变幅载荷疲劳裂纹扩展行为的试验研究

用某压力容器实际工况载荷波动所编制的载荷谱,对材料为16MnR的CCT试件进行了变幅载荷谱下的疲劳裂纹扩展试验。根据试验数据,分析了裁荷谱中大载荷级和小载荷级分别对裂纹扩展量的贡献,并对考虑和不考虑超载迟滞效应对小载荷裂纹扩展行为的影响进行了对比。作为这方面的初步探索,本研究获得了一些有意义的结论。     

16MnR钢表面裂纹的疲劳扩展

报告了在 P_x∶P_y=0,0.5和1三种双轴载荷作用下,对倾斜角等于0°、30°和45°的表面裂纹所作的疲劳扩展研究。讨论了表面裂纹扩展速率的计算方法,指出必须考虑不同的裂纹倾斜角和不同的双轴载荷比造成的裂纹扩展驱动力的变化对斜表面裂纹扩展速率的影响。因而采用裂纹投影法来处理斜表面裂纹的疲劳扩展问题并提出了修正的 Paris 方程。按照修正的 Paris 方程,根据不同的双轴载荷比和裂纹倾斜角分组整理了试验数据,并作了回归分析、假设检验,给出了含表面裂纹的16MnR 板材在三种不同的双轴载荷比情况下的裂纹扩展速率方程。     

交变载荷作用下纤维增强密封复合材料界面脱黏研究

界面脱黏是纤维增强密封复合材料界面破坏的主要表现形式,其可视为一种特殊的裂纹扩展。本文基于剪滞模型研究了纤维增强密封复合材料中纤维和基体界面在交变载荷作用下的裂纹扩展规律。在考虑疲劳加载引起的脱黏界面损伤和损伤分布不均匀性以及材料泊松比影响的基础上,建立了等效Paris公式,得到了疲劳裂纹扩展长度、扩展速率、界面上摩擦系数和加载次数之间的关系。     

加载频率变化的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率数学模型

试验得出了 0 Cr1 8Ni9钢在质量分数为 0 .1 % Na Cl溶液中 4个不同加载频率下的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率。结合试验结果 ,并采用数学分析方法 ,给出了环境加速因子 C( f)的表达式 ,进而提出了一种腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率的 dad N～ (ΔK ,f )数学计算模型。     

横向载荷对含表面裂纹对焊接头疲劳裂纹扩展速率影响的研究

研究了双向载荷作用下对焊接头表面裂纹的疲劳扩展规律。采用经精确标定应力强度因子幅值的双向十字形试样,在电液伺服双轴向疲劳试验机上对母材分别为16MnR 和 Q235-B 这两种钢的对焊试板进行了疲劳裂纹扩展试验。同时,将其结果分别与单向应力下对焊接头及母材的疲劳扩展速率进行了比较,为制定我国在役压力容器缺陷评定规范提供了参考数据。     

高温高压蒸汽分支管线的变幅值热疲劳裂纹扩展寿命研究

研究了一条高温高压蒸汽分支管线失效面上周向焊缝外表面裂纹在１７级温度载荷谱作用下的变幅值热疲劳裂纹扩展寿命。计算中涉及到管子周向焊缝外表面裂纹Ｋ的求取、超载模型的选用及谱载下裂纹扩展寿命计算等     

模拟压力容器接管的新型十字试板的角裂纹疲劳扩展性能

用新型十字试板进行了双轴载荷下的角裂纹疲劳扩展性能的研究,以模拟压力容器接管处角裂纹的疲劳扩展行为。试板角裂纹尖端的应力强度因子采用三维边界元法计算,裂纹疲劳扩展的形貌变化采用降载勾线法记录。试验结果表明,裂纹疲劳扩展规律与双向载荷比及裂纹初始形状有关,裂纹沿长度方向的扩展速率可以用 Paris 公式表示,但在深度方向则不然。     

焦炭塔塔顶馏出管线温度载荷谱的编制

根据焦炭塔塔顶馏出管线每２ｈ记录１次的２１０６８个随机温度数据，进行了载荷时间历程的压缩、雨流法计数及统计分析。进而编制出这管线低－高－低１７级温度载荷谱。该谱为进一步计算焦碳塔堵焦阀接管部位的应力及变幅值热疲劳裂纹扩展寿命和安全评定提供了可靠的载荷依据     

复合型加载下裂纹疲劳扩展的两种典型

不锈钢材料在复合加载条件下（Ⅰ＋Ⅱ），裂纹的扩展有两种典型，即发生拐弯或分支扩展。通常当双向载荷为同向时，裂纹只改变扩展方向（拐弯），且随着二载荷比λ（＝Ｐｙ／Ｐｘ）从０→１时，转向角β从４５°→０°。当双向载荷为反向时，λ从０→－１，裂纹只发生分支，且分支夹角始终为一定值，二分支在扩展中逐渐平行于二载荷轴。对裂纹尖端的应力强度因子ＫⅠ和ＫⅡ的计算表明，复合加载下裂纹通过拐弯或分支，使ΔＫⅡ→０。拐弯或分支后的裂纹扩展速率可以用ＫⅠ描述。该扩展规律对于指导工程实践有着重要意义     

双向载荷条件下Ⅰ型裂纹的疲劳扩展

研究了双轴向应力状态下Ⅰ型穿透裂纹的疲劳扩展规律，采用构形合理且经精确标定应力强度因子值的双向十字形试样，在电液伺服双轴向疲劳试验机上对低合金钢（１６ＭｎＲ）进行了多种载荷比的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验，得到了双轴向应力状态下的Ｐａｒｉｓ方程，为目前按缺陷评定规范依据单轴向疲劳试验所得数据对工程构件进行疲劳评定提供参考数据，并就当前研究者们对于双向应力场中横向载荷对疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响的不同看法进行分析探讨。     

非恒幅载荷下含表面裂纹对焊接头疲劳寿命的估算

通过几种非恒幅载荷疲劳寿命的计算,得出基于Ｐａｒｉｓ公式的等效载荷的ＣｙｃｌｅｂｙＣｙｃｌｅ方法计算疲劳寿命是一种有效的工程方法,它具有精度高、理论严密、易于实现等特点,同时非恒幅载荷下含表面裂纹对焊接头疲劳试验也证实了这个结论。     

双轴载荷作用下表面裂纹宏观疲劳断口形貌

报告了在不同的双轴载荷比和不同的裂纹倾斜角的情况下,表面裂纹疲劳试验的某些试验结果,并首次从裂纹扩展驱动力的角度,揭示了裂纹宏观疲劳断口的变化规律。     

二级载荷下复合材料层合板疲劳寿命预测

以玻璃／环氧复合材料层合板二级栽荷下的疲劳寿命试验数据为基础,结合非线性损伤累积理论,拟合出第二级载荷下的剩余寿命计算公式,并推广到三级以上多级栽荷的寿命计算。采用本文给出的寿命预测公式计算出第二级载荷下的剩余寿命,并与试验结果进行对比,证明了计算公式的有效性。进而利用剩余寿命计算公式分析了加载次序对疲劳寿命的影响。     

CRACK GROWTH IN ADHESIVELY BONDED JOINTS SUBJECTED TO VARIABLE FREQUENCY FATIGUE LOADING

The main aim of this article is to investigate the effect of frequency on fatigue crack propagation in adhesively bonded joints. Adhesively bonded double-cantilever beam (DCB) samples were tested in fatigue at various frequencies between 0.1 and 10 Hz. The adhesive used was a toughened epoxy, and the substrates used were a carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and mild steel. Results showed that the crack growth per cycle increases and the fatigue threshold decreases as the test frequency decreases. The locus of failure with the CFRP adherends was predominantly in the adhesive layer, whereas the locus of failure with the steel adherends was in the interfacial region between the steel and the adhesive. The crack growth was faster, for a given strain energy release rate, and the fatigue thresholds lower for the samples with steel adherends. Tests with variable frequency loading were also carried out, and a generalised method of predicting crack growth in samples subjected to a variable frequency loading was introduced. The predicted crack growth using this method agreed well with experimental results.     

0Cr18Ni9钢在低浓度NaCl溶液中腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展特性

试验显示 Ｎａ Ｃｌ溶液的存在,其浓度增加及加载频率降低都加快 ０ Ｃｒ１８ Ｎｉ９ 钢在低浓度 Ｎａ Ｃｌ溶液中腐蚀疲劳裂纹的扩展速率。     

双轴载荷下失效评定图的研究

本文通过双轴载荷下的断裂试验和理论分析研完了16MnR钢所制成的含中心穿透裂纹的十字形板试样的断裂性能,并分别对英国中央电力局的CEGB R_6法和美国电力研究所EPRI工程估算方法的失效评定进行了双轴载荷效应的修正,作出了双轴载荷下估算含缺陷结构安全裕度的失效评定图(FAD)。试验结果表明,在不同的双轴载荷比下启裂的J积分J_i比较接近,而J控制裂纹扩展条件的J_R曲线受不同的双轴载荷比影响较显著。在几种评定方法的比较中,认为经双轴载荷修正的EPRI失效评定图与实验结果吻合得较好。     

Damage Development and Moduli Reductions in Nicalon—Calcium Aluminosilicate Composites under Static Fatigue and Cyclic Fatigue

Unidirectional and cross-ply Nicalon fiber-reinforced calcium aluminosilicate (CAS) glass-ceramic composite specimens were subjected to tension–tension cyclic fatigue and static fatigue loadings. Microcrack densities, longitudinal Young's modulus, and major Poisson's ratio were measured at regular intervals of load cycles and load time. The matrix crack (0° plies) density and transverse crack (90° plies) density increased gradually with fatigue cycles and load time. The crack growth is environmentally driven and depends on the maximum load and time. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio decreased gradually with fatigue cycles and load time. The saturation crack densities under fatigue loadings were found to be comparable to those under monotonic loading. A matrix crack growth limit strain exists, below which matrix cracks do not grow significantly under fatigue loading. This limit coincides with the matrix crack initiation strain. Linear correlations between crack density and moduli reductions obtained from quasi-static data can predict the moduli reductions under cyclic loading, using experimentally measured crack densities. A logarithmic correlation can predict the Young's modulus reduction in a limited stress range. A fatigue crack growth model is proposed to explain the presence of two distinct regimes of crack growth and Young's modulus reduction.     

Fatigue and fracture characteristics of a fine-grained (Mg,Y)–PSZ zirconia ceramic

The fatigue and fracture characteristics of a partially-stabilized fine-grained zirconia with spinel additions, (Mg,Y)–PSZ, were studied. Fracture toughness, crack growth resistance curves and fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior, under both sustained and cyclic loading, were evaluated. Mechanical fatigue effects were clearly evidenced by (1) remarkable crack growth rate differences under cyclic and static loading and (2) significant loading ratio effects. Comparing the cyclic and the static FCG behavior allows to deduce a higher cyclic fatigue sensitivity of the fine-grained (Mg,Y)–PSZ with respect to a commercial peak-aged Mg–PSZ used as a reference material. By in situ observation of crack extension under cyclic loading, the fatigue mechanisms could be resolved. Mechanical degradation of bridging ligaments, as already known for coarse-grained Mg–PSZ, is one source of cyclic fatigue. An additional source attributed to the particle dispersed microstructure of the (Mg,Y)–PSZ is the interaction between crack faces and hard spinel particles. The sensitivity of (Mg,Y)–PSZ and Mg–PSZ to cyclic fatigue is discussed in terms of the respective microstructures, prevalence and operativity of distinct mechanical fatigue mechanisms.