Water mist formation in vapor-mist dielectrics and its effect

It has been proposed that vapor-mist dielectrics in which mixing liquid droplets such as tetrachloroethlene in a gas have the ability of increasing flashover, impulse voltage, and of suppressing partial discharge. Vapor-mist methods have been performed on other materials and the effect of the mist can also be obtained on benzene, hexane, and even water as general materials. Although these studies have been carried out, neither the discharge mechanism on vapor-mist nor the reason for the increase of the discharge voltage is understood fully because the mist is of various sizes. On the other hand, agglomeration of water molecules can be studied with the FR-IR method, and are classified into monomer, dimer, trimer (including polymer). Water gives mist stats which are significant in discussing effects. This paper describes states of water mist and their effect under nonuniform field with positive and negative polarities. Water mist in vapor exists as dimer and trimer, and their amount decreases with the reduction of temperature. These mists have no effect on discharge suppression. However, when the mists are formed by space charges, the inception voltage is increased by these mists in the negative polarity.     

Flashover characteristics of vapor-mist dielectrics under lightning impulse and means to increase the flashover voltage

It has been reported that the flashover voltage of gaseous dielectrics may increase greatly when they are mixed with carbon-halide mist. However, the factors which bring about the increase of the flashover voltage still are not clarified fully. Based on the study on the basic flashover characteristics of vapor-mist dielectrics, the authors have suggested the scarcity of initial electrons as the predominant factor. This paper investigates further the effect of UV light irradiation, flashover characteristics under forced supply of initial electrons, and for lightning impulse superimposed on dc voltage. These results have verified that the scarcity of initial electrons is the decisive factor in increasing the lightning impulse flashover voltage of vapor-mist dielectrics. It is clarified also that the scarcity is attributed principally to: (1) the reduction of effective period (lifetime) of initial electrons, and (2) the suppression of photoelectric emission from electrodes.     

Dielectric breakdown characteristics of cryogenic nitrogen gasabove liquid nitrogen

We measured the DC dielectric breakdown characteristics of cryogenic nitrogen gas above a liquid nitrogen surface for needle-to-plane and sphere-to-plane electrode configurations. Experimental results revealed that the DC breakdown voltage of cryogenic nitrogen gas increased, as the distance from the gap axis to the liquid nitrogen surface diminished, i.e. as the liquid nitrogen surface got closer to the gap. The breakdown voltage proved to be enhanced not only by the temperature drop of nitrogen gas due to the existence of liquid nitrogen, but also by an effect of vapor mist arising from vaporization of liquid nitrogen. For the quasi-uniform electrode configuration, the relation between breakdown voltage and the gas density times the gap spacing agreed well with the Paschen curve for nitrogen with both the temperature falling and the vapor-mist density considered. For the nonuniform needle electrode, positive breakdown voltage was higher than negative one; the polarity effect was interpreted in terms of the electric field relaxation at the tip of the positive needle resulting from partial discharges observed only for the positive needle     

撞击法测试液滴研究及在湿法脱硫系统的应用

湿法脱硫系统除雾器运行优劣,关系到燃煤电厂烟气排放水平,需采用合适的分析方法对脱硫烟气中携带液滴的情况进行分析。使用撞击法（Impacting method）在工业试验装置上研究了湿法脱硫烟气中携带液滴的分布规律,介绍撞击法的采样原理、使用方法、数据分析与处理,并给出应用实例及撞击法在测试过程中的注意事项。研究结果表明,通过显微镜可观察并统计气流携带的液滴在撞击板上留下的印记（弹坑）,根据其直径和数量可得出液滴粒径的分布,同时可以计算得到烟气中液滴的质量浓度,所得结果可为除雾器系统运行规律的研究和优化改造提供数据支持。     

Effect of Channel Geometry and Properties of a Vapor–Gas Mixture on Volume Condensation in a Flow through a Nozzle

A method of direct numerical solution of the kinetic equation for the droplet size distribution function was used for the numerical investigation of volume condensation in a supersonic vapor–gas flow. Distributions of temperature for the gas phase and droplets, degree of supersaturation, pressure, fraction of droplets by weight, the number of droplets per unit mass, and of the nucleation rate along the channel were determined. The influence of nozzle geometry, mixture composition, and temperature dependence of the mixture properties on the investigated process was evaluated. It has been found that the nozzle divergence angle determines the vapor–gas mixture expansion rate: an increase in the divergence angle enhances the temperature decrease rate and the supersaturation degree raise rate. With an increase or decrease in the partial pressure of incondensable gas, the droplet temperature approaches the gas phase temperature or the saturation temperature at the partial gas pressure, respectively. A considerable effect of the temperature dependence of the liquid surface tension and properties on gas phase parameters and the integral characteristics of condensation aerosol was revealed. However, the difference in results obtained with or without considering the temperature dependence of evaporation heat is negligible. The predictions are compared with experimental data of other investigations for two mixtures: a mixture of heavy water vapor with nitrogen (incondensable gas) or n-nonane vapor with nitrogen. The predictions agree quite well qualitatively and quantitatively with the experiment. The comparison of the predictions with numerical results from other publications obtained using the method of moments demonstrates the usefulness of the direct numerical solution method and the method of moments in a wide range of input data.     

憎水性表面水珠的电场计算及放电研究

用ANSYS有限元分析软件对不均匀电场(针-板电极)中憎水性表面分离水珠的电场进行了计算,比较了无水珠、单个水珠以及多个水珠存在时憎水性表面沿面电场分布的变化情况,计算出水珠存在引起固、液、气三重介质连接点处的畸变,且水珠的存在对强场区电场的畸变作用更显著。同时在实验室中进行了模拟试验,用10000帧/s的高速数字摄影仪对整个放电过程进行了全程捕捉。结果表明,人工布液方式下憎水性表面分离水珠的放电是存在明显熄灭重燃现象并由两端向中间发展并沿水珠顶部贯通的细小电弧连接所致。     

管式除雾器开孔对除雾性能影响的数值模拟研究

通过数值模拟的方法,研究了开孔数量、液滴粒径和流速对管式除雾器除雾效率以及流动阻力损失的影响。使用湍流模型和离散相模型分别计算连续相气体以及液滴运动。研究结果表明,管式除雾器的除雾效率随着液滴粒径和流速的增大而增加,而且管式除雾器对小液滴的除雾效果明显,可以去除约62%的5μm的液滴以及69%的10μm的液滴。另外,通过翅片开孔可以有效降低管式除雾器的流动阻力。在所研究的流速范围内,开孔管式除雾器的流动阻力可以降低约50%。通过研究可以得出,管式除雾器对小液滴具有较高的除雾效率,通过打孔可以降低管式除雾器的流动阻力,但也会降低除雾效率。此研究成果可为管式除雾器的理论研究以及工业应用提供依据。     

燃煤电厂超低排放颗粒物在线监测烟气除湿技术

燃煤电厂超低排放颗粒物浓度在线监测常采用光散射法,但该法受排放烟气的相对湿度、水滴和汽雾等影响。为提高测试结果的准确性,以HJ836—2017《固定污染源废气、低浓度颗粒物的测定 重量法》为参照标准,通过实验找出了光散射法测量误差与相对湿度的关系;为降低待测烟气相对温度及水滴和汽雾,对旋流加热器和直管加热器进行了研究。实验结果表明：相对湿度＜55%时,颗粒物浓度的测量误差可忽略不计;在相同功耗条件下,旋流加热器的加热效率比直管加热器的加热效率高30%;为满足燃煤电厂超低排放要求,提高颗粒物在线监测的可靠性,烟气预处理采用旋流加热时的温度不应低于120 ℃。     

鼓泡脱硫塔除雾器除雾特性数值研究及实验验证

为提高除雾器对不同粒径小液滴的脱除效果,减轻脱硫系统气气换热器的堵塞程度,对鼓泡脱硫塔除雾器性能进行了数值分析和实验研究。数值分析表明:除雾效率随液滴直径的增大而增大,随进气速度的增大而增大,随除雾器叶片间距的增大而降低;带倒钩的弧形板除雾器比折形板除雾器的除雾效率高;粒径小于20μm的小液滴脱除效率较低。冷态实验台上的除雾器性能实验验证了数值分析的结果。为除雾器的设计和优化提供参考。     

提升纳米复合电介质击穿强度的理论与方法

聚合物复合电介质材料在电工领域有着广泛的应用。在电力设备运行过程中,电介质材料在温度、电(磁)场、机械力以及环境的作用下会发生击穿现象,造成电力设备失效以及由此引起的损失。因此,提升复合电介质的击穿强度一直是电工领域的重要问题。纳米复合电介质代表未来电力设备绝缘的发展方向。该文首先简述聚合物电介质的基本击穿理论,并总结提升纳米复合电介质击穿强度的基本策略及原理。接着,聚焦纳米粒子对电荷产生、输运以及电场分布的作用,总结几种提高纳米复合电介质击穿强度的方法,包括纳米粒子的表面工程、调控纳米粒子的维度和排列、制备多层结构的复合电介质、制备核壳结构纳米粒子复合介质,以及利用金属纳米颗粒的纳米效应。最后,对提升纳米复合电介质击穿强度未来的研究方向进行展望。     

高压静电雾化喷浆脱硫实验

湿法烟气脱硫是目前应用最广的一种脱硫方式。为了提高脱硫效率,采用高压静电雾化技术,对石灰石浆液进行雾化,以增强喷浆液滴与烟气的反应过程。初步喷浆实验及观测得出:液滴由于带电极性相同,其雾化弥散程度、分布均匀性得到较大提高,使浆液与SO2的反应面增加,同时静电也提高了液滴表面活性,促使其化学反应加速,SO2吸收加剧。为验证此脱硫技术的效果,模拟实际湿法烟气脱硫建立了高压静电喷浆脱硫实验装置,通过对清水及石灰浆液充电前后烟气脱硫效率的对比分析得出:在石灰水的量浓度为0.02 mol/L、液气比<1.0的情况下,静电比非静电脱硫效率提高约6%,证明此方法能够提高脱硫效率。     

Charge and mass flux in the radial electric field of an evaporatingcharged water droplet: an experimental analysis

In the electrostatic application of pesticide sprays, charge retention by evaporating droplets in transit to deposit surfaces is a limiting problem. The possible charge loss via evaporative mass transfer and the possible alteration of evaporation rate caused by the presence of the droplet surface charge were experimentally investigated. For studies of evaporation from a charged 3 mm diameter water droplet conducted as a function of droplet potential (-1, -2, and -3 kV) and atmospheric relative humidity (22, 64, and 100%), the current flowing in the radial electric field of the charged evaporating was compared with that flowing in the radial field of a nonevaporating metal sphere to determine if the departing water vapor was electrified. It is concluded that electric charge on evaporating liquid droplets comprising agricultural chemical sprays neither alters the mass transfer rate nor is dissipated by the evaporation     

等离子体射流雾滴的荷电特性研究

为了从理论上探讨等离子体荷电过程出现的瞬时不稳定和突变现象,在高压电场下用网状目标法测量雾滴群体电流,用荷质比评价雾滴的荷电效果,试验研究了电晕产生的等离子体射流喷雾荷电过程。电极间气体电离过程的伏安特性分析、荷电过程的电学模型理论分析和试验结果表明:等离子体荷电喷雾产生的突变现象是极间气体电离,阻抗变化,从而引起极间电压降低,电流(荷质比)增大,是等离子荷电过程的固有特性;等离子体荷电喷雾雾滴的荷质比与荷电电压间存在线性关系,其荷电效果受电极的结构形式和尺寸、极间气体介质的厚度、雾化液体的介电性能及喷头和喷雾参数等因素的影响;安全高效的荷电电压要高于起晕电压,宜为15-20 kV。     

Electrostatic Droplet Growth in a Neutrally Buoyant Emulsion

Droplet growth is examined in a water-in-oil type emulsion where the droplets are subjected exclusively to viscous and dielectrophoretic forces. The latter are produced by the interaction of the droplets with an otherwise uniformly imposed electric field. Theoretical considerations are presented as a basis for understanding and interpreting the experiments. An emulsion consisting of deionized water droplets in a silicone oil of specific gravity I is subjected to a uniform 60 Hz, ac electrostatic field. Initially, the droplets are fairly monodisperse with mean diameters of approximately 25 , sm. The changes in droplet size distributions with time are examined with a laser diffraction system for water volume fractions ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 and applied fields ranging from 52 to 520 kVm-1. The average droplet size increases exponentially with time; we examine the exponent's dependence on average field strength and droplet volume fraction.     

Influence of fog parameters on the aging of HTV silicone rubber

Testing of outdoor insulators in a fog chamber is universally used. Many factors affect the generation of fog. Fog parameters such as the pressure of the compressed air and the water flow rate feeding the nozzles to form the fog, as well as the size and the speed of the fog droplets impinging on the surface of the insulators, play a major role in the outcome of electrical performance tests. In order to be able to compare test results from different laboratories, the conditions of fog generation should be defined unambiguously and clearly. In the present paper relationships between air pressure, water flow rate and air speed which are related to the distribution and the speed of the fog droplets, are determined as a function of distance from the IEEE-IEC standard nozzles forming the fog. The distribution of different fog droplet sizes is measured. The influence of the fog parameters on the aging characteristics of surface resistance, surface roughness, leakage current and surface hydrophobicity of high temperature vulcanized (HTV) silicone rubber are presented     

固体电介质真空沿面闪络研究进展

针对真空中复合绝缘体系的耐电强度受到沿面闪络现象限制问题,综述了国内外真空沿面闪络相关的研究进展。研究发现,真空中固体绝缘介质的沿面闪络性能受老练方式、介质的表面特性及体特性、介质表面沉积电荷、绝缘体系的电场分布等因素影响。机理分析认为真空中的沿面闪络现象实质上是高场下电荷在气-固界面的输运行为,其过程涉及到介质表层中的电荷捕获/脱陷特性、二次电子的发射特性、以及气相中的气体(或解吸附气体)分子的碰撞电离/电子倍增等过程,沿面闪络的发展和形成是以上几个因素相互耦合作用结果。基于以上分析及认识,认为可以从改变材料表面特性及体特性和改善整个绝缘体系的电场分布方面,来提升真空沿面闪络电压。     

喷淋脱硫塔内除雾器运行特性

除雾器的除雾效果对脱硫系统的稳定运行、烟道腐蚀及烟气排放有重要影响,研究不同空塔流速及组合条件下除雾器的除雾性能很有必要。为此,建立了接近实际工程的喷淋脱硫塔实验台,研究了空塔流速、喷淋层与除雾器距离、不同雾化喷嘴等对除雾器出口液滴含量、粒径分布的影响,以及管式除雾器性能。研究结果表明：空塔流速对一级除雾器出口液滴含量的影响较大,对二级除雾器出口液滴含量有一定影响;除雾器出口液滴粒径随空塔流速提高而减小;喷嘴雾化粒径变小后,一级除雾器出口液滴含量明显增加;喷淋层与除雾器间距对一级除雾器出口液滴含量有较大影响;管式除雾器对除雾器出口液滴含量影响不大。     

A basic study on the effect of voltage stress on a water droplet on a silicone rubber surface

Observations and analyses have been conducted on the behavior of water droplets deposited on the surface of polymer insulators. As an index to characterize the repellency of water droplets on the polymer surface, the contact angle was measured for different situations. Experiments were conducted to see the behavior of water droplets of different volumes and their size distribution on silicone rubber. Electric field strength calculation was performed to analyze the effect on water droplets. Finally, effects of the Maxwell stress and the Coulomb?s force were compared, to conclude that, even if there is some true charge on the water droplet, the Maxwell stress is predominant.     

碱回收锅炉脱硫喷枪的模拟研究

以碱回收锅炉的脱硫喷枪为对象,运用数值模拟的方法研究雾化粒径大小、喷射速度和雾化角度对脱硫效果的影响.结果表明:液滴初始雾化直径对蒸发完全时间和水蒸气分布均有较大影响,粒径为400μm的液滴蒸发完全所需时间是粒径100μm的3.96倍;喷射速度和雾化角度对蒸发完全时间和水蒸气分布的影响程度各有不同,但均远小于雾化粒径的...     

Electrostatic actuation of liquid droplets for micro-reactorapplications

A device for the electrostatic transport and manipulation of liquid droplets on a solid surface is described. Arrays of microelectrodes are fabricated on a substrate, which is covered by a hydrophobic layer. Water droplets, typically a microliter in volume, take spherical shape on the surface and are caused to move by switching the voltage applied to the electrode array. The transport of droplets, deflection of a droplet in either of the bifurcating paths, and the mixing of two droplets by coalescence are experimentally demonstrated. The device can be used for microchemical reactors where transport, sorting and mixing of reagents constitute basic unit operation