晶界扩散Dy–Al–Ga对钕铁硼磁体的磁性能和微观组织的影响

通过晶界扩散Dy₇₀Al₁₀Ga₂₀合金研究了烧结Nd-Fe-B磁体的磁性能和热稳定性能.用NIM-500C高温永磁测量仪和MLA650扫描电镜测出了磁体在扩散前后的磁性能和微观组织的变化.结果表明，在Dy₇₀Al₁₀Ga₂₀合金扩散热处理后，磁体矫顽力从原始的1 080.968 kA/m显著提升到1 671.600 kA/m，提升幅度约为55 %，而剩磁下降很少. Dy、Al、Ga元素在晶界处扩散，很好地隔绝了磁交换作用，提升矫顽力. SEM图显示在扩散Dy₇₀Al₁₀Ga₂₀合金后，可以很明显地看到晶粒外延层有一层灰色的壳层包覆着主相晶粒，很好地起到了隔离晶粒的磁交换作用. XRD显示主相的峰普遍往右偏移，这归因于重稀土元素Dy进入晶粒外延层形成（Nd, Dy）₂Fe₁₄B核壳结构. Dy的原子半径比Nd小，导致峰往右移.      

烧结钕铁硼晶界扩散Dy工艺进展

烧结钕铁硼性能要求不断提高的今天,晶界扩散技术应运而生。通过该技术能用少量重稀土大幅提高矫顽力,且避免剩磁下降。本文对目前研究开发中的多种晶界扩散Dy工艺介绍总结,并就晶界扩散工艺提高矫顽力的机制做了简要分析。     

DyFe薄膜晶界扩散钕铁硼磁体的结构与磁学性能

采用磁控溅射在磁体易磁化面上沉积3μm厚度的Dy_xFe_1-x(x=30,50,80,100)合金薄膜层,并进行适当热处理制备晶界扩散型烧结钕铁硼磁体。当Fe含量为20%(原子分数)时,Dy₈₀Fe₂₀扩散磁体在基本不影响剩磁的情况下矫顽力能够达到15.70 kOe,接近Dy扩散磁体矫顽力,性价比更高。微观结构分析表明,重稀土元素Dy沿晶界相向磁体内部扩散的同时发生了晶格扩散,在晶粒表层生成了磁晶各向异性场更强的(Nd, Dy)₂Fe₁₄B硬磁壳层,因而磁体矫顽力增强。Dy扩散磁体经典核壳结构出现于100μm～300μm之间,且有效扩散深度小于500μm,而Dy₈₀Fe₂₀扩散磁体在100μm处便出现了明显的核壳且壳层可延续至500μm以上,说明Fe合金化可以有效缓解Dy在扩散磁体表面的聚集并提高有效扩散深度。在任意温度区间内,Dy₈₀Fe₂₀扩散磁体的α_B     

烧结钕铁硼晶界扩散Dy微观组织分析

主要对渗Dy晶界扩散处理后的NdFeB磁体中的Dy元素分布特性进行了研究。经过蒸镀法渗Dy处理,磁体矫顽力从1060 kA/m提高至1630 kA/m,而剩磁几乎保持不变。ICP成分分析得知,虽然渗Dy处理后Dy含量从表到里逐渐降低,但与未处理的磁体相比,在最深的中心部仍有明显的Dy含量提高。SEM能谱和EPMA面分布结果显示,大部分Dy元素主要存在于角隅处富钕相,而贫钕晶界处Dy含量从表到里逐渐减少。Dy扩散过程在富钕相晶界处更易进行,钕铁硼磁体本身的富钕相分布和晶界结构对渗Dy过程起重要作用。     

重稀土掺杂烧结钕铁硼磁体的晶界调控研究进展

随着低碳经济的提出,烧结钕铁硼磁体作为新能源汽车及其他高新技术的核心材料越来越受到人们的关注,同时对其性能也提出了更高的要求,高矫顽力、高剩磁和大磁能积的永磁体成为人们追求的目标。烧结钕铁硼磁体的磁性能与微观结构中晶界成分、分布以及体积分数等密切相关。利用新型工艺在合金中掺杂重稀土可以很好地调控磁体的微观结构,从而在保持剩磁不变的基础上,提高磁体的矫顽力和磁能积。本文在详细介绍两种新型掺杂技术的基础上,梳理了近几十年来国内外通过掺杂重稀土金属、重稀土化合物及重稀土合金来调控磁体晶界结构、提高磁体矫顽力方面的最新研究成果,为进一步提高烧结钕铁硼磁体性能提供参考。     

晶界扩散中Tb对烧结NdFeB磁体微观组织和磁性能的影响

通过晶界扩散技术提升烧结钕铁硼(NdFeB)磁体矫顽力的方法已获得广泛应用,为了研究重稀土磁粉对磁体综合磁性能的影响,本文采用喷涂扩散的方法将重稀土Tb含量为6.0%(质量分数)的磁粉作为复合扩散源的一部分进行晶界扩散并制备了高性能烧结NdFeB磁体。结果表明,当主扩散源占比为60%(质量分数)时,Nd₄₀Tb₆₀对应扩散磁体的矫顽力最高达到21.52 kOe,矫顽力增幅明显。经过微观组织结构和XRD表征分析,重稀土元素Tb沿晶界相扩散进入磁体内部的同时发生了晶格取代反应,可在晶粒表层生成磁晶各向异性场更强的(Nd,Dy/Tb)₂Fe₁₄B硬磁相,显著增强了磁体矫顽力。当主扩散源占比为20%、40%和80%(质量分数)时,Nd₈₀Tb₂₀,Nd₆₀Tb₄₀和Nd₂₀Tb₈₀对应扩散磁体的矫顽力增幅较小,其中Nd₈₀Tb₂₀扩散...     

高Dy含量烧结Nd-Fe-B的晶界扩散处理研究

研究了晶界扩散处理对高Dy含量烧结Nd-Fe-B磁体性能和结构的影响。经蒸镀渗Dy晶界扩散处理,高Dy含量Nd-Fe-B磁体的矫顽力从1 713 kA/m提高至2 161 kA/m,而剩磁和最大磁能积基本没有下降,处理后磁体内Dy平均质量分数仅增加0.30%。不同深度片层分析表明,虽然磁体近表面片层比中心片层的Dy含量高,但是片层间矫顽力相差较少,而且所有片层的矫顽力均远高于未处理磁体片层的矫顽力。电子探针Dy元素面分布结果显示,在未处理高Dy含量磁体的晶界与主相中均存在Dy元素富集区且富集浓度较低,而经扩散处理后,晶界富Nd相中的Dy富集区浓度及所占比例明显提高;包括磁体芯部在内,磁体内大部分角隅处富Nd相内Dy含量明显增加,进一步提高了高Dy含量磁体内部各处的矫顽力。     

添加Dy2O3的烧结钕铁硼磁体的磁性能与力学性能

应用常规粉末冶金工艺制备添加不同质量分数Dy2O3的32(Pr-Nd) -0.60Gd -0.55Nb -0.20Cu -0.45Al - 1.12B - Fe烧结磁体,分析了磁性能、抗弯强度、显微组织的变化规律.结果表明,添加Dy2O3使磁体内禀矫顽力近似线性地上升,而剩磁与磁能积则近似线性地下降;添加1.0％的Dy...     

液相扩散对钕铁硼磁体性能和组织结构的影响

用双合金工艺在Nd13.05Dy0.23Fe80.12B6.5铸片主合金中分别添加质量分数为3％～20％的富稀土铸锭辅合金Nd38.2Cc11.8Fe44.88Al4.12B,研究在钕铁硼永磁体中用Ce部分地取代Nd时对永磁体的磁性能的变化规律.实验结果表明,在一定的烧结及热处理工艺条件下,辅合金加入量介于8％ ～ 12％(质量分数)时,磁体的内禀矫顽力和磁能积相对较高,对剩磁的影响不大.显微成分分析表明,采用双合金法,使组织中细小的颗粒状富稀土相增多,形成了更多的对矫顽力有贡献的富稀土相,并且富稀土相分布于晶界上.     

烧结钕铁硼的磁性能和力学性能研究进展

重点介绍深冷处理对烧结钕铁硼磁性能的研究、目前力学性能研究现状以及研究烧结钕铁硼力学性能的重要性。     

Effect of annealing temperature on magnetic properties of a sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet after grain boundary diffusion with Dy70Cu30 alloy

Grain boundary diffusion process(GBDP) has been developed as an effective approach to increase the coercivity of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets by regulating the compositions and phase distributions near grain boundaries.This work aims to explore how to select the optimum annealing temperature after GBDP.In this work GBDP was performed on a sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet using Dy₇₀Cu₃₀ alloy.After GBDP the low eutectic temperature of the grain boundary phases decreases from the initial ...     

Effect of grain boundary diffusion of terbium on mode of mechanical fracture of sintered NdFeB magnets

Grain boundary diffusion process(GBDP) is a widely used method of increasing the coercivity of sintered NdFeB magnets.In this study,the effects of the GBDP on the bending strength and microhardness of sintered NdFeB magnets and the fracture mode were investigated.Results show that the bending strength of magnets is reduced by pickling and heat treatment and greatly recove rs after heavy rare earth element(Tb) grain boundary diffusion.The pickling and the heat treatment cause a slight decrease in...     

Influence of Pr-Al-Co alloy diffusion source on magnetic properties and microstructure of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets processed by grain boundary diffusion

In this study, the influence of the content of Al and Co in the diffusion source on the magnetic performance and microstructure of the diffused magnet was studied by grain boundary diffusion treatment with Pr₇₀Al_30–xCo_x (x = 0 at%, 10 at%, 15 at%, 20 at%, 30 at%) alloys. When the Co content in the diffusion source increases from 0 at% to 10 at%, the coercivity enhancement in the Pr₇₀Al₂₀Co₁₀ diffused magnet is the highest, increased from 1.62 to 2.24 T, higher than 2.01 T of the Pr₇₀Al₃₀ diffused magnet. With further increase of Co content in the diffused source, the coercivity of the diffused magnet decreases gradually, the coercivity of Pr₇₀Al₁₅Co₁₅, Pr₇₀Al₂₀Co₁₀ and Pr₇₀Co₃₀ diffused magnet is 2.15, 1.99 and 1.81 T, respectively. Microstructural analysis shows that plenty of continuous grain boundary phases (CGBPs) can be formed in the Pr₇₀Al₂₀Co₁₀ diffused magnet under the synergistic effect of Al and Co, which leads to the enhancement of magnetic isolation between more adjacent grains. However, the amount of CGBP in the diffused magnets gradually decreases with the further increase of Co content in the diffusion source.     

Effect of aluminum on microstructure and magnetic properties of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets processed by grain boundary diffusion of Tb-Al

The grain boundary diffusion process(GBDP) of Tb can improve the coercivity of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets.In this study,the effect of AI on the diffusion of Tb in the GBDP was investigated.The content of diffused Tb-Al was precisely controlled by adjusting the magnetron sputtering process.The Tb equivalent of Al was also studied.Results show that AI promotes the diffusion of Tb deeper into the magnet,reducing the thickness of the shell in the core-shell structure.This study is helpful for further ...     

Effect of Pr-Ga dual-alloys diffusion on magnetic properties and thermal stability of hot-deformed PrNd-Fe-B magnets

To investigate the influence of the addition of Pr-Ga alloys on magnetic properties and morphology of materials,the hot-deformed PrNd-Fe-B magnets were prepared...     

烧结Nd-Fe-B磁体晶界扩散TbH2高温稳定性及其机理

采用涂敷方式,在烧结钕铁硼表面均匀涂敷TbH₂粉末,经过不同的扩散温度处理,制备出晶界扩散磁体。研究了晶界扩散TbH₂对烧结Nd-Fe-B磁体常温磁性能及高温稳定性的影响,并分析了磁体矫顽力提升的机理。常温磁性能研究表明,扩散磁体经过890 ℃+490 ℃工艺处理后性能达到最优,矫顽力从1 383 kA/m提升到1 988 kA/m。高温磁性能结果显示,扩散磁体200 ℃的矫顽力温度系数|β|比原始磁体降低0.032%/℃,磁通不可损失hirr比原始磁体降低21.47%,扩散TbH₂明显提高了烧结Nd-Fe-B磁体的热稳定性。分析得出,晶界扩散TbH₂磁体矫顽力提升的机理是Nd₂Fe₁₄B晶粒外延层形成了（Tb, Nd）₂Fe₁₄B核壳结构,提高了磁晶各向异性场;同时改善了磁体的微观组织结构,有效地隔绝了晶粒之间的磁交换耦合作用。      

Magnetic properties and microstructures of terbium coated and grain boundary diffusion treated sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets by magnetron sputtering

Tb coating on the surface of commercial sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet was prepared by DC magnetron sputtering.The secondary heat treatment was used to regulate the microstructure for the enhancement of coercivity,namely diffusion treatment and annealing treatment.The coercivity increases significantly from 18.3 to 28.0 kOe,the remanence decreases slightly from 14.1 to 14.0 kGs,and the comprehensive magnetic properties are higher than 75(Hcj+(BH)_max=76.7).SEM results indicate that,on the one hand,950℃is the optimal diffusion temperature.Lower diffusion temperature results in insufficient diffusion of Tb element.Higher diffusion temperature can lead to the main phase grain growth,the decrease of Nd-rich phase,and forming holes in the magnet.On the other hand,500℃is the optimal annealing temperature.Lower annealing temperature can result in the reduction of Nd-rich phase.Higher annealing temperature can generate the non-defined Nd-rich thin layer between grains.     

Effects of grain boundary diffusion process on magnetic properties enhancement and microstructure evolution of hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets

Grain boundary diffusion(GBD) process is an important approach for producing Nd-Fe-B magnets with high coercivity and high thermal stability.The GBD for hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets with nanocrystalline micro structure is more complicated compared to sintered magnets.Here,we investigated the effects of different GBD methods,i.e.,intergranular addition(in-situ GBD 1#),in-situ GBD from magnet surface during hot pressing and hot deformation(in-situ GBD 2#),and conventional GBD,on the magnetic prope...     

镝扩渗对烧结钕铁硼磁体组织结构与磁性能的影响

对比研究了38UH、42SH和N50薄片状钕铁硼磁体晶界镝扩渗前后的组织结构与磁性能,发现经过镝扩渗处理后磁体的矫顽力提高了400 kA·m^-1以上,而剩磁几乎不变,最大磁能积因为矫顽力和方形度的提高而提高。经组织结构分析认为,钕铁硼磁体晶界镝扩渗提高矫顽力主要是通过提高Nd₂Fe₁₄B晶粒外延层的各向异性和形核场实现的。根据Fick第一扩散定律,对磁体晶界镝扩渗进行了模拟计算,可近似得到定温热处理不同时间后渗镝深度及对应的镝的质量浓度及质量分数。