Grout and bentonite flow around a TBM: Computational modeling and simulation-based assessment of influence on surface settlements

Adequate consideration of the various interactions between the Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) and the surrounding underground is a pre-requisite for reliable prognoses in shield supported tunneling based upon numerical analysis. In addition to face support and the grouting of the annular gap the contact conditions along the shield skin between the moving TBM and the surrounding, deforming soil constitute the most relevant component of TBM-soil interactions in mechanized tunneling. This paper is concerned with the analysis of the interface conditions between the shield skin and the soil and its adequate numerical representation in the context of a process-oriented numerical simulation model for mechanized tunneling. The situation around the shield skin is influenced by the design of the Tunnel Boring Machine, the deformational behavior of the surrounding underground and by a possible inflow of process liquids into the steering gap. A novel simulation method is proposed which allows to model the viscous flow of the process liquids into the steering gap and its interactions with the face support, the tail void grouting, the deforming soil and the moving TBM. The proposed numerical model for the TBM-soil interaction is part of a recently developed three-dimensional, process-oriented finite element model for shield tunneling (Nagel et al., 2010). It allows to investigate the effects of the inflow of process liquids into the steering gap during TBM advance considering realistic machine-related and geological conditions. It is, in particular, capable to compute the pressure distribution within the developing liquid film in association with the face support and grouting conditions and to predict its influence on the surface settlements and the overall TBM-soil interaction affecting, e.g. the hydraulic jack forces or shield deformations.     

基于网络分析法盾构下穿隧道风险分析

本文以深圳地铁某始发、到达阶段复合地层下穿既有线为工程依托,首先对其进行了风险分析,取得了两级风险指标。然后,在地铁盾构风险评价中采用网络分析法,以始发复杂地质条件下穿既有线隧道等多风险素为研究对象,以多风险因素专家调查结果为依据,构建风险评价模型,研究分析多层级风险源条件下,风险控制技术的不同层级权重排序。研究得到了盾构施工参数设置与控制不当、上软下硬地层不良影响为排序在首位、次位的风险因素。研究表明,网络层次分析法在地铁盾构工程风险评价中是可行的,可为地铁盾构工程风险控制快速决策提供了依据。     

In situ TBM penetration tests and rock mass boreability analysis in hard rock tunnels

Boreability is popularly adopted to express the ease or difficulty with which a rock mass can be penetrated by a tunnel boring machine. Because the boreability is related to the rock mass properties, TBM specifications and TBM operation parameters, an accurately definable quantity has not been obtained so far. In order to analyze and compare rock mass boreability, a series of TBM shield friction tests were conducted in a TBM tunneling site. Two sets of TBM penetration tests were performed in different rock mass conditions during tunneling in rock. In each step of the penetration test, the rock muck was collected to perform the muck sieve analyses and the shape of large chips was surveyed in order to analyze the TBM chipping efficiency under different cutter thrusts. The results showed that a critical point exists in the penetration curves. The penetration per revolution increases rapidly with increasing thrust per cutter when it is higher than the critical value. The muck sieve analysis results verified that with increasing thrust force, the muck size increases and the rock breakage efficiency also increases. When the thrust is greater than the critical value, the muck becomes well-graded. The muck shape analysis results also showed with the increase of the thrust, the chip shape changes from flat to elongated and flat. The boreability index at the critical point of penetration of 1 mm/rev. defined as the specific rock mass boreability index is proposed to evaluate rock mass boreability.     

盾构隧道施工风险管理数据库系统开发

文章结合盾构隧道施工风险管理软件的研发情况,重点介绍了软件风险数据库的研究成果。该数据库系统主要包括风险信息数据库和工程风险数据库两部分。风险信息数据库对盾构隧道工程常见的风险事故、致险因子以及规避措施进行了归类、总结。工程风险数据库主要是具体的工程风险信息,满足整个风险管理过程风险信息的存储和输出要求。文章对数据库的概念模型、物理模型设计工作进行了详细描述。     

基于改进的距离判别分析法的南水北调西线工程TBM施工围岩分级

 对马氏距离判别法和层次分析法存在的不足进行改进,将改进的距离判别分析法应用于南水北调西线工程TBM施工围岩分级中。根据TBM施工特点和相关研究成果,将TBM施工围岩分级标准定为4级。选用岩石强度、岩组特征、结构面间距、结构面与洞轴线夹角以及石英含量5项指标作为判别因子,以南水北调西线工程杜柯河-玛柯河段实例数据作为学习样本进行训练,建立TBM施工围岩分级的改进的距离判别分析模型,利用得到的线性判别函数对待判样本进行分级。最后,将改进的距离判别分析法得到的判定结果与传统马氏距离判别法、RTBM法以及RMR方法得到的判别结果进行对比分析,验证了改进的距离判别分析法的有效性。研究结果表明,改进的距离判别分析法具有预测精度高等优点,为TBM施工围岩分级提供了一种新的有效方法。     

Quantitative risk evaluation based on event tree analysis technique: Application to the design of shield TBM

This paper analyses the risk probability of an underwater tunnel excavation using an earth pressure balance (EPB) type tunnel boring machine (TBM). An event tree analysis (ETA) has been applied to quantify the risk at the preliminary design stage of the tunnel. Probable results, which may be sequenced from specific initiating events, are analyzed, and adequate general countermeasures (safety functions) are selected to ensure safety against risks. To identify the initiating events, various data on underwater tunneling such as empirical analyses; design reports; case studies of practical problems; numerical analyses and model test results; and hydrological analysis results were used. Event trees corresponding to three significant initiating events were constructed. Each event tree consists of five countermeasures that construct 32 paths, and the probability of each path is calculated. A quantitative risk assessment was performed and the occurrence probabilities and criticalities of the paths depending on the initiating events were considered. Based on these ETA results, it was found that the selected underwater tunnel site still has a considerable probability of accidents in spite of common countermeasures. Based on the evaluated risks, improved target probabilities are proposed to reduce the probability of disaster during construction. Additional countermeasures, in other words mitigation actions, corresponding to the new target are considered. As a result, technical risks and economical losses of property can be minimized in a systematic way. It was found that the ETA is an effective method for the evaluation and quantitative analysis of probable risks and for the proposition of countermeasures for hazardous environmental conditions such as the underwater tunnel.     

基于动态故障树的盾构刀盘失效风险分析

地铁隧道施工是一个动态过程,针对在地铁隧道施工过程中经常发生的盾构刀盘失效风险分析宜采用动态评价方法。为了获得盾构刀盘失效的可能性并找到刀盘失效的关键致险因素,本文结合地铁隧道施工过程,建立动态故障树评价模型。然后将评价模型模块化成静态子树和动态子树以简化计算过程,并采用贝叶斯和离散贝叶斯分别对它们进行分析;在此基础上,预测出盾构刀盘在不同时段失效的可能性,并进行敏感性分析确定关键影响因素;最后通过工程实例验证了动态故障树在盾构刀盘失效风险分析中的实用性。     

基于风险数据库的盾构隧道施工风险管理软件(TRM1.0)开发

较系统地介绍了一套盾构隧道施工风险管理与控制软件的功能和实现方法。软件以一个风险数据库作为后台数据支持。风险评估方法主要采用了专家调查法和CIM（Con-trolled Internal and Memory Models）模型,将风险指标作为评价标准,实现了对隧道风险辨识、风险评估和决策以及风险跟踪等风险管理的基本流程,建立了一套较为完备的风险管理体系。     

刀具管理与地铁盾构隧道施工

地铁盾构隧道施工中盾构机刀盘刀具的配置至关重要,掘进参数的设置与刀具的磨损也关系密切。论文通过对影响刀盘刀具配置关系比较重要的几个关键因素进行论述,提出对各因素配置的建议;对掘进参数的设置及施工过程中刀具的管理事项也提出自己的看法,以期合理确定掘进参数,延长刀具使用寿命,缩短停机维修时间,快速平稳地进行盾构隧道掘进施工。     

Geotechnical risk assessment based approach for rock TBM selection in difficult ground conditions

There are many potential sources of geotechnical risk in mechanized rock tunnelling. Problems such as encountering fault zones with running and water bearing gouge, tunnel walls instabilities in running or blocky grounds, hard and abrasive rock sections and convergent tunnel sections are principal causes in geotechnical risk occurrence. On the other hand, the performance of each TBM encountering such conditions will be different. Therefore, using different TBMs will have variable risk levels. This paper is to discuss rock TBM selection based on geotechnical risk minimization. So, a new approach was proposed based on decision analysis using decision tree. Based on the newly proposed approach, the most appropriate TBM is one that has the minimum risk level either before or after hazards mitigation measures. To be able to check the performance of this approach in practice, selection of machine for Nosoud water transfer tunnel has been evaluated. A shielded TBM (either single or double shield one) was proposed for the tunnel based on the newly proposed method. However, a double shield TBM was selected because of its more flexibility in difficult ground conditions in comparison with single shield TBM and limitation of project construction duration. The machine performance during tunnelling period verifies the success of excavation using selected TBM.     

Real-time rock mass condition prediction with TBM tunneling big data using a novel rock–machine mutual feedback perception method

Real-time perception of rock mass information is of great importance to efficient tunneling and hazard prevention in tunnel boring machines (TBMs). In this study, a TBM–rock mutual feedback perception method based on data mining (DM) is proposed, which takes 10 tunneling parameters related to surrounding rock conditions as input features. For implementation, first, the database of TBM tunneling parameters was established, in which 10,807 tunneling cycles from the Songhua River water conveyance tunnel were accommodated. Then, the spectral clustering (SC) algorithm based on graph theory was introduced to cluster the TBM tunneling data. According to the clustering results and rock mass boreability index, the rock mass conditions were classified into four classes, and the reasonable distribution intervals of the main tunneling parameters corresponding to each class were presented. Meanwhile, based on the deep neural network (DNN), the real-time prediction model regarding different rock conditions was established. Finally, the rationality and adaptability of the proposed method were validated via analyzing the tunneling specific energy, feature importance, and training dataset size. The proposed TBM–rock mutual feedback perception method enables the automatic identification of rock mass conditions and the dynamic adjustment of tunneling parameters during TBM driving. Furthermore, in terms of the prediction performance, the method can predict the rock mass conditions ahead of the tunnel face in real time more accurately than the traditional machine learning prediction methods.     

Application of non-linear regression analysis and artificial intelligence algorithms for performance prediction of hard rock TBMs

Prediction of machine performance is an essential step for planning, cost estimation and selection of excavation method to assure success of tunneling operation by hard rock TBMs. Penetration rate is a principal measure of TBM performance and is used to evaluate the feasibility of using a machine in a given ground condition and to predict TBM advance rate. In this study, a database of TBM field performance from two hard rock tunneling projects in Iran including Zagros lot 1B and 2 for a total length of 14.3 km has been used to assess applicability of various analysis methods for developing reliable predictive models. The first method used for this purpose was principal component analysis (PCA) which resulted in development of a set of new empirical equations. Also, two Soft computing techniques including adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and support vector regression (SVR) have been employed for this purpose. As statistical indices, root mean square error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (R²), variance account for (VAF), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were used to evaluate the efficiency of the developed artificial intelligence models for TBM performance prediction. The results of the analysis show that AI based methods can effectively be implemented for prediction of TBM performance. Moreover, it was concluded that performance of the SVR model is better than the ANFIS model. A high correlation was observed between predicted and measured TBM performance for the SVR model. This study shows the feasibility of using these systems and subsequent work is underway to expand the database of TBM field performance and use the aforementioned methods to develop a more comprehensive TBM performance prediction model.     

地铁区间隧道的风险管理与监督

运用风险管理的基本理论与盾构法隧道施工实践相结合的方法,阐述了风险管理在盾构隧道施工中的应用,并对盾构隧道的施工监督重点进行的了探讨,为地铁隧道的设计和施工提供有力的技术支持。     

洞室变形引起的双护盾TBM施工事故风险分析

 当前TBM在深埋隧洞施工中的应用越来越多,由变形引起的TBM施工事故也越来越普遍,因此很有必要对变形引起的TBM施工事故进行风险分析。采用收敛–约束法并结合风险分析理论,考虑洞室的掌子面和护盾后方支护的效应,对围岩作用在护盾上的压力进行计算;同时,根据作用护盾上压力大小判断洞室变形对TBM施工的具体影响,把事故的后果分为5个等级,根据后果等级结合发生的概率提出TBM施工变形风险评价矩阵,然后结合现有的风险接受准则即可确定风险等级。最后,采用研究成果对南水北调西线某段双护盾TBM施工进行风险评估。     

Correlation of tunnel convergence with TBM operational parameters and chip size in the Ghomroud tunnel, Iran

Evaluating the impact of rock mass properties on a tunneling operation is crucial, especially when using a tunnel boring machine (TBM). It is an integral part of machine selection and performance prediction in the design and bidding stage. Monitoring and analysis of ground conditions during the construction is also essential to allow the operator to take precautionary measures in adverse geological conditions. This involves adjusting TBM operational parameters such as machine thrust and penetration to avoid potential problems caused by face collapse or excessive convergence and subsequent machine seizure that can cause long delays. Tunnel wall convergence is a function of rock mass characteristics, in situ stresses, size of excavation, and rate of penetration (ROP). It is one of the main factors in determining the use of shielded machines in deep rock tunnel projects. The case study of the Ghomroud water conveyance tunnel project, under construction by a double shield TBM, is used to examine the effect of rock mass parameters on tunnel convergence and hence on the need for over excavation and shield lubrication to avoid problems such as shield seizure. Results of a preliminary analysis of field observations show that the amount of the tunnel convergence can have a direct relationship with the percentage of powder and large rock fragments in the muck. In addition, tunnel convergence has shown a strong relationship with the TBM thrust/torque and rate of penetration (ROP). These relationships have been examined and the results of the analysis as well as the resulting formulas will be explained in this paper.     

济南复合地层土压平衡盾构掘进效能实测分析#br#

依托济南轨道交通一号线复合地层土压平衡盾构掘进施工,提出一种在盾构机额定配置条件下的分项功耗和施工参数离散性指标双结合的掘进效能评价方法,并据此分析得到刀盘切削、盾构推进和螺机出土效能的变化特征。结果表明：①土压平衡盾构穿越济南复合地层时,盾构掘进总功耗在400~1250kW变化,其中,刀盘切削和盾构推进是盾构掘进功耗的主要组成部分,占总功耗的66%~84%;②刀盘切削的扭矩和转速具有明显的聚集特征,而盾构推进速度和推力分布形态的聚集特征弱于刀盘参数;③螺机出土的转速和扭矩在不同地层中的差异性不大,螺机参数的聚集特征不明显;④由于盾构掘进的分项功耗与其离散性指标不存在必然的联系,盾构施工中可能存在掘进功耗小但施工控制困难的情况,应在盾构选型及施工过程中予以充分考虑。     

地铁隧道管片错台风险评估体系的研究和探讨

管片错台是盾构施工过程中的常见现象,会引发管片局部破损(开裂)、盾尾漏浆、隧道漏水等风险,而导致错台的主要因素有同步注浆控制、盾构姿态、总推力反力竖向分力、掘进速度、地层条件和拼装作业等。基于风险评估理论,笔者采用广义函数法建立地铁隧道的风险评估体系。利用G₁法计算风险指标的权重;由风险指标与错台量的关系,将定性指标予以量化,同时,按照统一标准进行规范化,得到其价值标准;计算系统的总价值,将系统的安全等级划分为优、良、中、差4级。采用此评价体系对地铁隧道进行管片错台风险评估,得出量化的评估结果,进而为选取掘进参数和提出施工对策提供依据。     

Energy release process of surrounding rocks of deep tunnels with two excavation methods

Numerical analysis of the total energy release of surrounding rocks excavated by drill-and-blast(D&B) method and tunnel boring machine(TBM) method is presented in the paper.The stability of deep tunnels during excavation in terms of energy release is also discussed.The simulation results reveal that energy release during blasting excavation is a dynamic process.An intense dynamic effect is captured at large excavation footage.The magnitude of energy release during full-face excavation with D&B method is higher than that with TBM method under the same conditions.The energy release rate(ERR) and speed(ERS) also have similar trends.Therefore,the rockbursts in tunnels excavated by D&B method are frequently encountered and more intensive than those by TBM method.Since the space after tunnel face is occupied by the backup system of TBM,prevention and control of rockbursts are more difficult.Thus,rockbursts in tunnels excavated by TBM method with the same intensity are more harmful than those in tunnels by D&B method.Reducing tunneling rate of TBM seems to be a good means to decrease ERR and risk of rockburst.The rockbursts observed during excavation of headrace tunnels at Jinping II hydropower station in West China confirm the analytical results obtained in this paper.     

煤矿长斜井TBM施工安全风险分析与评估

分析和辨识了煤矿长斜井TBM施工的风险因素,构建了二层级的风险评估指标体系。首先,对集对分析法中联系度的取值进行了改进;其次,采用熵权法对各个风险因素的权向量进行计算,构建了一种改进的集对分析法的煤矿长斜井TBM施工风险评估模型,研究了风险计算值与联系度的变化关系。最后,利用该模型对台格庙矿区煤矿长斜井(1^#、2^#实验井)TBM施工风险进行了预测与评估,给出了对风险偏好、不同的施工管理人员对风险的不同取值方法。研究表明该模型与方法在煤矿长斜井TBM施工风险分析中是有效的、实用的,而且也为煤矿长斜井TBM施工风险管控工作提供新的理论支持。     

浅埋软弱地层双线大直径隧道风险控制技术

大量浅埋隧道盾构掘进易出现开挖面失稳、隧道上浮、地面冒浆及地表沉降大等现象,直接影响到工程施工安全。就此问题,结合上海人民路新建双线越江隧道工程,对大直径泥水平衡盾构穿越浅埋段的施工风险进行全方位分析,对双线盾构浅埋软弱地层近距离掘进技术进行了深入研究。