The Cement Solidification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash

The chemical composition, the content and the leachability of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration （ MSWI） fly ash were tested and analyzed. It is shown that the leachability of Pb and Cr exceeds the leaching toxicity standard, and so the MSWI fly ash is considered as hazardous waste and must be solidifled. The effect of solidifying the MSWI fly ash by cement was studied, and it is indicated that the heavy metals can be well immobilized if the mass fraction of the fly ash is appropriate. The heavy metals were immobilized within cement hydration products through either physical fixation, substhtaion, deposition or adsorption mechanisms.     

重金属在废弃粉煤灰-水泥固化体系内的迁移

采用径向动态浸出实验（rDLT）研究了含废弃粉煤灰-水泥固化朋急定样品内部重金属铅、铜、锌的氢氧化物的迁移行为，发现重金属在酸溶液作用下虽然会从样品内部向外迁移，但不同重金属的迁移规律各不相同。其中铅会在靠近固液界面的区域富集而不会及时进入外界浸出液，铜的富集区域远大于铅，锌基本不会富集而被直接浸出。在固化／稳定体系中添加Ca（OH）2可以有效阻碍锌的浸出。     

Leachability of heavy metals from solidified sludge

Solidified sludge undergoes progressive depletion of the alkalinity materials under natural weathering condition and releases out of heavy metals. The leaching of heavy metals from solidified sewage sludge was studied by acid neutralization capacity (ANC) test and flow-through leaching test. The results of ANC test showed that heavy metals release at high concentration when the pH of extract lowers than 6. The disintegration of solidified sludge and the transformation of heavy metals are the main reasons for the resolubilisation of contaminants. Flow-through leaching test indicated that leaching of heavy metals from solidified sludge occurs in a slow way. A mathematical model has been developed to predict the stabilization time of heavy metals in solidified sludge. The research results showed that decreasing hydraulic conductivity is more important than cement addition for controlling the release of heavy metals from solidified sludge. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50678075)     

高钙粉煤灰地聚合物固化/稳定重金属的试验研究

利用高钙粉煤灰研制地聚合物来固化/稳定重金属,采用静态和动态浸出试验研究了高钙粉煤灰地聚合物对重金属的固化/稳定效果,并进一步探索了重金属的迁移机制和长期安全性.研究表明:高钙粉煤灰地聚合物分别固化/稳定0.025％的铅,0.025％的铬和0.01％的汞后,经静态浸出试验,重金属浸出浓度远低于规定的上限值,且固化率均在98％以上.经动态浸出试验,重金属的实时浸出浓度低于规定的上限值,累积浸出浓度在72 h后趋于稳定;固化体中重金属的径向分布相似;重金属的有效扩散系数和浸出率非常低,长期安全性优良.     

固化粉煤灰防渗铺盖材料的研制

为防止灰水下渗而造成的环境污染,贮灰场必须采取适当的防渗结构和措施,而铺盖防渗是一种适宜的防渗形式.针对不同质量等级的粉煤灰,通过试验确定了 HAS 固化剂、粉煤灰、减水剂和水的配合比,获得28 d 龄期抗压强度2.0 MPa 以上、90 d 龄期渗透系数不大于10~(-6)cm/s 数量级的铺盖材料.性能测试表明,固化粉煤灰铺盖材料能满足贮灰场防渗要求,价格经济,是一种新型环保防渗材料.     

固化粉煤灰防渗铺盖材料的研制

为防止灰水下渗而造成的环境污染，贮灰场必须采取适当的防渗结构和措施，而铺盖防渗是一种适宜的防渗形式．针对不同质量等级的粉煤灰，通过试验确定了HAS固化剂、粉煤灰、减水剂和水的配合比，获得28d龄期抗压强度2．0MPa以上、90d龄期渗透系数不大于10^-6cm／s数量级的铺盖材料．性能测试表明，固化粉煤灰铺盖材料能满足贮灰场防渗要求，价格经济，是一种新型环保防渗材料．     

利用垃圾焚烧飞灰固化污染底泥的实验研究

为探讨利用垃圾焚烧飞灰代替水泥进行污染底泥固化的可行性,研究了不同配比的底泥、水泥、垃圾焚烧飞灰的固化体抗压强度及浸出毒性.结果表明：固化剂中用20%的垃圾焚烧飞灰替代10%的水泥配置的固化体7.d,其抗压强度可达0.24.MPa,重金属浸出浓度低于毒性标准,固化体可进入固废填埋场填埋处置.     

差异含水率条件下飞灰及其螯合物的应力应变及环境特性

垃圾焚烧飞灰因极高的重金属含量而被认为是一种危险废弃物,但与火山灰成分的相似使该材料有着资源化利用的潜在价值。以飞灰及其螯合物为研究对象,探讨了含水率、养护条件等因素对材料应力应变及环境特性的影响。研究结果表明：飞灰螯合物重金属浸出浓度较低,并有着较强的吸水特性;飞灰及其螯合物强度早期随着养护时间的增长呈上升趋势,破坏应变随之减小,脆性不断增大;材料强度在中后期出现明显分化,飞灰（90%湿度养护）强度约为螯合飞灰的23.11倍。飞灰强度随含水率的增大而减小,可归结于孔隙水对压实能量的吸收和结构的影响;螯合飞灰强度均随养护时间和含水率增加而显著增大。     

CaO对飞灰重金属元素浸出特性的影响

我国燃煤锅炉飞灰的主要处理方式是将灰堆积在灰场。由于燃煤锅炉飞灰中含有多种有害重金属元素,如砷、硒等,在自然界雨水,尤其是酸雨的浸润作用下,有害重金属元素会释放出来．污染环境和水源。研究了CaO对飞灰重金属元素浸出特性的影响,为解决我国燃煤锅炉飞灰存放的重金属污染问题,提供一个切实可行的思路。     

利用热等离子体熔融垃圾焚烧飞灰

为了评价垃圾焚烧飞灰的热等离子体熔融处理效果, 研究SiO2和CaO对重金属固化效果和重金属毒性浸出特性的影响. 在飞灰中添加一定比例的SiO2和CaO, 配置成不同的配灰样品, 利用纯氩热等离子体在1 400～1 500 ℃下, 对飞灰及配灰进行熔融玻璃化的实验研究, 分别利用X射线能量色散谱仪(EDX)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FSEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和毒性浸出方法(TCLP)分析飞灰和熔渣的化学组成、微观结构、晶相组成和重金属毒性浸出特性. 结果表明, 热等离子体熔融所得熔渣为无定形的玻璃体, 重金属浸出质量浓度均远低于毒性标准. SiO2和CaO的添加都可以改善重金属固化效果, CaO比SiO2对Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb挥发的抑制效果更好. SiO2的添加可以改善熔渣中重金属的浸出特性, 而CaO的作用与之相反.     

Characteristics of MSWI fly ash during vitrification

The vitrification characteristics of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash were investigated. Effects of temperature on the binding efficiency of heavy metals, the change of chemical compositions and the weight loss of fly ash in the range of 800-1350 ℃ were studied. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) of the United States was used to analyze the leaching characteristics of heavy metals in fly ash and molten slag. Results indicate that chemical compositions, the weight loss of fly ash and the binding efficiency of heavy metals in fly ash have a tremendous change in the range of 1150-1260 ℃. The percentage of CaO, SiO2 and Al2O3 increases with the increasing temperature, whereas it is contrary for SO3, K2O, Na2O and Cl; especially when the temperature is 1260 ℃, the percentage of these four elements decreases sharply from 43.72% to 0.71%. The weight loss occurs obviously in the range of 1150-1260 ℃. Heavy metals of Pb and Cd are almost vaporized above 1000 ℃. Cr is not volatile and its binding efficiency can reach 100% below 1000 ℃. Results of TCLP indicate that the heavy metal content of molten slag is beyond stipulated limit values.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属特性分析

对国内四个不同的垃圾焚烧厂产生的飞灰进行物理及化学特性分析.四种飞灰在颗粒尺寸分布上有相似的规律,飞灰中重金属的质量分数分析结果表明采用纯垃圾焚烧的炉排炉飞灰中的质量分数高于掺煤混烧的流化床焚烧飞灰中的质量分数.随着飞灰颗粒尺寸的减小,飞灰中重金属的浓度呈现增加的趋势.飞灰的渗滤特性表明,飞灰中Ca质量分数越高,飞灰的酸中合能力越强,且重金属的渗出率受飞灰渗滤液的pH影响大,而在碱性渗滤条件下受飞灰中重金属质量分数的影响小.     

Physicochemical properties and heavy metals leachability of fly ash from coal-fired power plant

The physicochemical properties of fly ash from two kinds of coal-fired power plants were studied. Three aspects were examined: the micro-morphology, the mineral composition and the content of heavy metals. The results show that the fly ash from plants using a circulating fluidized bed are more irregular particles, while the particles from the plants using a pulverized coal-fired boiler are mainly spherical in shape. Quartz and mullite are the main crystalline phases in the ash. Clearly, both the technology and the coal used by a power plant can influence the mineral composition of the ash. The mineral composition of fly ash from a circulating fluidized bed is more complex than that from a pulverized coal-fired boiler. The quantity of elements found in the fly ash is greater than that found in the bottom ash for the same plant. Heavy metals are likely to be enriched in the fly ash. Heavy metal leachability was studied using two leaching methods. The results indicate that most of the heavy metals that leached during either batch leaching or column leaching experiments did not exceed the related maximum concentration standards. But Ni concentrations in the leachates from both batch and column tests exceed the standard. The highest excess rates in both tests were 572% and 497%, which levels might threaten the environment.     

工业重金属污泥的稳定化试验

以危险废物工业重金属污泥为研究对象,进行了水泥、石灰和石灰 粉煤灰3种稳定化工艺对重金属铅、镉、铬、铜、锌、镍浸出毒性的影响试验,结果表明,水泥稳定化工艺水泥添加量8%、石灰稳定化工艺石灰添加量2%、石灰 粉煤灰稳定化工艺添加量为10%石灰 10%粉煤灰时,均可满足《危险废物填埋污染控制标准》(GB 18598-2001)中关于"危险废物允许进入填埋区的控制限值"的要求.石灰稳定化工艺要求稳定剂的添加量相对较小,是该类工业污泥稳定化处理的理想稳定剂.     

Synthesis and heavy metal immobilization behaviors of fly ash based gepolymer

Two aspects of studies were carried out: 1) synthesis of geopolymer by using fly ash and metakaolin; 2) Immobilization behaviors of fly ash based geopolymer in a presence of Pb and Cu ions. As for the synthesis of fly ash based geopolymer, 4 different fly ash content (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%) and 3 types of curing regimes (standard curing, steam curing and autoclave curing) were investigated to obtain the optimum synthesis condition based on the compressive and flexural strength. The experimental results show that geopolymer, containing 30% fly ash and synthesized at steam curing (80° for 8 h), exhibits higher mechanical strengths. The compressive and flexural strengths of fly ash based geopolymer reach 32.2 MPa and 7.15 MPa, respectively. Additionally, Infrared (IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the microstructure of the fly ash geopolymer. IR spectra shows that the absorptive band at 1086 cm⁻¹ shifts to lower wave number around 1033 cm⁻¹, and the 6-coordinated Al transforms into 4-coordination during the synthesis of fly ash based geopolymer. The resulting geopolymeric products were X-ray amorphous materials. As for immobilization of heavy metals, the leaching tests were employed to investigate the immobilization behaviors of the fly ash based geopolymer synthesized under the above optimum condition. The leaching tests showed that fly ash based geopolymer can effectively immobilize Cu and Pb heavy metal ions, and the immobilization efficiency reached 90% greater when heavy metals were incorporated in the fly ash geopolymer in the range of 0.1% to 0.3%. The Pb exhibits better immobilization efficiency than the Cu, especially in the case of large dosages of heavy metals.     

活性MgO固化淤泥水稳特性试验研究

将绿色、低碳、环保的活性MgO引入淤泥固化处理,通过对比活性MgO、MgO-粉煤灰及传统固化剂水泥固化淤泥试样,分析不同浸水时间下试样外观、质量、应力-应变关系和无侧限抗压强度等性质,综合评价活性MgO基材料固化淤泥的水稳特性.结果表明：活性MgO固化淤泥水稳性显著优于未固化淤泥,且水稳性随掺入MgO质量分数和标准养护龄期的增加而增强;粉煤灰的加入可以显著改善活性MgO固化淤泥的抗压强度和水稳性;浸水时间增加对固化淤泥无侧限抗压强度呈削弱效应,提高掺入活性MgO质量分数可以减小固化淤泥破坏应变;整体上,活性MgO-粉煤灰固化淤泥水稳性优于活性MgO,活性MgO优于传统固化剂水泥.微观分析表明：Mg（OH）₂和水化硅酸镁M-S-H等胶结物质是活性MgO和活性MgO-粉煤灰固化淤泥水稳性增强的最主要原因.     

MSWI fly ash based novel solidification/stabilization matrices for heavy metals

The possibilities of MSWI fly ash as a major constituent of novel solidification/stabilization matrices for secure landfill were investigated by mixing MSWI fly ash with rich aluminum components, which was added as bauxite cement or metakaolinite instead, to form Friedel and Ettringite phases with high fixing capacities for heavy metals. The physical properties, heavy metals-fixing capacity, mineral phases and its vibration bands in the novel matrices were characterized by compressive strength, TCLP（toxic characteristic leaching procedure）, XRD （x-ray diffraction） , DTG （derivative thermogravimetry）, and FTIR （fourier transform infrared spectroscopy）, respectively. The Tessier＇s five-step sequential extraction procedure was used to analyze the fractions of chemical speciation for Pb, Cd and Zn ions. The experimental results indicate that Friedel-Ettringite based novel solidification/stabilization matrices can incorporate Pb, Cd and Zn ions effectively by physical encapsulation and chemical fixation, and it exhibits a great potential in co-landfill treatment of MSWI fly ash with some heavy metals-bearing hazardous wastes.     

Static and dynamic leaching experiments of heavy metals from fly ash-based geopolymers

The feasibility of high calcium fly ash (CFA)-based geopolymers to fix heavy metals were studied. The CFA-based geopolymers were prepared from CFA, flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG), and water treatment residual (WTR). The static leaching showed that heavy metals concentrations from CFAbased geopolymers were lower than their maximum concentration limits according to the U.S. environmental protection law. And the encapsulated and fixed ratios of heavy metals by the CFA-based geopolymers were 96.02%–99.88%. The dynamic real-time leaching experiment showed that concentration of Pb (II) was less than 1.1 μg / L, Cr (VI) less than 3.25 mg / L, while Hg (II) less than 4.0 μg / L. Additionally, dynamic accumulated leaching concentrations were increased at the beginning of leaching process then kept stable. During the dynamic leaching process, heavy metals migrated and accumulated in an area near to the solid-solution interface. When small part of heavy metals in “the accumulated area” breached through the threshold value of physical encapsulation and chemical fixation they migrated into solution. The dynamic leaching ratios and effective diffusion coefficients of heavy metals from CFA-based geopolymer were very low and the long-term security of heavy metals in CFA-based geopolymer was safe.     

废弃粗粉煤灰-水泥系统固化重金属废弃物的探讨

利用强度发展、毒性浸出试验(TCLP)和动态浸出试验(DLT)等手段探讨了废弃粗粉煤灰-水泥系统固化/稳定含铅、铜和锌的重金属废弃物的可能性。研究发现废弃粗粉煤灰-水泥系统养护28d后符合固化/稳定的指标要求，而且长期效果优于细粉煤灰-水泥系统。另外试验还发现，固化/稳定系统的酸中和能力是决定样品中重金属浸出能力的主要指标。     

焚烧飞灰熔融特性与熔渣利用技术研究进展

垃圾焚烧飞灰中含有高浸出浓度的Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn等重金属,属于危险废物。高温熔融技术可以有效地控制焚烧飞灰中的重金属污染物。从飞灰无害化和资源化2个角度介绍了熔融技术的研究进展,分析了熔融技术的优缺点,在综述国内外研究成果的基础上,为今后焚烧飞灰的热处理技术提出了研究方向。