Verification of a laboratory-based dilation model for in situ conditionsusing continuum models

With respect to constitutive models for continuum modeling applications, the post-yield domain remainsthe area of greatest uncertainty. Recent studies based on laboratory testing have led to thedevelopment of a number of models for brittle rock dilation, which account for both the plastic shearstrain and confining stress dependencies of this phenomenon. Although these models are useful inproviding an improved understanding of how dilatancy evolves during a compression test, there hasbeen relatively little work performed examining their validity for modeling brittle rock yield in situ. Inthis study, different constitutive models for rock dilation are reviewed and then tested, in the context of anumber of case studies, using a continuum finite-difference approach （FLAC）. The uncertainty associatedwith the modeling of brittle fracture localization is addressed, and the overall ability of mobilizeddilation models to replicate in situ deformation measurements and yield patterns is evaluated.
2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.     

加锚断续节理岩体断裂损伤模型在硐室开挖与支护中的应用

应用断裂力学与损伤力学理论，对复杂应力状态下脆性断续节理岩体的本构模型及其断裂损伤机制进行研究。根据应变能等效的方法和自洽理论，建立加锚断续节理岩体在压剪、拉剪应力状态下的断裂损伤本构模型；且建立裂纹在压剪和拉剪状态下的损伤演化方程。基于以上的本构模型和损伤演化方程，编制三维有限元程序，并将其应用于琅琊山抽水蓄能电站地下厂房硐室开挖与支护工程的稳定性分析中，研究地下厂房硐室在开挖支护过程中的稳定性。重点分析硐室围岩在开挖过程中的应力状态、变形特性及损伤演化过程。将计算所得出的硐室开挖边界附近的位移值与原型观测值进行比较，得出一些对工程有指导意义的结论。     

Formulation of strain-dependent hydraulic conductivity for a fractured rock mass

By characterizing rock masses as anisotropic continua with one or multiple sets of critically oriented fractures, a methodology is developed in this paper to address the change in hydraulic conductivity resulted from engineering disturbance, material nonlinearity and anisotropy. An equivalent elastic–perfectly plastic constitutive model with non-associated flow rule and mobilized dilatancy is developed to describe the global nonlinear response of the rockmass under complex loading conditions. By separating the deformation of fractures from that of the equivalent medium, a strain-dependent hydraulic conductivity tensor is formulated. This not only considers the normal compressive deformation of the fractures, but also and more importantly, integrates the effect of material nonlinearity and post-peak shear dilatancy. Using this methodology, a closed-form solution is derived to describe the hydraulic behavior of a single fracture during combined normal and shear loading processes. The closed-form solution is validated by an existing coupled shear-flow test under wide ranges of normal and shear loads. Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the changes in hydraulic conductivities of a cubic block of fractured rock mass under triaxial compression and shear loading, as well as a circular underground excavation in a biaxial stress field at the Stripa mine, Sweden. The simulation results agree well with the in-situ experimental observations and an existing elastic strain-dependent analytical solution, respectively. The evaluation results clearly demonstrate that the proposed model is capable of predicting the changes in hydraulic properties of fractured rock masses under loading or excavation.     

Considerations of rock dilation on modeling failure and deformation of hard rocks-a case study of the mine-by test tunnel in Canada

For the compressive stress-induced failure of tunnels at depth, rock fracturing process is often closely associated with the generation of surface parallel fractures in the initial stage, and shear failure is likely to occur in the final process during the formation of shear bands, breakouts or V-shaped notches close to the excavation boundaries. However, the perfectly elastoplastic, strain-softening and elasto-brittle-plastic models cannot reasonably describe the brittle failure of hard rock tunnels under high in-situ stress conditions. These approaches often underestimate the depth of failure and overestimate the lateral extent of failure near the excavation. Based on a practical case of the mine-by test tunnel at an underground research laboratory (URL) in Canada, the influence of rock mass dilation on the depth and extent of failure and deformation is investigated using a calibrated cohesion weakening and frictional strengthening (CWFS) model. It can be found that, when modeling brittle failure of rock masses, the calibrated CWFS model with a constant dilation angle can capture the depth and extent of stress-induced brittle failure in hard rocks at a low confinement if the stress path is correctly represented, as demonstrated by the failure shape observed in the tunnel. However, using a constant dilation angle cannot simulate the nonlinear deformation behavior near the excavation boundary accurately because the dependence of rock mass dilation on confinement and plastic shear strain is not considered. It is illustrated from the numerical simulations that the proposed plastic shear strain and confinement-dependent dilation angle model in combination with the calibrated CWFS model implemented in FLAC can reasonably reveal both rock mass failure and displacement distribution in vicinity of the excavation simultaneously. The simulation results are in good agreement with the field observations and displacement measurement data.     

基于梯度塑性理论的岩样单轴压缩扩容分析

采用梯度塑性理论，对岩样剪应变局部化引起的扩容进行了理论分析。假设岩石的剪切本构关系为弹性-应变软化双线性，局部化启动于应力峰值强度，利用局部塑性剪应变与局部塑性体积应变的线性关系，得到了局部塑性体积应变、局部塑性体积增量及剪胀引起的剪切带总塑性体积增量的解析式，这体现了该理论在研究剪胀问题时的优越性。另外，还得到了弹性阶段及应变软化阶段的轴向应力-体积应变曲线的理论关系。塑性体积应变是专指由剪切带剪胀而引起的，因而，轴向应力．体积应变不具有尺寸效应，与局部化带的尺寸无关，但扩容角、剪切降模量及泊松比却对该曲线有重要影响。在弹性阶段及应变软化阶段轴向应力-体积应变均呈线性。在相同的应力水平下，扩容角越大则剪胀程度越大；剪切降模量越大，剪胀程度越小。在应变软化阶段，泊松比不影响塑性体积应变。     

岩体力学参数的敏感性综合评价分析方法研究

 针对岩体力学参数敏感性分析单指标方法的局限性,提出基于敏感度熵权的属性识别综合评价模型,这种评价分析方法可以充分考虑各种评价指标,对模型参数的敏感性进行整体性分析,避免单指标方法评价结果的片面性,同时该方法也为模型参数敏感性分析提供一种新思路。在此基础上,结合硬脆性岩体介质的黏聚力弱化–摩擦强化模型,将上述的评价方法应用于锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞辅助洞围岩模型参数的敏感性分析中,分析认为,影响围岩变形和塑性区大小的主要因素为最终内摩擦角、起始黏聚力和弹性模量,其次为残余黏聚力、内摩擦角临界塑性应变、起始内摩擦角、黏聚力临界塑性应变;再者为泊松比、抗拉强度。应用研究结果表明,这一分析方法将会对硬脆性岩体力学参数的分析和反演提供重要的参考价值。     

Influence of plastic shear strain and confinement-dependent rock dilation on rock failure and displacement near an excavation boundary

Excavation-induced rock failure and displacement near an underground opening boundary is closely associated with rock mass dilation. A better understanding of rock mass dilation around the excavation helps us to predict or anticipate displacements and extent and shape of the failed zone, and subsequently assist design of proper ground support systems. A calibrated cohesion weakening and frictional strengthening (CWFS) model with a constant dilation angle can capture the stress-induced brittle failure shape in hard rocks. However, the use of a constant dilation angle, in either CWFS, Mohr–Coulomb perfectly elasto-plastic, or Mohr–Coulomb strain-softening models, cannot simulate the displacement distribution near the excavation reasonably. In the present study, numerical simulations are performed to study excavation-induced displacement around tunnels located in different rock mass types, i.e., coarse-grained hard rock, medium-grained hard rock, fine–medium-grained soft rock, and fine-grained soft rock, using a mobilized dilation angle model that depends on both confining stress and plastic shear strain. It is illustrated from a few examples that displacement distributions obtained from the dilation angle model are more reasonable when compared with the general trend measured underground.     

脆性大理岩弹塑性耦合力学模型研究

为全面、深入地揭示脆性岩石的变形和屈服特性,以锦屏T26y和T2b脆性大理岩峰前和峰后循环加卸载试验为基础,分析岩石的弹塑性耦合性质、应变硬化软化性质和关联与非关联流动法则,定义考虑围压影响的塑性内变量以考虑应力历史对屈服过程的影响,进而建立脆性大理岩的弹塑性耦合力学模型,该模型能全面地反映脆性大理岩的弹塑性耦合、应变硬化软化和剪胀特性。针对所提出的弹塑性耦合模型,提出相应的数值迭代计算方法,并在有限差分软件FLAC3D进行实现。通过模拟脆性岩石的室内常规三轴压缩试验表明,所提出的力学模型可以较好地反映脆性岩石的主要力学特性。研究成果为更好地理解和分析脆性岩石的屈服破坏过程提供重要的参考。     

裂隙岩体弹塑性损伤本构模型及其加锚计算(英文)

根据裂隙岩体的弹塑性损伤变形机制，建立了断续多裂隙岩体在初始损伤、损伤演化和塑性损伤变形状态下的三维弹塑性损伤本构关系。在此基础上，建立了空间损伤岩锚柱单元模型，模拟锚杆对断续裂隙岩体的支护效果。最后，将建立的模型应用于三峡船闸高边坡，进行了边坡加锚裂隙岩体三维非线性有限元计算，获得了较为满意的结果。     

节理岩体脆弹性断裂损伤模型及其工程应用

根据Ｂｅｔｔｉ能量互易定理并考虑节理裂纹扩展过程中的能量转换和节理裂纹扩展过程中的相互作用建立了裂隙岩体的损伤演化方程和三维脆弹性断裂损伤本构模型,并将该本构模型应用于三峡船闸高边坡,进行了边坡裂隙岩体开挖卸荷稳定三维非线性有限元计算,获得了比较理想的结果。     

大跨径悬索桥隧道锚变位分析

四渡河大桥是我国首次采用隧道式锚碇的大跨径悬索桥。基于实测综合确定的岩体参数,用三维弹塑性有限元法对包括下部公路隧道施工、隧道锚开挖、浇注、预应力施加、挂缆等全部工序进行了模拟。围岩和锚体混凝土离散为8节点三维实体单元,隧道和锚碇的喷射混凝土及二次衬砌离散为4节点三维壳单元。围岩采用修正的Mohr-Coulomb破坏模型。围岩开挖应力的释放用场变量相关折减弹性摸量法模拟。研究结果表明,浇注锚体混凝土阶段顶部围岩最大下沉位移2.3 mm,底部围岩竖向位移趋近于0。在正常缆力下,两个锚体围岩的位移场有部分的独立性,缆力增大时两锚体围岩形成共同的位移场。锚碇可能的破坏形式是两锚体向外侧歪斜拔出;锚碇周围岩体的位移均处于毫米的量级,远小于桥塔顶部位移的容许值。数值分析的结果为该大桥的设计与建造提供了可靠依据。     

深埋硬岩隧道卸荷热–力效应及岩爆趋势分析

 在高地应力和高地温的联合作用下,深埋高地温隧道围岩的变形破坏机制将更加复杂。开展不同温度环境下花岗岩加卸载三轴试验,详细分析试样的应力–应变全过程曲线、力学参数变化特征和宏观破坏类型等随温度的变化规律。试验表明：存在60 ℃～100 ℃的温度门槛值,当温度未超过此范围门槛值时,随着温度的增加,岩石峰后变形由延性向脆性转换,温度增强了硬岩的脆性破坏;当温度升高时,主要表现为剪切破坏,出现贯穿试件的剪切破坏。在试验基础之上,开展基于有限差分的热–力耦合分析,利用脆性力学模型和能量指标分析隧道的温度作用效应,进行不同地温下隧道开挖后的力学响应,定量对比不同地温条件下隧道塑性区、应力和能量指标,计算结果表明,隧道地温增加将使岩体岩爆烈度增加。计算结果与试验数据相一致,深埋硬岩隧道卸荷的热–力耦合研究对于深埋高地温隧道的设计和施工具有指导意义。     

Computing in-situ strength of rock masses based upon RQD and modified joint factor: Using pressure and damage sensitive constitutive relationship

In this study, a new model was presented for computing strength of rock masses based upon in-situ observations of RQD popularly known as rock quality designation. This model links up the rock mass parameters from in-situ investigations with the strength parameters of jointed rocks obtained from laboratory scale experimental observations. Using the constitutive relation, the author derived a pressure and damage sensitive plastic parameter to determine strength of rock masses for varied extents of discontinuity and pressure induced damage. The test results show that plasticity characterized by hardening and softening inclusive of damage invariably depends upon mean pressure and extent of deformations already experienced by rock masses. The present work explores the test data that reveal the dependence of in-situ strength on incremental joint parameters obtained from the joint number,joint orientation, joint roughness, gouge parameters and water pressure. Substituting the relationship between the RQD and modified joint factor with that between modulus ratio and strength ratio, the model shows successfully that using damage inclusive plastic parameter and RQD provides a relationship for estimating the strength of rock masses. One of the main objectives of this work is to illustrate that the present model is sensitive to plasticity and damage together in estimating in-situ strength of rock masses in foundations, underground excavation and tunnels.     

岩石力学与工程综合集成智能反馈分析方法及应用

首先,给出岩石力学模型和参数综合智能反分析的几种新方法:岩石(体)力学参数的智能反演方法、岩石(体)本构模型的结构和参数耦合智能识别方法、岩石(体)力学参数的时空变异性反分析方法(即集合Kalman滤波和扩展Kalman滤波方法)、力学参数和模型可以不断更新的演化并行有限元反分析方法和基于模型的结构和参数智能识别的岩体工程安全性的综合集成智能分析方法。其中,岩石(体)力学参数的智能反演方法又包括4种,分别为均匀设计(或正交设计)–数值计算方法、粒子群(或遗传算法)–数值方法、均匀设计(或正交设计)–演化神经网络–数值方法–遗传算法(或粒子群)以及均匀设计(或正交设计)–演化支持向量机–并行数值方法–遗传算法(或粒子群)。然后,讨论智能反分析时应注意的待反演参数对监测物理量的敏感性、可以进行反演的参数个数以及模型和参数反演结果的适应性评价等问题。最后,给出这些智能反馈分析方法的工程综合应用概况。     

能量耗散本构模型及其在三峡船闸高边坡稳定性分析中的应用

从不可逆过程的原理出发 ,分析了岩体开挖中的能量耗散。考虑了能量耗散对本构方程的影响 ,结合三峡工程实例进行弹塑性和流变状态的稳定性计算 ,并与常规计算模型得出的结果进行了比较     

考虑围压影响的深埋圆隧围岩应变软化与剪胀特性分析

 不同围压下岩石应变软化与剪胀特性不同,若在隧洞开挖中考虑围岩塑性区域内变化围压影响,其应力–应变场求解方式将区别于既有文献中的传统方法。根据围压影响下应变软化围岩的临界塑性剪切应变变化特征,给出改进的判断围岩是否进入塑性残余区域的规则;引入考虑围压与临界塑性剪切应变的非线性剪胀模型。基于Hoek-Brown屈服准则,根据一定径向应力增量将围岩塑性软化与残余区域分层,采用有限差分法对围岩应力–应变场进行求解;为分析围压对围岩稳定性的影响,根据临界塑性剪切应变与剪胀系数变化与否,设定4种非线性力学模型,深入分析并比较4种力学模型下临界塑性剪切应变、剪胀系数与围岩变形等在塑性软化与残余区域的分布规律。研究结果表明：地质强度指标GSI较小时,考虑围压影响下的围岩应力–应变场与未考虑时差异明显;此时临界塑性剪切应变的减小对开挖边界的围岩剪胀性具一定抑制作用。     

开采对底板岩体渗透性的影响

受奥灰水威胁，煤层“带压开采”的关键是必须搞活底板岩体的破坏机理，确定底板岩体的破坏深度。而确定底板岩体的破坏深度通常是依据其渗透性的改变进行的。底板岩体渗透性的改变和底板岩体的应力场密切相关。利用现场实测数据；岩石力学参数和位移反分析的方法，确定了赵各庄矿1237工作面的底板应力场，进而确定了底板岩体的渗透系数，最后，具体分析了底板应力场和渗透系数的关系。     

花岗岩峰后力学特性试验与模型研究

深部围岩在开挖卸载过程中表现出的峰后复杂力学特性一直是工程界十分关注的问题,深入研究岩石峰后力学行为对深部资源开采工程具有重要意义。以深部立井马头门工程为依托,通过室内试验方法研究花岗岩峰后力学特性,采用非线性拟合方法获得花岗岩峰后软化模量与围压的指数关系式,假定岩石的剪胀角为恒定值,基于塑性理论构建考虑围压及剪胀角影响的岩石峰后应变软化模型;以FLAC3D为平台开发数学模型并进行验证,通过构建马头门巷道数值模型,分析深部围岩在应变软化条件下的破坏特征规律。通过研究可知,花岗岩峰后破坏具有脆–延性转化趋势,在高围压条件下,岩石峰后表现出塑性软化破坏特征,岩石峰后软化模量随着围压的增大而减小;通过FLAC3D进行数值验证可知,构建的应变软化模型与试验数据基本吻合,所建立的应变软化模型具有较高的可靠性;通过数值模拟方法分析深部马头门巷道围岩破坏特征可知,巷道拱顶及拱脚等局部区域出现了塑性剪切应变,与现场巷道围岩破损位置及深度基本相同。     

剪胀对地下工程岩体位移的影响——以加拿大Donkin-Morien隧道为例

根据建立的岩石剪胀角模型,分析岩石峰值内摩擦角和剪胀角的关系,得出岩石在零围压时的峰值剪胀角小于并近似等于峰值内摩擦角,并假设岩石和岩体的剪胀角遵循相似的变化趋势,结合Hoek-Brown强度准则和GSI岩体分级系统,实现剪胀角模型从完整岩石到岩体的转化。采用程序语言在FLAC3D中编写岩体剪胀角模型程序模块。以加拿大Donkin-Morien隧道为工程实例,研究围压和塑性剪切应变依赖的岩体剪胀对隧道渐进开挖过程中围岩位移的影响,论证恒定的剪胀角值不能准确表达隧道开挖边界附近的岩体位移,而考虑围压和塑性剪切应变为影响因素的岩体剪胀角模型能够合理描述围岩的位移分布,模拟结果与实际测量值具有很好的一致性。研究成果可为岩体非线性力学行为的研究和地下工程岩体的稳定性控制提供理论和实践基础。     

龙滩水电站左岸地下厂房区三维地应力场反演分析

在龙滩地下厂房区工程地质和试验洞变形监测结果综合分析的基础上，建立地质概化和试验洞施工开挖模型；采用地应力场随埋深变化呈线性分布的假设，并根据地应力测试成果，确定地应力场的分布区间。在此基础上，采用均匀设计方法和三维显式有限差分法，通过模拟试验洞的开挖变形，对龙滩水电站厂房区岩体地应力场进行了三维变形反演分析。对比计算位移和监测位移，计算各方案的位移目标函数，获得了岩体地应力场沿深度的分布规律。比较监测与计算位移，两者在量值上相当，在变形趋势上也基本相同，而且实测与计算所得的地应力值较吻合，表明所获得的岩体地应力场是基本合理的，同时说明此反演方法简便、有效。