Grün ist nicht gleich Grün – Einblicke in das LEED‐Zertifizierungssystem

LEED – The Green Building Rating System. Buildings in the USA are commonly not perceived as energy efficient and sustainable. Considering this, it comes as a surprise that the LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design) certification system is leading the process to certify “Green Buildings” despite the broad range of certification systems in countries such as BREEAM in England, CASBEE in Japan, HQE in France, Green Star in Australia, and most recently DGNB in Germany. International companies are pursuing the LEED certification due to its worldwide applicability – over 20,000 buildings in 76 countries are currently registered.     

Informing LEED's next generation with The Natural Step

Building assessment systems, such as the US Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) suite of standards, have been helpful in the initiation of a movement that is addressing the environmental impact of buildings. The approach utilized in these standards is in need of updating in order to address a number of potentially serious shortcomings. Among these are the lack of a quantifiable relationship between 'points' and environmental impacts, a 'one-size-fits-all' design for assessment, and an absence of consistent science underpinning LEED points. To address the last of these shortcomings, the potential use of The Natural Step (TNS) could form the foundation for the next generation of building assessment tools, sometimes referred to as LEED Version 3. LEED is used as an example of the potential application of TNS to remedy some of the major shortcomings of building assessment systems. The same approach would apply to voluntary, market-based building assessment systems used in other countries, e.g. the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), the Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency (CASBEE), and Green Star, to name but a few.     

Do sustainable community rating systems address resilience?

Extensive damages and numerous casualties are produced by natural disasters and hazards in urban areas. Hence, the absorption, recovery and adaptation to them through resilience are highly necessary to ensure operation and enhancement of urban systems. The significance of urbanization led to launch some tools such as BREEAM Communities, CASBEE for Urban Development, DNGB Urban Districts, Green Star Communities, LEED for Neighbourhood Development or STAR Community to promote sustainable development in communities and cities. After selecting the most relevant community rating systems, this research determined their adequacy to handle urban challenges by benchmarking them against the major international efforts and some relevant resilience assessment tools extracted from the study of eight global frameworks. Thus, the Sendai Framework and the 2030 Agenda represented the former, whilst the latter considered the City Resilience Index and the City Resilience Profiling Tool. The findings of this investigation revealed that the indicators of STAR Community and BREEAM Communities reflected the highest level of correspondence with the resilience assessment frameworks. However, the existence of prominent gaps in all the screened community rating systems suggests the need for developing a new tool involving both resilience and sustainability.     

绿色建筑评估体系对建筑节能管理的启示

通过对NABERS、BREEAM、LEED、GBTOOL、CASBEE和中国绿色建筑评估标准的对比分析，指出建筑的节能管理是国外成熟的绿色建筑评估体系中比较重要的内容，而在我国还需要对此予以足够的重视。特别是针对既有建筑改造的评估，将建筑节能管理纳入主要的评估内容，不仅可以促进我国的评估体系与国外接轨，更重要的是可以提高我国建筑节能管理水平，提升物业管理单位节能文化，促进节能建筑和建筑的可持续化发展。     

BIM和可持续性一体化课程

绿色建筑和可持续性施工一直以来都被列入本科和研究生阶段的施工管理项目课程中。在这类课程中,能源与环境设计认证(LEED)绿色建筑评级系统是一项重要课题。大学中现有的LEED教学一般都仅限于教科书和参考书中的基础理论。由于缺乏实践经验,学生们通常都难以理解LEED系统的基本原理,因此也不能理解LEED项目是如何在工程领域中实现的。本文将探讨林克尔(Rinker)建筑学院通过整合BIM,研究实验出一种能够促进可持续性的创新教学方法。BIM-for-LEED教学模式以佛罗里达大学校园中已通过LEED认证的建筑为例,利用先进的BIM制作和分析工具来表达成功获得LEED认证的关键设计因素。这个教学重点强调了满足LEED认证所需的设计要素,以及满足这些要素所需的BIM解决方案中的功能性。教学中所设置的课程和实验,都是为了进一步扩展学生在计算机辅助的可持续性设计方面的知识,更重要的是,亲自参与建模实验可以了解满足LEED认证的设计流程的最基本元素。在学期结束时,学生们不仅对可持续性和LEED评级系统有了更深入的理解,同时还掌握了关于LEED认证建筑建模的扎实技能。利用校园中LEED项目的优势在于学生们可以随时看到这些建筑,并分辨出其设计和实际建成建筑之间的区别,从而丰富了他们对从设计阶段到施工阶段,乃至建筑运营和维护阶段的可持续性设计和LEED的理解。     

典型绿色建筑评价体系中节地条款比较

将中国绿色建筑评价体系与包括英国BREEAM、美国LEED、日本CASBEE在内的典型国外绿色建筑评估体系对节地条款的内容、权重体系及相应要求等进行比较研究。通过比较,可以发现选址、土地利用、生态环境是节地条款的主要组成部分。在LEED中,土地利用所占分值大于其他部分之和;在CASBEE中生态环境所占分值大于其他部分之和;在BREEAM及China GBL中,仍然是土地利用和生态环境占了最大的分值。同时,还发现了4个评价体系所共同关注的节地指标。此外,与其他体系相比,中国绿色建筑评价体系具有大量的控制项,且对应的绿色建筑等级越高对接地条款的要求就越严格。     

Developing a green building assessment tool for developing countries – Case of Jordan

The purpose of this research is to contribute to a better understanding of the concept of green building assessment tool and its role for achieving sustainable development through developing an effective green building rating system for residential units in Jordan in terms of the dimensions through which sustainable development tools are being produced and according to the local context. Developing such system is becoming necessary in the Developing World because of the considerable environmental, social and economical problems. Jordan as one of these countries is in need for this system, especially with poor resources and inefficient use. Therefore, this research studied international green building assessment tools such as such as LEED, CASBEE, BREEAM, GBTool, and others. Then defined new assessment items respecting the local conditions of Jordan and discussed them with (60) various stakeholders; 50% of them were experts of sustainable development. After selecting the assessment items they were weighted using the AHP method. The outcome of the research was a suggested green building assessment tool (SABA Green Building Rating System) – computer based program – that suits the Jordanian context in terms of environmental, social and economical perspectives.     

Identification of green building attributes for the development of an assessment tool: a case study in India

Green building rating systems have been developed to measure the level of sustainability of buildings. Existing methods can be applied to different regions by addressing additional aspects such as varied climatic conditions and regional variations. This paper investigated the most widely used environmental building assessment methods, namely BREEAM, LEED, SB-Tool, CASBEE, LEED-India, GRIHA and Eco-housing. Comparative studies revealed that the existing assessment schemes had some limitations when applied to an Indian built environment. This necessitates the development of a new building environmental assessment scheme. An attempt is made to develop a framework to evaluate sustainability of buildings in India by applying principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA of 82 valid responses on the attributes measuring sustainability of buildings has extracted nine components: (1) site selection; (2) environment; (3) building resources and re-use; (4) building services and management; (5) innovative construction techniques, (6) environmental health and safety, (7) mechanical systems; (8) indoor air quality; (9) economy. Further, a framework suggested in this study can be applied for countries having similar climatic conditions. Findings of this paper can be helpful to designers and developers to achieve green development in developing countries.     

Emergy analysis of building manufacturing,maintenance and use: Em-building indices to evaluate housing sustainability

In recent years, integrated building design practices based on the definition of “green building” criteria as common standards of measurement have been promoted. For example, Green Building Rating Systems such as LEED (US) and BREEAM (UK) provide national standards for developing high-performance sustainable buildings. However, integrated environmental accounting methods and global sustainability indicators are still required to evaluate the general environmental performances of buildings, because housing is greatly concerned with global environmental problems such as the use of non-renewable energy, the overexploitation of materials, the exhaustion of resources and the wasting of energy.     

新建项目LEED认证节能设计

LEED(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)作为评价绿色建筑的工具,其宗旨是在设计中有效地减少环境和住户的负面影响,规范一个完整、准确的绿色建筑概念,防止建筑的滥绿色化.LEED由美国绿色建筑协会建立并于2003年开始推行,在美国部分州和一些国家已被列为法定强制标准,而且现中国已有多个项目进行了LEED认证.通过案例分析了LEED认证项目的节能应用和设计方法,阐述了其在设计时的主要内容.     

绿色建筑评估体系施工阶段的分析

完善施工阶段的评价是推广应用绿色施工技术的重要环节。文中重点分析和借鉴了LEED、HK-BEAM、CASBEE和中国绿色建筑评价标准四个评价体系在施工阶段的评价指标和相应标准,总结了这些评价体系对我国的启示,并提出了完善我国施工阶段评价的一些建议。     

国际低碳可持续住宅评估体系比较研究

发展低碳可持续住宅评估体系以促进节能减排、优化生活环境,是应对全球气候变暖和实现人类可持续发展的重要手段。通过对目前国际上最具有代表性的几个住宅评估体系:英国的《可持续住宅规范》、美国的LEED和日本的CASBEE与中国《绿色建筑评价标准》以及《中国生态住区技术评估手册》,从发展历程、评估内容、评估软件、评估体系的市场化、公众教育等几方面进行综合分析,剖析各国住宅评估体系的优点以及不足,提出中国现阶段低碳可持续住宅评估体系制定所存在的问题和相关改进措施,为今后低碳可持续住宅评估体系的发展提出有力建议。     

Die wachsende Bandbreite der Gebäudetypen für LEED‐Zertifizierungen

Im Bereich der Nachhaltigkeitszertifizierungen von Gebäuden ist das vom USGBC (US Green Building Council) entwickelte LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) in Europa und Deutschland ein fester Begriff [1]. Während inzwischen das System LEED‐NC, also für Neubauten und Generalsanierungen, sehr bekannt ist und am häufigsten angewandt wird, sind neun weitere LEED‐Zertifizierungssysteme entweder auf dem Markt oder in Entwicklung. Diese ermöglichen es u. a. auch, bestehende Gebäude zu zertifizieren und auf die Anforderungen spezieller Gebäudenutzungen, wie Krankenhaus, Schule oder Einzelhandel, einzugehen. The expanding variety of building types for LEED certification is continuously. In Europe and Germany, LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), developed by the USGBC (US Green Building Council), plays a major role in Green Building certifications [1]. Although the system LEED‐NC for new construction and major renovations is commonly known and mostly used, 9 additional LEED certification systems are either available or currently in development. Besides others, those systems allow the certification of existing buildings and account for buildings with specific requirements, such as hospitals, schools or retail.     

上海地区绿色建筑LEED认证的现状与思考

介绍“能源及环境设计先锋奖（LEED）”认证的国际化情况及在上海地区认证的获奖级别、项目类型、业主类别、设计与咨询机构。在对现状进行梳理并与绿标认证建筑进行对比后认为,今后应引导更多的建筑向绿色转移。     

Benchmarking energy use assessment of HK-BEAM,BREEAM and LEED

The Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method (HK-BEAM), Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) and LEED were formally launched in the 1990's. How well the certified and rated buildings compare with each other of an interest to building designers and policy makers. This paper describes how the baseline buildings, performance criteria and the credit scales of the three schemes compare with each other. By statistical analysis of the energy assessment results of 60 HK-BEAM certified buildings and the available data for BREEAM and LEED, it seeks to ascertained of buildings scoring excellent energy performance under different schemes belong to the top 5% in the market. Through this exercise, a systematic approach to benchmark the energy assessments across schemes has been established. With people nowadays paying greater attention to the environmental issues and the rapid development of the environmental schemes in various parts of the world, this study forms a good basis for future benchmarking of energy assessment schemes across nations.     

绿——基于LEED评估体系的绿色建筑设计思考

绿色建筑是在经济与环境两个领域中有效地利用仅有的资源并提出解决的方法．进一步改善生活环境的建筑。绿色建筑最明显的影响．就是使环境和经济方面的关系达到一种平衡的状态,这也就是可持续发展的特点。     

建筑环境性能评估中几个重要问题的探讨

基于对国际上具有代表，眭的建筑环境性能评估系统（LEED，CASBEE，GBTool，BREEAM）的深入研究，提出对评估系统涉及的几个重要问题的一些看法。首先讨论了如何选择评估指标并进行分类以利于评估实践的推行，在此基础上，提出科学利用多种手段建立相应权重系统，最后，研究总结了服务于建筑师设计工作的评估系统应具有的特征。     

绿色建筑评估体系的对比与优化研究

从认证机构与程序、评估内容和辅助工具三方面对英国BREEAM、美国LEED、日本CASBEE和多国联合制定的GBTool4个绿色建筑评估体系进行对比研究,总结其优势与特点,并针对我国《绿色建筑评价标准》提出四方面的优化建议：提高认证机构成员的多学科与多行业参与,提高认证程序的可操作性,优化评估内容。     

国内外典型绿色建筑评价体系对比研究

将最具影响力的美国LEED、日本CASBEE、英国BREEAM与中国《绿色建筑评价标准》进行对比研究,在梳理其发展历史的基础上,从评价方法、评价指标、评价政策保障等方面进行深入剖析,从而对我国绿色建筑评价体系的完善提出相关的建议。     

BIM在建筑节能改造可持续设计中的应用研究

随着全球气温变暖和可持续发展的标准日益严格,建筑节能改造项目大幅增加,在建筑改造项目中应遵循可持续性的理念.结合当前国际上可持续性决策方法及采用的环境计划认证标准(BREEAM和LEED)提出在改造项目中利用BIM可持续设计工具,建立建筑材料生命周期能量库,为改造项目的可持续性设计、评价提供可靠材料.