纳米技术与计量学

纳米科学技术,简称“纳米技术”,是研究在原子和分子水平上操纵物质的能力。它内容广泛,有多种多样的工业需求,交运载未来的科技、经济、社会发展和国家安全产生重大影响,现已成为一个国际竞相争夺的科技战略重点,本文扼要叙述了纳米技术的三大主要领域（纳米材料学,纳米电子学和纳米医学）及其应用前景,以及计量学在纳米技术方面所起的重要作用。在重点部署纳米技术的基础研究,基地建设和产业化工作的同时,要注意纳米计量学的同步发展。     

纳米技术与包装印刷

揭示了应用纳米技术改造传统包装印刷的前景     

Nanotechnology and its Impact on the German Energy Sector

In regard to finite resources and in view of the global climate change sustainable development in energy supply gains importance. In addition to the improvement of conventional technologies and the use of renewable energies in this context new technologies and innovations get more important. The described work analyses innovative products and processes based on nanotechnology, with respect to the German energy industry.     

New materials for micro-scale sensors and actuators: An engineering review

This paper provides a detailed overview of developments in transducer materials technology relating to their current and future applications in micro-scale devices. Recent advances in piezoelectric, magnetostrictive and shape-memory alloy systems are discussed and emerging transducer materials such as magnetic nanoparticles, expandable micro-spheres and conductive polymers are introduced. Materials properties, transducer mechanisms and end applications are described and the potential for integration of the materials with ancillary systems components is viewed as an essential consideration. The review concludes with a short discussion of structural polymers that are extending the range of micro-fabrication techniques available to designers and production engineers beyond the limitations of silicon fabrication technology.     

Metallic Nanocatalysis: An Accelerating Seamless Integration with Nanotechnology

Rapidly growing research interests surround heterogeneous nanocatalysis, in which metal nanoparticles (NPs) play a pivotal role as structure‐sensitive active centers. With advances in nanotechnology, the morphology of metal NPs can be precisely controlled, which can provide well‐defined models of nanocatalysts for understanding and optimizing the structure–reactivity correlations and the catalytic mechanisms. Benefiting from this, further credible evidence can be acquired on well‐defined nanocatalysts rather than common multiphase systems, which is of great significance for the design and practical application of active metal nanocatalysts. Numerous studies demonstrate that enhanced structure‐sensitive catalytic activity and selectivity are dependent not only on an increased surface‐to‐volume ratio and special surface atom arrangements, but also on tailored metal–metal and metal–organic–ligand interfaces, which is ascribed to the size, shape, composition, and ligand effects. Size–reactivity relationships and underlying size‐dependent metal–oxide interactions are observed in many reactions. For bimetallic nanocatalysts, the composition and nanostructure play critical roles in regulating reactivities. Crystal facets favor individual catalytic selectivity and rates via distinct reaction pathways occurring on diverse atomic arrangements, both to low‐index and high‐index facets. High‐index facets exhibit superior reactivities owing to their high‐energy active sites, which facilitate rapid bond‐breaking and new bond generation. Additionally, organic ligands may enhance the catalytic activity and selectivity of metal nanocatalysts via changing the adsorption energies of reactants and/or reaction energy barriers. Furthermore, atomically dispersed metals, especially single‐atom metallic catalysts, have emerged recently, which can achieve better specific catalytic activity compared to conventional nanostructured metallic catalysts due to the low‐coordination environment, stronger interaction with supports, and maximum service efficiency. Here, recent progress in shaped metallic nanocatalysts is examined and several parameters are discussed, as well as finally highlighting single‐atom metallic catalysts and some perspectives on nanocatalysis. The integration of nanotechnology and nanocatalysis has been shaping up and, no doubt, the combination of sensitive characterization techniques and quantum calculations will play more important roles in such processes.     

Nano/Micro‐Manufacturing of Bioinspired Materials: a Review of Methods to Mimic Natural Structures

Through billions of years of evolution and natural selection, biological systems have developed strategies to achieve advantageous unification between structure and bulk properties. The discovery of these fascinating properties and phenomena has triggered increasing interest in identifying characteristics of biological materials, through modern characterization and modeling techniques. In an effort to produce better engineered materials, scientists and engineers have developed new methods and approaches to construct artificial advanced materials that resemble natural architecture and function. A brief review of typical naturally occurring materials is presented here, with a focus on chemical composition, nano‐structure, and architecture. The critical mechanisms underlying their properties are summarized, with a particular emphasis on the role of material architecture. A review of recent progress on the nano/micro‐manufacturing of bio‐inspired hybrid materials is then presented in detail. In this case, the focus is on nacre and bone‐inspired structural materials, petals and gecko foot‐inspired adhesive films, lotus and mosquito eye inspired superhydrophobic materials, brittlestar and Morpho butterfly‐inspired photonic structured coatings. Finally, some applications, current challenges and future directions with regard to manufacturing bio‐inspired hybrid materials are provided.     

Biomaterials to Mimic and Heal Connective Tissues

Connective tissue is one of the four major types of animal tissue and plays essential roles throughout the human body. Genetic factors, aging, and trauma all contribute to connective tissue dysfunction and motivate the need for strategies to promote healing and regeneration. The goal here is to link a fundamental understanding of connective tissues and their multiscale properties to better inform the design and translation of novel biomaterials to promote their regeneration. Major clinical problems in adipose tissue, cartilage, dermis, and tendon are discussed that inspire the need to replace native connective tissue with biomaterials. Then, multiscale structure–function relationships in native soft connective tissues that may be used to guide material design are detailed. Several biomaterials strategies to improve healing of these tissues that incorporate biologics and are biologic‐free are reviewed. Finally, important guidance documents and standards (ASTM, FDA, and EMA) that are important to consider for translating new biomaterials into clinical practice are highligted.