气凝胶玻璃在东北地区建筑应用的采光及能耗模拟研究

采用Ecotect Analysis 2015和DeST软件,探究气凝胶玻璃作为围护结构对东北地区建筑的采光及建筑能耗的影响,模拟地址选取沈阳,模拟时间为1年,模拟模型为普通二层办公建筑。结果显示,光学性能方面,气凝胶玻璃应用后的可见光照度均能达到标准最低要求495lx,室内最低也达到540lx,天棚玻璃光线直射处的可见光照度降低了1419.3lx,避免了眩光;热学性能方面,相较于同样厚度的传统中空玻璃系统,使用气凝胶玻璃模拟的室内全年冷负荷量降低了10.65个百分点。研究发现,气凝胶玻璃作为建筑外围护结构时,可保证建筑应有的采光效果,在提高采光舒适度的前提下还能有效降低建筑能耗。     

Discontinuity trace map construction using photographs of rock exposures

The collection of geomechanical data in the mining industry is often hindered by limited access to rock exposures. Consequently, there is a need for a tool that permits fast and safe acquisition of information that best characterizes a geological structural regime. This paper presents a digital face mapping methodology used to construct discontinuity trace maps from photographs of rock faces. The method is applicable under a range of ground conditions, while at the same time trying to keep user intervention to a minimum.The developed procedure uses a series of photographs of a rock face taken under symmetrical lighting orientations. All digitized pictures are then introduced into the developed software, where pre-processing optimizes subsequent analysis. Discontinuity traces are then extracted from the enhanced images using edge and line detection algorithms. This results in a binary image where black pixels correspond to the detected features. The nature of these features is identified using artificial neural networks, specifically trained for this application. As a result, it is possible to distinguish between segments in the image that are due to the presence of a discontinuity and those due to other phenomena. This classification process provides a series of binary images that represent discontinuity traces in the area of interest. These images are superposed and merged. All processes described above are fully automatic. In order to complete the process, the system operator ensures that incomplete discontinuity segments are reconstructed. Following this, a discontinuity trace map is constructed and the discontinuity network is characterized using geomechanical criteria.The methodology to construct discontinuity trace maps is illustrated using an example from a rock exposure in an underground mine. Subsequently the methodology is implemented in two case studies from underground mines and one in a quarry. These case studies represent different geological and lighting conditions. This information is then used to successfully characterize the investigated rock masses. Present limitations of the method are also identified.     

Development and performance evaluation of a methodology,based on distributed computing,for speeding EnergyPlus simulation

This article presents an approach for speeding EnergyPlus simulations. The computing run time of an energy simulation depends on several variables and is directly proportional to the simulation RunPeriod. In the proposed approach, data parallelization is achieved by breaking an annual simulation into several segments of smaller RunPeriod, each handled by a separate computer/processor. The speed gain achieved by running 12 one-month RunPeriod segments in parallel as compared to single simulation of 12 months is between three and six times. Segmentation of simulation has resulted in minor deviations between the results obtained through segmented simulations and annual simulations. Methods for reducing these deviations on annual and monthly basis are presented in this article using 12 benchmark models each simulated for five cities. On annual basis, a maximum deviation of 0.06% was observed in cooling, heating, and lighting consumption. In a month-to-month comparison between the segments and annual simulation, the maximum deviation was 1.7% for heating and 0.8% for cooling.     

Rethinking urban capacity: identifying and appraising vacant buildings

Policies related to urban development and regeneration have prompted a need for greater levels of information concerning vacant land and property. A need is identified to create efficient use (and reuse) of existing real estate. Drawing on information primarily collected for property taxation, a methodology is presented to create comprehensive data sets relating to vacant non-domestic buildings to help identify the type, size and location of long-term vacant property. The case is made for this methodology to be extended and for improved access to comprehensive data to enable scarce real estate resources to be used in a more sustainable manner.     

Predictive simulation-based lighting and shading systems control in buildings

This paper presents a prototypically implemented daylight-responsive lighting and shading systems control in buildings that makes use of real-time sensing and lighting simulation. This system can control the position of window blinds and the status of the luminaires. It operates as follows: (1) at regular time intervals, the system considers a set of candidate control states for the subsequent time step; (2) these alternatives are then virtually enacted via a lighting simulation application that receives input data from a self-updating model of sky (luminance distribution maps obtained via calibrated digital photography), room, and occupancy; (3) the simulation results are compared and ranked according to the preferences (objective function) specified by the occupants and/or facility manager to identify the candidate control state with the most desirable performance.     

An approach for building design optimization using design of experiments

Building simulation based optimization involves direct coupling of the optimization algorithm to a simulation model, making it computationally intensive. To overcome this issue, an approach is proposed using a combination of experimental design techniques (fractional factorial design and response surface methodology). These techniques approximate the simulation model behavior using surrogate models, which are several orders of magnitude faster than the simulation model. Fractional factorial design is used to identify the significant design variables. Response surface methodology is used to create surrogate models for the annual cooling and lighting energy with the screened significant variables. The error for these models is less than 10%, validating their effectiveness. These surrogate models speed up optimization with genetic algorithms, for single- and multi-objective optimization problems and scenario analyses, resulting in a better solution. Thus, optimization becomes possible within reasonable computational time with the proposed methodology. This framework is illustrated using the case study of a three-storey office building for New Delhi.     

Acceleration of the matrix multiplication of Radiance three phase daylighting simulations with parallel computing on heterogeneous hardware of personal computer

Building designers are increasingly relying on complex fenestration systems (CFS) to reduce energy consumed for lighting and HVAC in low-energy buildings. Radiance, a lighting simulation program, has been used to conduct daylighting simulations for CFS. Depending on the configurations, the simulation can take hours or even days using a personal computer. This paper describes how to accelerate the matrix multiplication portion of a Radiance three-phase daylight simulation by conducting parallel computing on heterogeneous hardware of a personal computer. The algorithm was optimized and the computational part was implemented in parallel using OpenCL. The speed of the new approach was evaluated using various daylighting simulation cases on a multi-core central processing unit (CPU) and a graphics processing unit (GPU). Based on the measurements and analysis of the time usage for the Radiance daylighting simulation, further speedups can be achieved using fast input/output devices and storing the data in a binary format.     

公路隧道LED照明数值模拟

针对1 km长、洞高6 m的双向单车道公路交通隧道,采用DIALUX软件,模拟出隧道各段LED照明亮度值指标。为了便于控制系统采集自然光、车速和车流量信息进行融合建模,达到输出模拟量线性调光的控制目标,文中采用统一规格的隧道LED照明灯具,根据《公路隧道通风照明设计规范》,计算出隧道各照明段初始标准值,灯具布局模拟后,路面亮度总均匀度为0.669～0.940 、路面中线亮度纵向均匀度为0.528～0.911,各段平均照度为66～1 790 lx,布光留有10%～50.91%标准定义的调光余量,为调光提供了灯具布局参考。     

天然光导光系统分类及全年采光动态模拟

合理利用天然光对于改善建筑室内光环境和降低照明能耗都有重要的意义。随着社会和经济的快速发展,人们对环境舒适度的要求日益提高。天然光导光系统的出现,使在地下或无窗建筑中引入天然光成为可能。本文介绍了天然光导光系统的分类和应用情况,并利用计算机模拟技术对导光管系统进行了全年采光动态分析。     

模拟技术在工业建筑节能改造方案中的应用研究

随着我国城市改造和节能减排工作的深入推进,对工业建筑进行节能改造的崭新话题被提了出来。工业建筑改造的全周期过程中,模拟技术可用于方案设计阶段的节能设计。以某重型装配车间的节能改造项目作为案例分析,来阐述能耗、采光和通风三方面模拟技术应用的方法和作用。提出了层递式模拟概念,为模拟技术在工业建筑节能改造中的应用提供一些思路。     

应用数字化集成设计方法实现绿色照明设计

本文阐述了绿色照明的具体体现和如何使用集成化建筑性能模拟工具(IES)达到真正的绿色照明设计.在介绍了IES软件中的采光照明模块组的同时,针对其在一幢历史办公建筑节能改造项目中的应用与运行后的实际效果进行了说明和分析.     

室内照度的参数化研究

光作为物理环境和大脑之间的视觉媒介,长期以来一直被视为设计的一个重要参数。随着参数化设计时代的到来,新的设计方法为反应空间复杂性与光照因素之间的相互作用提供了可能性。现在,这种相互作用能够演变成一种准确的连接以控制空间的形成,还有助于改善室内照明设计和分区。在本研究中,经模拟技术分析的照明分布被设定为室内设计的一项主要参数。此外,所产生的形态作为完善内部照明设计的次要因素。该方法的原理具有与笛卡尔几何学非常相似的工作方式,唯一的不同之处在于维度。这种方法的原理因时间轴的增加而变得更加复杂。此外,这种方法是普遍的,只要空间内有照明,就可应用到任何室内环境中。     

Durability and the factor method of ISO 15686-1

Interest in the service life of buildings and components and the future need for maintenance is growing, and the methodology for service life planning is starting to appear in standards. The standard ISO 15686 prescribes a factor methodology for deciding about the expected service life of a component with a prescribed probability of earlier failure. The methodology is based on extensive knowledge about materials and building technology, and examples of the use of this methodology on building components are of value for the discussion on service life planning. Results from a condition survey of timber windows are used to define the service life and effect of the factor method in the Standard. Wood is a very variable material, and for wooden windows maintenance plays a key role in the durability of the component. In this instance, condition assessment is, therefore, not sufficient to estimate the service life. Information about former maintenance and refurbishment is also needed. The results from a condition assessment and the house owner's answers to a questionnaire are combined to evaluate the estimated service life of the windows. The factors for the standardized method for estimating service life with a given confidence limit are shown to have a wide range in values that give considerable uncertainty to the practical use of the standardized methodology. For example, it is shown that the estimated service life with an 80% confidence limit is much lower than the average service life. Thus, the question is posed whether there is any meaning in estimating the lower limit of service life.     

Photometry and colorimetry characterisation of materials in daylighting evaluation tools

This paper presents a methodology for evaluating the photometric and colorimetric characteristics of internal building materials, for daylight evaluation. The assessment of these characteristics is crucial both for modelling materials accurately in daylight simulation tools and for building correct daylight mock-ups. The essential photometric and colorimetric parameters that influence the reflection of light from and its transmission through building materials are identified and described. Several methods for evaluating these parameters qualitatively and quantitatively are then proposed and discussed. Our new methodology was fused to create a database of materials in a freely accessible web tool which compares full-size materials to scale-model materials in order to help architects and lighting designers choose materials for building daylight scale models.     

建筑侧面采光评估方法及优化研究

随着人们对室内环境及舒适性的提高,采光的好坏直接影响了室内环境品质。本文基于《建筑采光设计标准》GB 50033-2013的有关要求,对Lynes提出的平均采光系数法及Radiance为内核的PKPM采光模拟软件的模拟法,针对不同窗地面积比、不同有效进深时分别对两种方法进行评估。当窗地面积比、有效进深相同时,通过改变层高、房间尺寸、窗台高,使用两种方法评估其平均采光系数,得到优化方案。     

外遮阳百叶隔热性能与采光分析

外遮阳百叶能合理控制太阳光线进人室内,减少建筑空调能耗和人工照明用电,改善室内光环境,已成为当前追求"绿色建筑"目标的一项具体措施.该文通过理论分析和模拟,借助EnergyPlus、Radiance等软件,结合光和热两方面综合考虑,对空调时期上海地区布置不同角度和活动的外遮阳百叶办公房间的空调能耗、照明能耗及室内光环境进行了模拟、分析与比较.算例结果表明:外遮阳对照明能耗和建筑光环境的影响不容忽视;夏热冬冷地区固定式遮阳百叶的不同角度设置对建筑能耗的影响较大,其中实施活动式外遮阳措施能大幅度降低建筑能耗,有效改善室内光环境.     

Trends of 4D CAD applications for construction planning

Since the early 1990s, there has been a growing interest in four‐dimensional computer aided design (4D CAD) for construction project planning. Commercial 4D CAD applications are becoming more accessible and the use of this technology allows the construction planner to produce more rigorous schedules. A review of the technical competencies of these packages highlights that most of the commercially available packages concentrate on the use of 4D CAD simulations for aesthetic visualization purposes. Very few packages offer the ability to carry out analytical tasks on the developed simulation and this is often left to the interpretation of the user. A thorough appraisal of emerging research developments in 4D planning highlights that this technology is employed for various applications; however, the amount of detail required in a 4D simulation is still ambiguous. A model is proposed to determine the attributes required for use with each of the various applications of 4D CAD simulations. Finally, various lines of future research are highlighted, including the need for improved use of data exchange standards and the automation of linking the construction tasks to the 3D CAD model.     

Quantification methods of technical building performance

A building performance assessment toolkit was developed for use by large corporate owners and building portfolio managers in the US. A variety of technical performance aspects are addressed such as energy, lighting, thermal comfort, maintenance and indoor air quality. Every assessment is based on a normative and objective Performance Indicator (PI). For easy data capture and calculation of PIs, the toolkit was implemented in a web hosted form, enabling facility managers and staff to collect the data during a walk-through enabled by PDA-based data entry. The current set of performance indicators is discussed and the results of the first benchmarks, most notably the energy benchmarks, are reported.     

Simplified daylighting energy savings for non-daylighting building energy simulation programs

The California Legislature mandated the California Energy Commission (CEC) to establish and periodically update energy efficiency standards for new buildings. To this end, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by the Standards Development Office of the California Energy Commission for nonresidential buildings. The purpose of this parametric analysis was to determine which variations in building parameters actually have significant energy impacts.A “generic” building model was developed and implemented in conducting this sensitivity analysis. The generic model was used as an analytical tool in modeling the energy impact of building parameter variations, as well as architectural and mechanical energy-saving measures on the energy use of each module. It is recognized that the level of significant energy impact is equivalent to, or bounded by the accuracy of the energy analysis tools in predicting energy usage in actual buildings. For the computer program used, DOE 2.1A this accuracy is within ±5%.Since DOE 2.1A and most of the other building energy simulation programs do not have daylighting algorithms, another calculation tool was used to determine daylight availability and lighting power reduction on an hour-by-hour basis for each orientation. This is accomplished with a daylight reduction factor (DRF).Quicklite, a simplified daylighting program, calculated footcandle (lux) levels based on outdoor ambient light levels, physical room dimensions and properties. To assess the impact of the Quicklite calculated footcandle (lux) levels on artificial lighting use, a control scheme was assumed, and a DRF was calculated based on annual sky conditions by climate zone.Once the DRF values are known for each orientation, the electric lighting schedule can be modified. A new profile number, representing the proportion of installed lighting switched on at that hour, replaced the daily lighting schedules when daylighting was utilized (09:00 – 17:00). To test this methodology, a sensitivity analysis was conducted between DOE 2.1A with Quicklite modifications and DOE 2.1B which has a daylighting preprocessor. The results displayed a 3.6% variation in total energy use.We conclude that daylighting calculations for design days using simplified programs can be used to approximate daylighting energy savings in building energy simulation programs that allow zoned lighting schedules but do not calculate daylight contributions.     

Optimal sun-shading design for enhanced daylight illumination of subtropical classrooms

This study investigates the feasibility of fitting windows with sun-shadings in order to minimize the lighting power costs in daylight-illuminated classrooms lit from a single side in subtropical regions. An IES-CPC model is created of a representative classroom in Taiwan, and a series of simulations is performed to determine the average illuminance value and the uniformity of the illuminance distribution in the classroom under various lighting conditions with no sun-shadings fitted to the window. The numerical results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental measurements obtained using an array of nine-channel photometers. Having confirmed the validity of the simulation scheme, the illumination properties of four different sun-shading designs are considered. The results show that a double-layered sun-shading represents the optimal sun-shading design in terms of achieving a uniform illumination distribution within the classroom. Given appropriate physical dimensions, this daylight access device achieves the minimum illuminance requirement of 500 lx and improves the lighting uniformity ratio from 0.25–0.35 to 0.40–0.42. Furthermore, using this sun-shading device, the required illuminance ratio of 0.5 can be obtained simply by switching on one of the three rows of lights in the classroom. Accordingly, the daylight access device not only improves the illuminance conditions within the classroom, but also reduces the lighting power cost by 71.5% compared to the case where all of the lights are turned on.