显的抑制作用,且抑制效果Mg2+>CO32->Ca2+;Cd、Pb、Cu、Fe对吸附铀也有明显的抑制作用。     

Grain-boundary internal friction of yttrium- or scandium-microalloyed copper

The influence of intercrystalline internal yttrium or scandium adsorption on the internal friction of copper microalloyed by yttrium or scandium is studied. Grain-boundary and “impurity” grain-boundary internal friction peaks of relaxation nature are detected. The binding energies of yttrium and scandium atoms to grain boundaries in copper are estimated using the results of measuring the grain-boundary internal friction.