离子束技术制备Ag-Cu固体润滑膜的研究

介绍了采用离子束技术（包括离子束溅射和离子注入）在钢表面沉积Ag-Cu合金固体润滑膜的方法。通过现代测试技术研究和测量了Ag－Cu合金固体润滑膜表面的显微硬度、磨痕形貌、摩擦系数等，结果表明经离子注入的Ag30Cu70合金膜具有优良的润滑和耐磨能力。还分析了离子注入的作用及Ag-Cu合金膜的减摩机理。     

退火气氛与扩散阻挡层对Cu膜表面完整性的影响

用反应磁控溅射和离子束辅助沉积(IBAD)方法分别在(111)单晶硅基体上沉积了Cu／ZrSiN与Cu／ZrN膜系，制得的试样在800℃下分别在真空和N2、H2混合气体两种气氛中退火lh。结果表明，在真空中退火的Cu／ZrSiN膜由于ZrSiN膜裂纹导致Cu膜裂纹的产生：ZrSiN和ZrN扩散阻挡层上的Cu膜还有很多由晶界迁移导致的孔洞。在氮氢混合气体中退火时ZrSiN扩散阻挡层上的Cu膜由于具有高的应力而发生断裂，ZrN扩散阻挡层上的Cu膜则没有这一现象。在N2、H2混合气体中退火时Cu由于还原性气氛抑制了晶界迁移而使Cu膜的孔洞变小、减小。     

脉冲激光沉积技术在磁性薄膜制备中的应用

脉冲激光沉积制膜（PLD）是近年来迅速发展起来的制膜新技术，首先简要介绍了脉冲激光沉积技术的原理、特点和优势以及在磁性功能薄膜研究中的应用，最后说明了该技术的最新发展趋势。     

用基片曲率法测量薄膜应力

采用基片曲率法设计和制作了一种测量薄膜应力的装置，它具有简单、无损伤、快速、易于操作、精度高的优点。使用该装置测量了射频磁控溅射镀制的Cu单层膜和Ag／Cu多层膜的应力，结果表明薄膜残余应力是均匀的，但随沉积条件不同而不同。Cu单层膜和Ag／Cu多层膜处于压应力状态，外加-200V偏压时，Ag／Cu多层膜则转变为很小的拉应力状态。XRD表明Ag／Cu多层膜已结晶，呈现Ag(111)／Cu(111)择优取向。     

用AFM研究硅基上沉积铜膜生长过程

室温下,利用磁控溅射在P型Si(111)衬底上沉积了铜(Cu)膜.用原子力显微镜(AFM)对不同沉积时间制备的Cu膜形貌进行了观测,研究了磁控溅射沉积Cu膜时膜在硅衬底上成核和生长方式.Cu膜在Si衬底生长时,Cu的临界核以Volmer-Weber模式生长.溅射时,核长大增高为岛状,岛与岛相互连接构成岛的通道,最后形成连续膜.随着沉积的进行,Cu膜表面粗糙度由于晶粒凝聚和合并而增大.当形成连续致密的、具有一定晶向的Cu膜时,粗糙度反而减小.     

纳米Cu2O/TiO2 异质结薄膜电极的制备和表征

通过阴极还原在纳米TiO2膜上电沉积Cu2O，获得了p-Cu2O／n-TiO2异质结电极．研究了沉积温度对Cu2O膜厚、纯度和形貌的影响，制备出纯度较高、粒径为40-50nm的Cu2O薄膜．纳米Cu2O膜在200℃烧结后透光性最好，禁带宽度为2．06eV．光电化学测试表明纳米p-Cu2O／n-TiO2异质结电极呈现较强的n-型光电流响应并且能够提高光电转换效率．     

溅射Cu膜方式对ZrN扩散阻挡层热稳定性的影响

用射频磁控反应溅射法在Si(111)单晶基体上沉积ZrN扩散阻挡层,随后在其上分别用直流脉冲平衡磁控溅射(BMS)和非平衡磁控溅射(UBMS)沉积Cu膜.用XRD分析Cu膜的结构,AES分析薄膜成分,AFM观察沉积态Cu膜的表面形貌.结果表明,UBMS沉积的Cu膜可有效抑制Cu与Si基体之间的扩散,提高ZrN扩散阻挡层的热稳定性,UBMS沉积的Cu膜对扩散地抑制作用与其致密的结构有关.     

退火气氛与扩散阻挡层对Cu膜表面完整性的影响

用反应磁控溅射和离子束辅助沉积 (IBAD)方法分别在 ( 111)单晶硅基体上沉积了Cu/ZrSiN与Cu/ZrN膜系 ,制得的试样在 80 0℃下分别在真空和N2 、H2 混合气体两种气氛中退火 1h ,结果表明 ,在真空中退火的Cu/ZrSiN膜由于ZrSiN膜裂纹导致Cu膜裂纹的产生 ;ZrSiN和ZrN扩散阻挡层上的Cu膜还有很多由晶界迁移导致的孔洞。在氮氢混合气体中退火时ZrSiN扩散阻挡层上的Cu膜由于具有高的应力而发生断裂 ,ZrN扩散阻挡层上的Cu膜则没有这一现象。在N2 、H2 混合气体中退火时Cu由于还原性气氛抑制了晶界迁移而使Cu膜的孔洞变小、减小     

溅射沉积Cu膜生长的Monte Carlo模拟

在本文中,我们建立了一个较完整的基于动力学晶格蒙特卡罗方法的模拟薄膜生长的三维模型,利用该模型我们研究了溅射沉积条件下粒子的沉积角度、沉积速率以及入射能量对Cu膜生长的影响.模拟结果表明Cu膜表面粗糙度会随沉积角度和沉积速率的增大而增大,而相对密度随之减小.模拟的薄膜的三维形貌显示,在薄膜的表面存在着柱状结构,这与实验是相符的.     

离子束辅助沉积技术制备耐磨抗蚀膜层的研究进展

介绍了离子束辅助沉积技术及其在制备耐磨抗蚀膜层方面的应用，对该技术目前的发展现状及应用前景作了评述。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from