Steam reforming of gaseous by-products from bitumen oil using various supported Ni-based catalysts

The steam reforming process is an efficient route for producing hydrogen gas which, along with lower costs compared to other methods, has an acceptable efficiency rate. In this study, by using an experimental setup we tried to investigate the effect of various catalysts on the amount of tar and produced hydrogen from steam reforming of gas by products from bitumen oil and to introduce effective parameters in the process of hydrogen production. As temperature increased, the amount of tar conversion to gas increases and the amount of hydrogen surged accordingly. With increase in temperatures from 400 to 900°C, tar elimination also improved from 39% to 99% for Ni/Al₂O₃, from 30.5 to 93.1 for Ni/olivine and from 25.7 to 83.6 for Ni/Fe₂O₃. As a result, it was concluded that the Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst has been more successful in eliminating the tar, although there is not much difference between the activities of the three catalysts.     

Aspen Plus simulation of steam-gasification of different crude oils: A detailed comparison

The gasification process is being developed to obtain environmentally clean and efficient syngas from solid (coal, biomass, and municipal solid waste) or liquid (heavy oil and waste lubricant oil) fuels for power generation. An Aspen Plus model of crude oil gasification in presence of steam as a gasifying agent that can predict syngas yield, tar concentration, and performance parameters was developed. Effects of some critical parameters such as gasification temperature, steam-fuel-ratio on hydrogen yield, tar content, and char conversion of three different crude oils were explored. Results showed that the hydrogen yield increases by increasing steam/fuel ratio from 0.5 to 0.7 (wt/wt), and then reduces smoothly due to the endothermic behavior of methane reforming reaction, which releases three hydrogen moles. It also found that as the temperature increases within the range, hydrogen yield increases dramatically, which can be explained according to the Le Chatelier's principle on the endothermic reforming reactions of methane and tar cracking. Modeling results validated against the experimental measurements and found to be in a good agreement.     

Prediction of gas composition obtained from steam-gasification of residual oil using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model

Steam-gasification is a promising technology for hydrogen-rich syngas production with low tar content. In this work, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling of steam-gasification of residual oil was developed. The aim of this paper was to study the effect of steam flow rate (SFR) and reaction temperature on gas yield (GSY) and hydrogen yield (HDY). Results showed that GSY and HDY increased from 27.3?Nm³/kg to 37.1?Nm³/kg and 0.27?mol/kg to 0.39?mol/kg as the reaction temperature increased from 850?°C to 1000?°C. It was also found that with increase of SFR from 0.08 to 0.32, HDY increased from 7.5?mol/kg to 27.3?mol/kg.     

内蒙古油砂抽提沥青的实验研究

进行了热碱水抽提内蒙古油砂中沥青的实验研究。结果表明,最佳抽提条件为：碱液浓度0．3％,抽提温度90℃,碱液／油砂质量比1．5～2．0,搅拌速度75～100r／min,抽提时间20min。在抽提得到的粗沥青中加入质量分数为20％的石油醚（馏程60—90℃）,于45℃下进行了进一步的脱砂处理。结果表明,砂粒与沥青基本分离,所得沥青中沥青质的质量分数达43．40％。     

Steam gasification of bitumen oil in presence of Ni/dolomite catalysts

An important step in developing clean energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions is the use of clean technologies such as gasification. In this work, we were used a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) to convert the bitumen oil into a clean syngas in presence of three kinds of Ni/dolomite catalysts. While all three catalysts were acceptable in the process of tar elimination, but DN-22 was more successful in eliminating tar than the other two samples, which might be due to the higher amount of CaO in the composition DN-22. With increase in Ni, the amount of eliminated tars in the tar cracking process was also increased due to the delay in the deactivation of the dolomite catalyst.     

印尼油砂多相提取油砂油的工艺

以印尼油砂为研究对象,将有机溶剂相和水相同时引入油砂形成多相体系,对油砂油进行提取分离。考察了水砂比(水与油砂的质量比)、水相p H、剂砂比(溶剂与油砂的质量比)和温度等因素对多相提取油砂油收率的影响。实验结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:水砂比0.4~0.6、水相p H 10~12、剂砂比1.0、温度70℃;在最佳条件下,溶剂重复使用5次,油砂油收率仍达94.5%以上;以石脑油为溶剂,水剂重复使用5次,油砂油收率保持在90.5%以上;尾砂经两级水洗后含油率小于0.3%(w),金属含量满足GB 4284—1984《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》,可直接用作农用土壤。     

塔河稠油沥青改性及应用研究

介绍了以塔河稠油沥青为原料的SBR改性、SBS改性沥青工艺，重点阐述了根据路面应用要求设计生产的改性沥青性能，选定AC-13级配进行混合料性能研究，表明塔河稠油SBR改性沥青和SBS改性沥青路用性能优良，满足高等级公路建设要求。     

Lube oil from blends of Nigerian Escravos light and Agbabu bitumen by empirical modeling

Abstract

Blends of Escravos light crude and Agbabu bitumen were prepared, distilled and characterized to investigate the effect of the blending on the yield and properties of the distillation fractions. The specific gravity, sulfur content, pour point and flash point of the blends were dependent on the proportions of the components. Regression analysis of the yields of distillation fraction gave robust empirical models. The predicted optimal blend of equal amounts of Escravos and Agbabu bitumen gave distillation fractions similar in properties and yield to the Russian Urals crude. Light components from the Escravos played enhanced solubilization of the heavier components in the bitumen.     

油砂沥青改质工艺流程优化探讨

分析了某油砂沥青改质厂合成原油产品收率的设计值与实际运行值,结合现有单元装置,探讨了提高合成原油产品收率的工艺流程优化方案.研究表明,先溶剂脱沥青后热裂化的工艺组合,以及对脱油沥青黏度的认识不充分,造成合成原油实际运行收率偏低.探讨了减压渣油先热裂化再溶剂脱沥青的工艺流程方案.与原设计方案相比,优化的工艺方案馏分油收率...     

沥青砂开采方法综述

沥青砂资源开采可分为就地和地表开采2类.就地开采中常使用热采、冷采和化学剂法,其中热采法细分为蒸汽吞吐、蒸汽驱和火烧油层等方法;地表开采中涉及到热碱水抽提、热碱水结合表面活性剂抽提、有机溶剂抽提和焦化法.将热采法与化学剂驱油方法相结合可以提高采油速度和采收率,是比较有前途的采油方法.热碱水提取法是地表开采中应用最广泛的方法,但它造成的环境污染比较严重;结合表面活性剂使用该方法可以提高沥青回收率,降低生产成本,减轻环境污染.     

油砂中沥青的热碱水萃取分离及其影响因素

油砂作为非常规石油资源,在能源需求不断增加和石油价格持续走高的情形下将成为重要的接替能源之一.研制了一套热碱水萃取分离装置,对中国2个地区的油砂开展了沥青的热碱水分离实验,探讨了分离过程中温度和碱的加入量、通气条件及加工助剂等因素对沥青有效分离的影响.内蒙古扎赉特旗油砂的分离实验结果表明,随着萃取热碱水温度的升高,浮选...     

Determination of gas dispersion in vapor extraction of heavy oil and bitumen

In this work, a mathematical model is developed and simulated to determine gas dispersion along with solubility during the vapor extraction (Vapex) of live oil from a laboratory scale physical model. The physical model is a rectangular block of homogenous porous medium saturated with heavy oil and bitumen. At a given temperature and pressure, the block is initially exposed on its side to a solvent gas, which diffuses into the medium and gets absorbed. The absorption of gas reduces the viscosity of heavy oil and bitumen causing it to drain under gravity. The low-viscosity “live oil” is produced at the bottom of the porous block. The production of live oil with time is accompanied by the shrinkage of oil in the block as well as its increased exposure to gas from top. These phenomena of Vapex are described by the mathematical model, which is used to calculate live oil production with various values of gas solubility and dispersion. Their optimal values are determined for the vapor extraction of Cold Lake bitumen with butane by matching calculated live oil production with its experimental values published earlier.     

溶剂对油砂沥青改质溶剂脱沥青影响研究

为优化某油砂沥青改质厂溶剂脱沥青单元操作水平,分析了溶剂脱沥青装置运行状况及存在问题,通过研究溶剂组成和工艺条件对溶剂脱沥青单元效率和能耗的影响规律,结合理论计算和工业对标,提出该单元操作优化建议.该溶剂脱沥青装置使用纯度高于99.9％的n-C5H12,对溶剂质量要求苛刻,造成溶剂成本高;溶剂/渣油(质量比)高达7,造...     

热重技术在煤焦燃烧反应性能研究中的应用

介绍了在煤炭燃烧特性的研究过程中广泛应用的热重技术的原理及影响热重分析的因素。比较了用热重技术研究煤焦的动力学时常用的等温热重技术和程序升温热重技术。等温热重技术研究得出煤焦的整体反应性,而程序升温热重技术研究得出煤焦燃烧过程的反应性变化,与煤焦的结构及岩相组成有关。研究动力学一定要在消除内、外扩散影响的条件下进行,这样才可以得到本征动力学参数。     

Prediction of density and viscosity of bitumen

Abstract

It is well known fact that temperature and pressure significantly affects density and viscosity of bitumen. The present work utilizes Gene Expression Programming (GEP) approach to develop models to predict density and viscosity of bitumen. To evaluate the accuracy of proposed GEP based models, results reported by various researchers were utilized. This includes test results regarding Athabasca, Cold Lake and Gas free bitumen. The developed GEP based models were compared with the conventional empirical regression equations. The statistical analysis indicates that GEP based models work better than other existing models for density and viscosity of bitumen.     

Effect and prediction of aromatic oil on swelling degree of direct-to-plant SBS modifier in bitumen

The effects of aromatic oil on the swelling degree of the modifier in bitumen were analyzed from macro and micro perspectives. The evaluation indicator of swelling degree was put forward and the prediction model of swelling degree was established. The result shows that the swelling degree of direct-to-plant SBS modifier in bitumen can be evaluated by the structure fineness of SBS after swelling. There is an optimal content of aromatic oil makes the direct-to-plant SBS has the best swelling degree. The swelling degree determines the performances of the direct-to-plant SBS modified bitumen to a certain extent.     

关注重油资源开发做好沥青研究工作

友随着常规石油储量日益减少,有着巨大勘探潜力和广阔发展前景的重油将成为21世纪重要的能源资源之一。我国重油开发潜力巨大,重油有望成为我国重要战略接替能源。论述了国内外重油地质储量及开采情况,重油开采及炼制需要解决的问题,介绍了我国加快解决重油高效转化与优化利用的研究概况,对利用重油资源做好沥青研究工作提出了建议。     

一种开采深层特超稠油的潜在方法

粘度大于1×104mPa·s的深层特超稠油(沥青油砂)很难用常规注蒸汽方法开采.各种布井方式的蒸汽辅助重力泄油开采这类稠油已获成功.但长井筒的热损失以及加热不含油岩层的热损失导致油汽比小,采收率低.克服热损失问题的一种潜在方法是用溶剂替代蒸汽.该方法称之为溶剂蒸气抽提法.其开采机理与使用蒸汽极为相似.但比蒸汽辅助重力泄油的优点多,是开采特超稠油经济上具有吸引力的一种方法.     

满足管输要求的加拿大油砂沥青改质新方法

加拿大油砂沥青减压渣油的梯级分离实验结果表明,在获得较大脱沥青油收率的前提下可使重脱沥青油(重脱油)的黏度降低近70%。重脱油在反应温度410℃、反应时间25 min条件下进行减黏处理,100℃动力黏度从4 187 mPa·s降低到1 366 mPa·s,黏度降低67%以上,减黏油的安定性为1级。将直馏煤、柴油、VGO(减压蜡油)及减黏油与少量的稀释剂进行调合,8℃(冬季)和15℃(夏季)时仅需分别加入14%和6%的稀释剂,调合油即可满足加拿大原油管输要求,稀释剂用量减少50%以上。     

黔北坳陷小草坝古油藏储层沥青成因及演化

黔北坳陷小草坝泥盆系古油藏储层沥青充填于生物碎屑白云岩的溶蚀孔洞、晶间孔及裂缝中,储层沥青为固态,沥青等效镜质体反射率在4.08%~4.14%之间,在有机溶剂中基本不溶解。沥青正构烷烃轻重比较高,一般介于1.5~9.0之间,前峰优势显著;多数沥青样品的萜烷中三环萜丰度相对于霍烷具有明显优势,这些样品甾烷中C₂₁孕甾烷和C₂₂升孕甾烷丰度相对于C₂₇-C₂₉甾烷同样具有明显优势。沥青及沥青包裹体不发荧光,红外光谱中无脂族基团和含氧基团吸收峰。沥青的物理、光学性质及地球化学特征表明其经历了高温热演化,为热裂解成因。沥青的甾萜烷参数和碳同位素组成与筇竹寺组、龙马溪组烃源岩区别明显,而沥青碳同位素与上古生界烃源岩有很好的可比性,表明沥青的油源来自上古生界烃源岩。成藏史恢复表明,古油藏于三叠纪中晚期形成,白垩纪早期深埋裂解形成固体沥青,燕山-喜马拉雅期抬升暴露至地表。