18Ni马氏体时效钢原始奥氏体晶界显示方法

利用光学显微镜(蔡司)，在室温下，通过配制不同成分、浓度浸蚀剂和化学浸蚀方法，对经不同温度处理后的18Ni马氏体时效钢的原始奥氏体晶界显示方法进行了系统研究。结果表明：采用腐蚀性强、浓度高的浸蚀剂只能获得18Ni马氏体时效钢的金相显微组织，而采用体积比为4%的硝酸酒精溶液，对800~925 ℃固溶空冷后的18Ni马氏体时效钢试样进行化学浸蚀，能清晰地显示出18Ni马氏体时效钢试样原始奥氏体晶界，并可以进行准确的晶粒度级别数评定。     

18Ni马氏体时效钢原始奥氏体晶界显示方法

利用光学显微镜(蔡司)，在室温下，通过配制不同成分、浓度浸蚀剂和化学浸蚀方法，对经不同温度处理后的18Ni马氏体时效钢的原始奥氏体晶界显示方法进行了系统研究。结果表明：采用腐蚀性强、浓度高的浸蚀剂只能获得18Ni马氏体时效钢的金相显微组织，而采用体积比为4%的硝酸酒精溶液，对800~925 ℃固溶空冷后的18Ni马氏体时效钢试样进行化学浸蚀，能清晰地显示出18Ni马氏体时效钢试样原始奥氏体晶界，并可以进行准确的晶粒度级别数评定。     

Effect of Si addition on kinetics of martensitic hot-work die steel during tempering

Dilatometry measurement, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and a three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) are utilized to study how adding Si affects the kinetics of martensitic steel during tempering. The results show that both the tempering transformation temperature and the activation energy of martensitic hot-work die steel increase remarkably when Si is added. Meanwhile, the film-type retained austenite and the Si-rich region adjacent to the carbides are each observed in tempered martensitic steels. The results suggest that coarsening of carbides is efficiently inhibited and softening of steels is sufficiently delayed.     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Bearing Steels Modified for Preparing Nanostructured Bainite

Mo containing high-C-Cr bearing steel was modified with Si (0.8–1.5 wt.%) and 0.8Si–1.0Al to prepare nanostructured bainite by low-temperature isothermal heat treatment. The modified steels were isothermal held at 220 to 240 °C after partial austenitization in an intercritical gamma+carbide region, and the resultant microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. Carbide-free nanostructured bainite with plate thickness below 100 nm and film retained austenite, as well as a small amount of undissolved carbide particles, was obtained in the modified steels except in 0.8Si steel, in which carbides precipitated in bainitic ferrite. As Si content increased, the mean thickness of bainitic ferrite plates modestly decreased, whereas the fraction of retained austenite markedly increased. The thickness of bainitic ferrite plate and the fraction of retained austenite in Si-Al-modified steel were smaller than those in Si-modified steels. The hardness and elongation of the Si-Al-modified steel were lower than those of Si-modified steels. The yield strength of Si-Al-modified steel was superior to that of Si-modified steels. Mid-level ultimate tensile strength and impact toughness were achieved in Si-Al-modified steel. For bearing applications, Si-modified steels could provide higher hardness and toughness but lower dimensional stability. Meanwhile, Si-Al-modified steel could offer higher dimensional stability but lower hardness and toughness.     

低碳-硅-锰系TRIP钢的组织演变规律研究

采用彩色金相、SEM、TEM和X射线衍射技术研究了低碳-硅-锰TRJP钢在单向拉伸状态下的组织演变规律.结果表明,TRIP钢变形前的组织为F、B和残余奥氏体,经拉伸变形后部分残余奥氏体在应变作用下转变为孪晶结构的马氏体,提高了钢的强度;TRIP钢的断裂为韧性断裂,位于F晶界处的残余奥氏体发生相变从而松弛了应力,延缓了断裂的产生,使TRIP钢板获得高塑性.     

Effect of Post-weld Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Supermartensitic Stainless Steel Deposit

Supermartensitic stainless steels have good weldability and adequate tensile property, toughness and corrosion resistance. They have been developed as an alternative technology, mainly for oil and gas industries. The final properties of a supermartensitic stainless steel deposit depend on its chemical composition and microstructure: martensite, tempered martensite, ferrite, retained austenite and carbides and/or nitrides. In these steels, the post-weld heat treatments (PWHTs) are usually double tempering ones, to ensure both complete tempering of martensite and high austenite content, to increase toughness and decrease hardness. The aim of this work was to study the effect of post-weld heat treatments (solution treatment with single and double tempering) on the mechanical properties of a supermartensitic stainless steel deposit. An all-weld metal test coupon was welded according to standard ANSI/AWS A5.22-95 using a GMAW supermartensitic stainless steel metal cored wire, under gas shielding. PWHTs were carried out varying the temperature of the first tempering treatment with and without a second tempering one, after solution treatment. All-weld metal chemical composition analysis, metallurgical characterization, hardness and tensile property measurements and Charpy-V tests were carried out. There are several factors which can be affected by the PWHTs, among them austenite content is a significant one. Different austenite contents (0-42%) were found. Microhardness, tensile property and toughness were affected with up to 15% of austenite content, by martensite tempering and carbide precipitation. The second tempering treatment seemed not to have had an important effect on the mechanical properties measured in this work.     

三氯化铁溶液中影响铁镍合金蚀刻速率的因素

采用浸渍蚀刻的方法,研究了影响Fex(x=56～59)Ni1-x合金箔在三氯化铁溶液中蚀刻速率的几个因素,并对蚀刻液的有效蚀刻能力及失效蚀刻液的除镍和再生进行了初步的研究.研究结果表明:氧化还原电位随蚀刻液浓度的增大而升高,氧化还原电位越高,蚀刻反应趋势越大;蚀刻速率随浓度的增加先增大,再下降,且在浓度为40%左右出现极大值;蚀刻液温度越高、pH值越小,蚀刻速率越大;除镍后的失效蚀刻液经再生后能达到新鲜蚀刻液的90%以上,基本达到再生利用的要求.     

奥氏体化过程对Cr14Mo4V高温轴承钢微观组织的影响

针对高温轴承钢Cr14Mo4V开展了微观组织随奥氏体化参数演化规律研究。利用OM、XRD、SEM及硬度测试对Cr14Mo4V钢中碳化物、残留奥氏体、晶粒尺寸及硬度等进行了分析。结果表明,淬火态Cr14Mo4V高温轴承钢微观组织主要包括淬火马氏体、残留奥氏体和带状碳化物;奥氏体化过程中微观组织演化对奥氏体化温度较为敏感,随着奥氏体化温度的升高,残留奥氏体含量逐渐增加,晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,碳化物逐渐溶解,带状碳化物合金元素分布发生变化。Cr14Mo4V轴承钢硬度随奥氏体化温度的升高呈先略微增加后显著降低的趋势,主要受基体固溶度、残留奥氏体含量及晶粒尺寸等因素综合影响。     

Co微合金化对M2高速钢组织和性能的影响

采用洛氏硬度计、扫描电镜和透射电镜等方法研究了在M2高速钢中添加微量Co对其回火组织和性能的影响。结果表明,两种试验钢回火之后的组织都为回火马氏体+少量残留奥氏体+碳化物。添加0.82%(质量分数,下同)Co使得M2高速钢的峰值硬度提高了约0.3 HRC,使600 ℃保温48 h之后的红硬性提高了约0.8 HRC,可以看出微量Co添加对M2高速钢的硬度和红硬性的提升效果不大,抗弯强度提高了约950 MPa,而使得M2高速钢的韧性略有降低,均为脆性断裂。通过对试验钢中的碳化物进行观察发现,两种试验钢析出的一次碳化物主要为大颗粒的MC型和M₆C型碳化物,通过TEM分析之后发现,添加0.82%的Co使得试验钢中马氏体板条上长条针状M₂C型的二次碳化物析出数量增多。     

Relationship Between Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Cr12Ni3Co12Mo4W Ultra-High-Strength Martensitic Stainless Steel

The effect of tempering temperature on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of Cr12Ni3Co12Mo4W ultra-high-strength martensitic stainless steel was investigated using transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electrochemical tests. The microstructures of the ultra-high-strength martensitic stainless steel consisted of some retained austenite and lath/plant martensite with the carbides distributed within the matrix and at the grain boundaries. Tempering of the steel for 4 h at various temperatures resulted in various carbide grain sizes and different amounts of the retained austenite. The results showed that larger carbide grains led to diminished corrosion resistance, whereas larger amounts of the retained austenite resulted in improved corrosion resistance. The steels exhibited good corrosion resistance in 0.017 mol/L NaCl solution and exhibited pitting corrosion in 0.17 mol/L Na Cl solution. The martensite and prior austenite crystal boundaries dissolved in solution with pH 1.     

Effect of Austenitizing Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Hardness of Martensitic Stainless Steel AISI 420

The effect of austenitizing on the microstructure and hardness of two martensitic stainless steels was examined with the aim of supplying heat-treatment guidelines to the user that will ensure a martensitic structure with minimal retained austenite, evenly dispersed carbides and a hardness of between 610 and 740?HV (Vickers hardness) after quenching and tempering. The steels examined during the course of this examination conform in composition to medium-carbon AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel, except for the addition of 0.13% vanadium and 0.62% molybdenum to one of the alloys. Steel samples were austenitized at temperatures between 1000 and 1200?°C, followed by oil quenching. The as-quenched microstructures were found to range from almost fully martensitic structures to martensite with up to 35% retained austenite after quenching, with varying amounts of carbides. Optical and scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the microstructures, and X-ray diffraction was employed to identify the carbide present in the as-quenched structures and to quantify the retained austenite contents. Hardness tests were performed to determine the effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties. As-quenched hardness values ranged from 700 to 270 HV, depending on the amount of retained austenite. Thermodynamic predictions (using the CALPHAD? model) were employed to explain these microstructures based on the solubility of the carbide particles at various austenitizing temperatures.     

等温温度对低硅含铝热轧TRIP钢组织性能的影响

以低Si含Al热轧TRIP钢为研究对象,采用扫描电子显微镜、拉伸试验、X射线衍射仪和电子探针等试验方法,研究了不同等温温度对试验钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢的显微组织主要由多边形铁素体、贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏体组成,随着等温温度的升高,残余奥氏体分解为新生成铁素体和碳化物;当等温温度为450 ℃时,试验钢的力学性能最佳,其抗拉强度为732.25 MPa,断后伸长率为36%,强塑积为26.36 GPa·%;残余奥氏体的体积分数先升高后降低,而C含量逐渐降低,等温温度为450 ℃时试验钢表现出较强的加工硬化行为。     

FeCl_3溶液中影响Cu蚀刻速度的因素

采用喷蚀的方法,研究了Ｃｕ在２．５ｍｏｌ／ＬＦｅＣｌ３溶液中影响蚀刻速度的几个因素。用ＸＲＤ方法分析了Ｃｕ蚀刻表面的成分,证实了蚀刻过程中ＣｕＣｌ钝化膜的形成;研究了蚀刻速度随蚀刻时间的变化规律,给出了初步的解释;同时研究了蚀刻液中不同氯化物添加剂对蚀刻速度的影响,结果表明阴离子不是影响蚀刻速度的唯一因素,不能排除阳离子的影响;同时对蚀刻液的溶铜能力及失效蚀刻液的再生进行了初步的研究。     

Analysis of the phase composition of steels

Results of studies of the phase composition of steels of different classes are presented. Secondary phases are studied by the method of differential x-ray diffraction phase analysis. Phase separation is performed by several methods, and the choice of the most effective method of separation is determined by the state of the metal. The results of the determination of the content of retained austenite in the steels are compared by different methods. The effect of secondary phases (carbides, nitrides) on the determined amount of retained austenite is analyzed. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 60–66, July, 2006.     

含稀土轧辊用高速钢淬回火过程微观组织转变

利用金相(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)及能损谱(EELS)等手段,研究了含稀土轧辊用高速钢在1100℃淬火和550℃两次回火热处理过程的微观组织变化特征,重点探讨了碳化物行为。结果表明,淬火加热过程中热稳定性较高的MC和M6C型一次共晶碳化物难以溶解,亚稳态的M2C型一次共晶碳化物则发生分解反应得到MC和M6C两种碳化物,分解形成的M6C较MC量多且尺寸较大,小颗粒MC包含在M6C之中;淬火基体组织由马氏体和残留奥氏体组成,淬火马氏体既有板条马氏体也有孪晶型马氏体。经两次回火后,残留奥氏体得以有效消除,大量细小富V的MC型二次碳化物弥散析出产生二次硬化现象。     

Influence of tempering temperature on both the microstructural evolution and elemental distribution in AISI 4340 steels

In the present study, the influence of tempering temperature on the microstructural evolution and prior austenite grain boundary segregation of AISI 4340 steels was investigated by transmission electron microscope and atom probe. The transmission electron microscopy results showed a variation in the microstructure and the morphology of carbides with a change in tempering temperature. Additionally, the chemical compositions of the prior austenite grain boundaries and carbides were quantified by atom probe tomography. An increase in the tempering temperature led to a decrease in the amount of carbon segregated at the prior austenite grain boundary from 7.9 to 1.3 at.%. It was found that a higher tempering temperature can accelerate the diffusion of carbon from the prior austenite grain boundary into carbide. However, phosphorus atoms were segregated mainly at the prior austenite grain boundary in steel tempered at 400°C (up to 0.18 at.%). It was found that formation of film-like carbide and phosphorus segregation along the prior austenite grain boundary is the main cause of embrittlement in steel tempered at 400°C.     

Orientation relations between austenite, Widmanstätten carbides, and martensite in 150G4 high-carbon steel

The crystallographic tie between structural components in high-carbon steel 150G4 after isothermal γ → α transformation is investigated. The method of electron microscopic analysis is used for experimental determination of the orientation relation between Widmanstätten carbides and martensite, which is a consequence of the crystallographic relation between austenite and Widmanstätten carbides and between austenite and martensite. The causes of implementation of specific variants of orientation relations in high-carbon steels are discussed.     

Thermal stability of retained austenite in TRIP steels studied by synchrotron X-ray diffraction during cooling

We have performed in situ X-ray diffraction measurements at a synchrotron source in order to study the thermal stability of the retained austenite phase in transformation induced plasticity steels during cooling from room temperature to 100 K. A powder analysis of the diffraction data reveals a martensitic transformation of part of the retained austenite during cooling. The fraction of austenite that transforms during cooling is found to depend strongly on the bainitic holding time and the composition of the steel. It is shown that that austenite grains with a lower average carbon concentration have a lower stability during cooling.     

Influence of microstructure on the premature failure of a second-intermediate sendzimir mill drive roll

Although a precise understanding of roll failure genesis is complex, the microstructure of a broken roll can often unravel intrinsic deficiencies in material quality responsible for its failure. This is especially relevant in circumstances when, even under a similar mill-operating environment, the failure involves a particular roll or a specific batch of rolls. This paper provides a microstructural insight into the cause of premature breakage of a second-intermediate Sendzimir mill drive roll used at a stainless steel sheet rolling plant under the Steel Authority of India Limited. Microstructural issues influencing roll quality, such as characteristics of carbides, tempered martensite, retained austenite, etc., have been extensively studied through optical and scanning electron microscopy, electron-probe microanalysis, image analysis, and x-ray diffractometry. These are discussed to elucidate specific microstructural inadequacies that accentuated the failure. The study reveals that even though retained austenite content is low (6.29 vol%) and martensite is non-acicular, the roll breakage is a consequence of intergranular cracking caused by improper carbide morphology and distribution.     

化学腐蚀法显示InP单晶和外延层中的缺陷

<正> 一、前言 近年来,化学腐蚀技术已广泛地应用于Ⅲ-Ⅴ族化合物晶体结构缺陷的测定。由于光电器件的迅速发展,InP和GaAs等已成为激光和发光器件的重要材料。此类器件的性能直接与材料完整性有关。结构缺陷特别是位错将显著地影响器件的性能。例如在半导体激光和发光管中,如果发光区或其附近有位错存在,将造成暗线或暗点,除降低效率外,还会