基于微运动的旋转散射中心空域散射特征提取

本文研究了旋转运动对雷达目标回波的幅度调制作用,进而提出了一种基于微运动的旋转散射中心空域散射特征提取方法。首先对含旋转部件目标的雷达回波进行时频分析得到回波的谱图,然后基于目标上各旋转散射中心的微多普勒频率差异,利用谱图的边缘特性估计各散射中心的回波能量随时间的起伏变化关系。结合微运动的参数估计,提取旋转部件的空域散射特征。通过仿真试验和外场实验对本文所提出的方法进行了验证。旋转部件的空域散射特征可以揭示旋转部件的结构属性信息,为目标识别提供重要依据。      

基于速度结构函数的多普勒激光雷达低空湍流预警算法

为提高激光雷达对小尺度低空湍流的预警率,提出了一种将下滑道扫描与横向速度结构函数相结合的预警算法。首先,把下滑道扫描方式下得到的扫描扇区分成多个重叠的子扇区,采用空间波动法计算每个子扇区的横向结构函数。其次,将结构函数与Von Karman模型预测的结构函数拟合得到涡流耗散率,并以国际民航组织规定的湍流阈值来判断湍流强度。使用香港天文台安装在香港国际机场实的激光雷达采集数据进行了实验验证,结果表明新方法能够检测出纵向速度结构函数未能检测出的小尺度湍流。该方法是有效的,对于提高湍流的预警率有重要意义。     

光交换系统中二维光纤输入列阵的精密检测实验研究

高速传输的信息网中,需要有高速的信息交换与之相适应。用光交换代替电交换,已是人们的共识且正在致力于这方面的研究。光纤列阵是光交换模块的E/O接口,精度要求很高,需要有精密的检测跟踪,才能保证其研制精度。用CCD摄像头成像,送入PIP图像板,经计算机软件处理控制进行检测,取代常规的机械检测,精度可达1μm,甚至更小,方便适用,能够满足较高精度的科研检测要求。     

Arterial vulnerable plaque characterization using ultrasound-induced thermal strain imaging (TSI)

Thermal strain imaging (TSI) is demonstrated in two model systems mimicking two potential clinical applications. First, a custom ultrasound (US) microscope produced high-resolution TSI images of an excised porcine coronary artery. Samples were placed in a temperature-controlled water chamber and scanned transversely and longitudinally. Phase-sensitive, correlation-based speckle tracking was applied to map the spatial distribution of temporal strain across the sample. TSI differentiated fatty tissue from water-based arterial wall and muscle with high contrast and a spatial resolution of 60 microm for a 50-MHz transducer. Both transverse and longitudinal TSI images compared well with B-scans of arterial wall structures, including intima, media, adventitia, and overlying fatty tissue. A second model system was used to test the hypothesis that US can produce the heating pattern required for TSI of internal structures. A 2-D phased array with independent drive electronics was combined with a conventional US scanner (iU22, Philips, Bothell, WA) for these studies. This 513-element array, originally designed for the US therapy, acted as the US heat source. To quantify the temporal strain induced by this system, TSI was performed on a homogeneous rubber phantom. TSI temperature estimates were within 3% error for a 3.2 degrees C temperature rise produced within 2 s using a specially designed beamformer and pulse sequencer. The system was then used to produce TSI scanning of an excised kidney containing an intact piece of fat below the collecting system. These images were validated using an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pulse sequence designed for lipid quantification. TSI scans matched well MRI scans and histology both anatomically and quantitatively. Finally, to test the potential of US-induced TSI for a significant clinical problem, images were obtained on an excised canine aorta with fatty tissue inside the lumen. Both longitudinal and transversal TSI agreed well with anatomy. These in vitro results demonstrate the potential of high-resolution US-induced TSI with a small temperature change (<1 degrees C) for plaque characterization.     

Toward automated segmentation of the pathological lung in CT

Conventional methods of lung segmentation rely on a large gray value contrast between lung fields and surrounding tissues. These methods fail on scans with lungs that contain dense pathologies, and such scans occur frequently in clinical practice. We propose a segmentation-by-registration scheme in which a scan with normal lungs is elastically registered to a scan containing pathology. When the resulting transformation is applied to a mask of the normal lungs, a segmentation is found for the pathological lungs. As a mask of the normal lungs, a probabilistic segmentation built up out of the segmentations of 15 registered normal scans is used. To refine the segmentation, voxel classification is applied to a certain volume around the borders of the transformed probabilistic mask. Performance of this scheme is compared to that of three other algorithms: a conventional, a user-interactive and a voxel classification method. The algorithms are tested on 10 three-dimensional thin-slice computed tomography volumes containing high-density pathology. The resulting segmentations are evaluated by comparing them to manual segmentations in terms of volumetric overlap and border positioning measures. The conventional and user-interactive methods that start off with thresholding techniques fail to segment the pathologies and are outperformed by both voxel classification and the refined segmentation-by-registration. The refined registration scheme enjoys the additional benefit that it does not require pathological (hand-segmented) training data.     

A survey of abdominal ultrasound scanners: The clinician's point of view

To obtain information on the characteristics of abdominal ultrasound scanners available in the United States, a survey of fifteen manufacturers was undertaken between January and August of 1978. Fourteen manufacturers responded, providing data on thirteen dynamic image scanners and six static image scanners. The latter were of only one type but the former could be subdivided into four classes: linear array (9), annular array (1), rotating crystals (1), and sector (2). The data received, which have only manufacturer verification, were used to compare these instruments. This comparision examined initial cost, transducer characteristics, sound generation systems, signal processing procedures, scan converters, use of minicomputers, image characteristics, and available service. A discussion of the problem of choosing an ultrasound scanner for clinical use is presented. The importance of the specific imaging problem, patient volume, operational procedures used, cost and instrument maintenance in such decisions is discussed.     

旋转式硅微机械陀螺的研究

分析了旋转式硅微机械陀螺的工作原理,建立了该陀螺的数学模型,设计了其敏感结构,计算了陀螺振动元件三个轴向的转动惯量、弹性支撑梁扭转刚度、振动元件角振动阻尼系数等动力学参数,计算分析了陀螺的电容敏感特性。对制作的陀螺进行性能测试的结果表明,该陀螺利用旋转载体自身的旋转角速度作为驱动,从而说明敏感载体的俯仰(或横滚)角速度原理正确,并且理论和试验都说明,当载体自旋角速度不同时,陀螺输出信号的比例系数也不同。     

Left ventricular deformation recovery from cine MRI using an incompressible model

This paper presents a method for 3-D deformation recovery of the left ventricular (LV) wall from anatomical cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The method is based on a deformable model that is incompressible, a desired property since the myocardium has been shown to be nearly incompressible. The LV wall needs to be segmented in an initial frame after which the method automatically determines the deformation everywhere in the LV wall throughout the cardiac cycle. Two studies were conducted to validate the method. In the first study, the deformation recovered from a 3-D anatomical cine MRI of a healthy volunteer was compared against the manual segmentation of the LV wall and against the corresponding 3-D tagged cine MRI. The average volume agreement between the model and the manual segmentation had a false positive rate of 3%, false negative rate of 3%, and true positive rate of 93%. The average distance between the model and manually determined intersections of perpendicular tag planes was 1.6 mm (1.1 pixel). Another set of 3-D anatomical and tagged MRI scans was taken of the same volunteer four months later. The method was applied to the second set and the recovered deformation was very similar to the one obtained from the first set. In the second study, the method was applied to 3-D anatomical cine MRI scans of three patients with ventricular dyssynchrony and three age-matched healthy volunteers. The LV wall deformations recovered for the three normals agreed well and the recovered strains were similar to those reported by other researchers for normal subjects. Strains and displacements of the three patients were clearly smaller than those of the three normals indicating reduced cardiac function. The deformation recovered for the three normals and the three patients was validated against manual segmentation and corresponding tag cine MRI scans and the agreement was similar to that of the first validation study.     

Automatic segmentation of intracochlear anatomy in conventional CT

Cochlear implant surgery is a procedure performed to treat profound hearing loss. Clinical results suggest that implanting the electrode in the scala tympani, one of the two principal cavities inside the cochlea, may result in better hearing restoration. Segmentation of intracochlear cavities could thus aid the surgeon to choose the point of entry and angle of approach that maximize the likelihood of successful implant insertion, which may lead to more substantial hearing restoration. However, because the membrane that separates the intracochlear cavities is too thin to be seen in conventional in vivo imaging, traditional segmentation techniques are inadequate. In this paper, we circumvent this problem by creating an active shape model with micro CT (μCT) scans of the cochlea acquired ex vivo. We then use this model to segment conventional CT scans. The model is fitted to the partial information available in the conventional scans and used to estimate the position of structures not visible in these images. Quantitative evaluation of our method, made possible by the set of μCTs, results in Dice similarity coefficients averaging 0.75. Mean and maximum surface errors average 0.21 and 0.80 mm.     

Model selection in electromagnetic source analysis with an application to VEFs

In electromagnetic source analysis, it is necessary to determine how many sources are required to describe the electroencephalogram or magnetoencephalogram adequately. Model selection procedures (MSPs) or goodness of fit procedures give an estimate of the required number of sources. Existing and new MSPs are evaluated in different source and noise settings: two sources which are close or distant and noise which is uncorrelated or correlated. The commonly used MSP residual variance is seen to be ineffective, that is it often selects too many sources. Alternatives like the adjusted Hotelling's test, Bayes information criterion and the Wald test on source amplitudes are seen to be effective. The adjusted Hotelling's test is recommended if a conservative approach is taken and MSPs such as Bayes information criterion or the Wald test on source amplitudes are recommended if a more liberal approach is desirable. The MSPs are applied to empirical data (visual evoked fields).     

智慧城市顶层设计相关问题探讨

基于智慧城市顶层设计的构成和关键要素,提出智慧城市顶层设计框架应由指引体系、保障体系,以及资源环境平面、基础设施平面、信息设施平面、科教文化平面和应用集群平面等5个功能平面组成;指出通过资源环境、基础设施、科教文化和应用集群本体的完善,统筹规划基础信息工程建设,配套多种举措促进信息化价值的最大化实现才能充分发挥智慧城市中信息的价值。     

Supervised enhancement filters: application to fissure detection in chest CT scans

In medical image processing, many filters have been developed to enhance certain structures in 3-D data. In this paper, we propose to use pattern recognition techniques to design more optimal filters. The essential difference with previous approaches is that we provide a system with examples of what it should enhance and suppress. This training data is used to construct a classifier that determines the probability that a voxel in an unseen image belongs to the target structure(s). The output of a rich set of basis filters serves as input to the classifier. In a feature selection process, this set is reduced to a compact, efficient subset. We show that the output of the system can be reused to extract new features, using the same filters, that can be processed by a new classifier. Such a multistage approach further improves performance. While the approach is generally applicable, in this work the focus is on enhancing pulmonary fissures in 3-D computed tomography (CT) chest scans. A supervised fissure enhancement filter is evaluated on two data sets, one of scans with a normal clinical dose and one of ultra-low dose scans. Results are compared with those of a recently proposed conventional fissure enhancement filter. It is demonstrated that both methods are able to enhance fissures, but the supervised approach shows better performance; the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve are 0.98 versus 0.90, for the normal dose data and 0.97 versus 0.87 for the ultra low dose data, respectively.     

On ray-tracing via caustic geometry

The objective of this study is to show how results from the mathematical theory of singularities of differentiable mappings make it possible to understand the local structure of typical caustics in fields of two and three dimensions and how this local information can be pieced together to give an effective visualization of the overall ray configuration. For simplicity, the work is done in the context of geometrical optics only, assuming the region of space under consideration to be homogeneous so that ray paths are straight lines. No account is taken of edge diffraction, although the methods can be extended to incorporate such effects using the geometric theory of diffraction. Quantitative results concerning numbers and configurations of specular points are obtained for source and field points, the positions of which are allowed to vary     

3D‐Printed Microrobotic Transporters with Recapitulated Stem Cell Niche for Programmable and Active Cell Delivery

Poor retention rate, low targeting accuracy, and spontaneous transformation of stem cells present major clinical barriers to the success of therapies based on stem cell transplantation. To improve the clinical outcome, efforts should focus on the active delivery of stem cells to the target tissue site within a controlled environment, increasing survival, and fate for effective tissue regeneration. Here, a remotely steerable microrobotic cell transporter is presented with a biophysically and biochemically recapitulated stem cell niche for directing stem cells towards a pre‐destined cell lineage. The magnetically actuated double‐helical cell microtransporters of 76 µm length and 20 µm inner cavity diameter are 3D printed where biological and mechanical information regarding the stem cell niche are encoded at the single‐cell level. Cell‐loaded microtransporters are mobilized inside confined microchannels along computer‐controlled trajectories under rotating magnetic fields. The mesenchymal stem cells are shown retaining their differentiation capacities to commit to the osteogenic lineage when stimulated inside the microswimmers in vitro. Such a microrobotic approach has the potential to enable the development of active microcarriers with embedded functionalities for controlled and precisely localized therapeutic cell delivery.     

提升利用外资层次优化信息产业结构——外商直接投资对山东省信息产业结构的影响、问题及对策

外商投资企业在山东省信息产业总体规模中占据重要比重。对于山东省信息产业的发展起到了积极促进作用,但是外资企业对于山东信息产业的技术与人才溢出效应仍未充分显现。应采取进一步措施提升利用外资层次,优化升级产业结构。     

空间矢量脉冲宽度调制算法的优化

在传统的SVPWM算法的基础上,对计算量大的环节——扇区判断环节、电压矢量作用时间求解环节进行改进,并且使用可以通过估计得到的角度值进行计算,避免了传统方法中的坐标变换、三角函数求解、反三角函数求解以及矢量分解等计算过程．文中提出的算法在matlab／simulink仿真环境下进行了仿真和验证,证明了该算法的正确性．     

Resistive RAM variability monitoring using a ring oscillator based test chip

Common problems with Oxide-based Resistive Random Access Memory (so-called OxRRAM) are related to high variability in operating conditions and low yield. Although research has taken steps to resolve these issues, variability remains an important characteristic for OxRRAMs. In this paper, a test structure consisting of an OxRRAM matrix where each memory cell can be configured as a ring oscillator is introduced. The oscillation frequency of each memory cell is function of the cell resistance. Thus, the test structure provides within-die accurate information regarding OxRRAM cells variability. The test structure can be used as a powerful tool for process variability monitoring during a new process technology introduction but also for marginal cells detection during process maturity.     

企业信息网研究

企业信息网是现代企业的基础设施,企业信息网涉及多方面的内容,建立企业信息网络,要考虑企业的现实需求和技术发展。文中就构建企业信息网,讨论网络建设中的主要问题,包括网络框架、网络功能、网络应用软件方法。     

W-CDMA uplink capacity and interference statistics of cigar-shaped microcells in over-ground train service with imperfect power control and finite transmitted power

The capacity and the interference statistics of the sectors of the shaped Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) microcells serving over-ground trains are studied. A model of five microcells is used to analyze the uplink. The capacity and the interference statistics of the microcell are studied for different antenna sidelobe levels and different sector ranges. In the study, imperfect power control and limited transmitted power are assumed. The effect of the power assigned to the uplink pilot is taken into account. It is shown that, the sector capacity depends on the train’s position. The uplink sector capacity limits (upper and lower) are presented. The lower capacity limit is given as a function of the sector range and the sidelobe level of the directive antenna used in each sector.