β-葡聚糖酶对SN1391小麦芽的品质影响研究

以小麦SN1391为试材,按三因素三水平正交设计进行实验得到9组麦芽,通过对麦芽品质分析研究小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活与麦芽品质的关系。发现小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活与麦芽浸出物含量、α-淀粉酶活力存在极显著正相关性(P<0.01);与糖化力、库尔巴哈值、α-AN、蛋白酶活力存在显著正相关性(P<0.05);与麦汁粘度、糖化力存在显著负相关性(P<0.05)。影响β-葡聚糖酶活力的工艺参数主次顺序为:浸麦度>焙焦温度>发芽温度。浸麦度为47%～48%、发芽温度为15～17℃、焙焦温度为80～81℃时SN1391小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活力最高。     

制麦工艺对SN1391小麦麦芽质量的影响

以小麦SN1391为试材,采用三因素三水平正交实验设计,研究浸麦度(40%～48%)、发芽温度(12～20℃)及焙焦温度(78～83℃)对麦芽质量的影响。通过对成品麦芽指标的分析,发现浸出物含量受制麦工艺参数影响不大;糖化力、糖化时间、α-AN含量、库尔巴哈值、麦芽β-葡聚糖含量、麦汁粘度受工艺参数影响较大;提高浸麦度与发芽温度,降低焙焦温度可以降低成品麦芽中β-葡聚糖的含量和麦汁粘度。以糖化力为主要指标时,对糖化力影响的主次因素顺序为:发芽温度>浸麦度>焙焦温度;得到最佳制麦工艺参数为:浸麦度47%～48%、发芽温度为18～20℃、焙焦温度为80～81℃。     

用法国大麦制麦初探

法国大麦，经测定发芽率高，有轻度水敏性。用快速浸麦法浸麦，发芽前期补３次水，Ｍ－Ｆ焙燥，Ｍ－Ｆ焙燥，可制得合格成品麦芽。     

快速制麦芽新工艺

赤霉酸加在第一次浸麦水或发芽初期,用再浸法加速发芽。有效控制多次浸渍操作也能加速早期发芽,结合18℃或40℃再浸渍,使绿麦芽从第一次浸水起,经六天即可入炉焙燥,降低制麦损失,多次浸渍,早期加赤霉酸,制麦期可缩短到4.5～6天。     

用小麦酿造啤酒的讨论

小麦是酿造啤酒的原料之一，其分布主要在欧亚大陆和北美洲。品种因播种季节和皮色不同而呈多品种性：小麦营养比较丰富，经济价值较高；富含淀粉、蛋白质，还舍有脂肪、多种矿质元素和维生素B。小麦含蛋白质在11％～16％，比大麦含蛋白质高。小麦芽生产浸麦时间为大麦的2／3；浸麦度为37％～38％；发芽温度可升至17～20℃，结束温度为60℃；焙焦温度80℃。用小麦芽酿造啤酒对糖化和过滤、啤酒风味、酵母使用、啤酒过滤和啤酒抗冷都会产生一定的影响。     

啤酒大麦制麦过程中淀粉酶活性变化动态的研究

以不同品种的大麦为材料,运用底物分析法检测3种淀粉酶的活性。不同品种的大麦中α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和极限糊精酶活力差异较大,因此实际生产中可对不同品种大麦进行筛选,选用酶活较高的大麦来制备麦芽;在制麦过程中,浸麦可在一定程度卜抑制淀粉酶的活力;淀粉酶的总活力在发芽初期缓慢增加,2d～3d后急剧增加至最大值;焙焦可使3种酶酶活有不同程度地下降。     

啤酒大麦制麦过程中淀粉酶活性变化动态的研究

以不同品种的大麦为材料,运用底物分析法检测三种淀粉酶的活性.不同品种的大麦中α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和极限糊精酶活力差异较大,因此实际生产中可对不同品种大麦进行筛选,选用酶活较高的大麦来制备麦芽;在制麦过程中,浸麦可在一定程度上抑制淀粉酶的活力;淀粉酶的总活力在发芽初期缓慢增加,2～3d后急剧增加至最大值;焙焦可使三种酶酶活有不同程度的下降.     

制麦对大麦中β-葡聚糖酶和植酸酶活性的影响

通过三因素(浸麦温度、湿度、发芽温度)两水平析因试验，研究了制麦过程对裸麦和芒麦中的β-葡聚糖和植酸含量的影响。在高温(48℃)下浸麦时，麦芽的β-葡聚糖总量变化很小，而浸麦温度(15℃)较低时，β-葡聚糖总量显著下降。温度为38℃时，对于不可溶β-葡聚糖来讲，这一趋势就更为明显。通过麦芽中的β-葡聚糖酶活性分析发现，浸麦温度为15℃，活性显著增加，而浸麦温度为48℃时，活性增加缓慢。另外两个因素对结果影响较小，主要是因为浸麦温度是对β-葡聚糖和β-葡聚糖酶活最重要的影响因素。当在100℃提取β-葡聚糖时，提取量较大，浸麦温度对提取量的影响大于提取温度。浸麦温度为15℃时的β-葡聚糖平均分子量要低于浸麦温度为48℃时。本试验设计的的因素水平对植酸的简介和植酸酶的活性没有多大影响。结果显示，既然本试验设计的参数对植酸酶活性几乎没有影响，而对β-葡聚糖酶活影响很大，那么就有可能对酶进行有选择性的控制。     

制麦工艺对特种麦芽品质的影响

为探讨不同制麦工艺条件下特种麦芽品质变化,以特种麦芽色度、α-氨基氮含量及特征风味物质2,5-二甲基吡嗪和糠醛含量为指标,研究特种麦芽制麦过程中焙焦温度和焙焦时间以及麦芽原料对麦芽品质的影响。结果表明,随着焙焦温度的升高,所有处理下的特种麦芽的水分含量、α-氨基氮含量均显著下降(P0.05),在温度达到160℃时,水分质量分数已低于1%,且采用发芽3 d的麦芽制成的特种麦芽,α-氨基氮质量浓度下降最快,由228.157 mg/L降到118.427 mg/L;原麦芽β-葡聚糖含量最高,随着浸麦、发芽时间的延长,β-葡聚糖含量逐渐降低,同种麦芽焙焦温度的不同对β-葡聚糖含量影响较小;色度、还原力和硫代巴比妥酸值均随焙焦温度升高而显著增加(P0.05),发芽3 d的麦芽制得的特种麦芽色度增长最快,还原力最高,达1.303;硫代巴比妥酸值与啤酒的老化严重程度呈正比,因此在制麦过程中应合理控制麦芽的硫代巴比妥酸值;随着温度的升高,2,5-二甲基吡嗪含量先减少后增加,糠醛含量在80～120℃条件下无明显变化,120℃时开始显著增加,2,5-二甲基吡嗪和糠醛均主要在120～160℃条件下生成。     

节能麦芽生产技术研究

在高质量的麦芽生产中，需要精确调节各种发芽指数，而掌握下列技术非常重要。在浸责时：确定水的温度；保证浸水和空气休止期间充分供氧，并经空气调节排队CO2。在发芽时：根据呼吸情况调节风机通风量；通过控制新鲜空气／回用空气的比例自动调节发芽温度。在干燥时，采用新的节能型焙燥系统，使之与发芽相适应。尽管在各自的系统中干燥和焙燥条件差异很大，但最终都能得到品质优良的成品麦芽。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the