THE TRUE DECEIVER.

REVIEWS PUBLISHED STUDIES TO APPRAISE THE PREVALENCE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF DECEPTION IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH. SOME SUBSTANTIVE AREAS RELY HEAVILY ON DECEPTION, AND ARE HIGHLY CONSISTENT IN THEIR USE OF CERTAIN KINDS OF DECEPTIONS. FEW STUDIES USING THIS TACTIC REPORTED ANY INFORMATION ABOUT SS' SUSPICIONS OF THE DECEPTIONS, REGARDLESS OF THE STUDIES' SUBSTANTIVE AREA OR THE KINDS OF DECEPTIONS EMPLOYED. IN THE STUDIES REPORTING SUCH INFORMATION, ONLY A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF SS WERE SUSPICIOUS, IRRESPECTIVE OF THE STUDIES' SUBSTANTIVE AREA OR DECEPTIONS. THE INADEQUACY OF THE CRITERIA EMPLOYED FOR ASSESSING SUSPICION AND OTHER POSSIBLE SOURCES OF DISTORTION IN THE REPORTED RATES OF SUSPICION ARE DISCUSSED. THE NEED FOR GUIDELINES IN EVALUATING DECEPTION STUDIES AND EFFECTIVE PROCEDURES FOR MEASURING SS' SUSPICIONS ARE EMPHASIZED. (31 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SOLUTION OF ANAGRAMS.

RESEARCH ON ANAGRAMS OVER 30 YR. BY SEVERAL METHODS DISCLOSES STRONG EFFECTS FROM 3 FACTORS: SETS ESTABLISHED BY INSTRUCTIONS OR A TRAINING SERIES, FREQUENCY OF EXPOSURE TO THE SOLUTION WORD, AND ORDER OF THE LETTERS OF THE ANAGRAM. EFFECTS OF LETTER COMBINATIONS ARE CONFUSING, BUT RECENT RESULTS CONVERGE TO EMPHASIZE THE FREQUENCY OF THE FIRST 2 OR 3 LETTERS OF THE SOLUTION WORD. MODEST PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE IN THEORIZING ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SET, DESCRIBING THE PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESSES, AND ANALYZING THE ABILITIES REQUIRED. THE RESULTS FOR ANAGRAM PROBLEMS HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR SOME PERSISTENT QUESTIONS ABOUT PROBLEM-SOLVING RESEARCH IN GENERAL. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PROCEDURAL, SITUATIONAL, AND INTERPERSONAL VARIABLES IN INDIVIDUAL INTELLIGENCE TESTING.

A NUMBER OF CONCLUSIONS EMERGE FROM THE REVIEW OF RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF INDIVIDUAL INTELLIGENCE TESTING. DEPARTURES FROM STANDARD PROCEDURES ARE MORE LIKELY TO AFFECT SPECIALIZED GROUPS THAN NORMAL GROUPS. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SITUATIONAL VARIABLES, ESPECIALLY DISCOURAGEMENT, APPEARS MORE FREQUENTLY WITH YOUNGER THAN WITH OLDER SS. RAPPORT IS AN IMPORTANT VARIABLE IN THE E-S RELATIONSHIP. E DIFFERENCES OCCASIONALLY APPEAR, BUT REASONS FOR THE DIFFERENCES ARE NOT CLEAR. E'S EXPERIENCE IS USUALLY NOT A CRITICAL VARIABLE. WHITE ES MAY HAVE SOME SUBTLE DELETERIOUS EFFECT ON NEGRO SS' SCORES, BUT THE EVIDENCE IS NOT DEFINITIVE. INADEQUATE RESEARCH DESIGNS CHARACTERIZE MANY STUDIES ON E DIFFERENCES. A COMBINATION OF MAN AND MACHINE TEST ADMINISTRATION MAY SOLVE SOME OF THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN INTELLIGENCE TESTING, BUT MANY QUESTIONS REMAIN UNANSWERED. (3 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SENSATION SEEKING AND VOLUNTEERING FOR SENSORY DEPRIVATION AND HYPNOSIS EXPERIMENTS.

3 STUDIES CONDUCTED AT 3 DIFFERENT UNIVERSITIES TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS OF A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A SENSATION-SEEKING TENDENCY AND VOLUNTEERING FOR EXPERIMENTS IN HYPNOSIS AND SENSORY DEPRIVATION. MALE AND FEMALE UNDERGRADUATES WHO VOLUNTEERED FOR HYPNOSIS EXPERIMENTS WERE FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER ON THE SENSATION-SEEKING SCALE (SSS) THAN NONVOLUNTEERS. FEMALES VOLUNTEERING FOR SENSORY DEPRIVATION EXPERIMENTS WERE HIGHER ON THE SSS THAN NONVOLUNTEERS, BUT MALE VOLUNTEERS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN ONLY 1 OF THE 2 SAMPLES TESTED. MARKED UNIVERSITY POPULATION DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND ON THE SSS, AND THESE DIFFERENCES BORE SOME RELATION TO THE MAGNITUDE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VOLUNTEERS AND NONVOLUNTEERS WITHIN EACH SEX GROUP. NO RELATIONS BETWEEN BIRTH ORDER, HYPOMANIA, ANXIETY, AND VOLUNTEERING WERE FOUND IN THE STUDIES WHERE THEY WERE EXAMINED. (17 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CONTRIBUTIONS OF TWIN RESEARCH TO PSYCHOLOGY.

AFTER REVIEWING SOME CRITICISMS OF THE TWIN METHOD, PARTIAL REPLIES TO THESE ARE SUGGESTED. STATISTICAL METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF TWIN DATA ARE DISCUSSED, INCLUDING SOME NEW IDEAS ABOUT MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF TWIN DATA. THE REMAINDER OF THE PAPER SUMMARIZES RECENT TWIN STUDIES ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SENSORY VARIABLES, PERCEPTUAL TASKS, MOTOR SKILL, COGNITIVE VARIABLES, AND PERSONALITY. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR GENETICS ARE GIVEN. (4 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE PERPETUATION AND EVOLUTION OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE.

STUDENTS SHOULD BE TRAINED FOR THE FUTURE RATHER THAN THE PRESENT AND INCREASING EMPHASIS SHOULD BE PLACED ON INCREASING THE UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR. "THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE EXISTS AND TO WHICH IT MUST ADAPT IS CURRENTLY IN A STATE OF RAPID AND COMPLEX CHANGE." THE ENVIRONMENT IS RIPE FOR THE RAPID DIVERSIFICATION AND EXPANSION OF BEHAVIORAL STUDIES. "ALL OF THE CONDITIONS ARE PROPITIOUS FOR PROMPT EVOLUTIONARY RADIATION OF THE PARENT SPECIES BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE . . . . VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF NEUROLOGY, ENDOCRINOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY, AND PSYCHOLOGY HAVE BEEN TRIED, AND SOME OF THEM HAVE YIELDED PROMISING RESULTS. NEW PERMUTATIONS MUST BE DEVISED AND THE RESULTING STRAINS OF BIOLOGY MUST BE GIVEN A CHANCE TO SURVIVE, TO REPRODUCE, AND TO EVOLVE STILL FURTHER . . . . MAN'S GREATEST PROBLEM . . . IS NOT TO UNDERSTAND AND EXPLOIT HIS PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, BUT TO UNDERSTAND AND GOVERN HIS OWN CONDUCT . . . . IF HE IS TO SURVIVE HE MUST PROCEED TO EXPLORE HIMSELF AND TO CONTROL HIS OWN ACTIVITIES." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

STRATEGY OF OUTCOME RESEARCH IN PSYCHOTHERAPY.

REVIEWS THE CURRENT STATUS OF PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC RESEARCH, CONCLUDING THAT THE GREATEST NEED IS FOR OUTCOME STUDIES. THE MAJOR VARIABLES AND DOMAINS INVOLVED IN PSYCHOTHERAPY ARE DELINEATED TO SHOW WHERE ERRORS HAVE OCCURRED IN PAST INVESTIGATIONS, AND TO SERVE AS A BASIS FOR DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF CONTROL NECESSARY TO ANSWER THE VARIED QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE PRACTICE OF PSYCHOTHERAPY. STRATEGIC CHOICES FOR ACCUMULATING KNOWLEDGE ARE SUGGESTED IN TERMS OF THE SELECTION OF VARIABLES, CRITERIA, AND ADEQUATE RESEARCH DESIGNS FOR A GIVEN LEVEL OF EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE. CONTRARY TO MANY CURRENT VIEWS, THE PRESENT METHODOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY IS FELT TO BE ADEQUATE FOR EVALUATING PSYCHOTHERAPY; HOWEVER, THE VALUE OF DIFFERENT RESEARCH APPROACHES FROM CASE STUDIES TO FACTORIAL DESIGNS MUST BE RECOGNIZED AND USED STRATEGICALLY. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SIMPLE MODELS OR SIMPLE PROCESSES? SOME RESEARCH ON CLINICAL JUDGMENTS.

REVIEWS STUDIES OF THE RELIABILITY AND THE VALIDITY OF DESCRIPTIVE, DIAGNOSTIC, AND PROGNOSTIC JUDGMENTS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AS A PRELUDE TO A MORE TECHNICAL DISCUSSION OF PRESENT-DAY METHODOLOGIES FOR STUDYING THE CLINICAL JUDGMENT PROCESS, I.E., THE MANNER AND EXTENT TO WHICH A JUDGE UTILIZES INFORMATION IN A COMPLEX (E.G., CURVILINEAR AND/OR CONFIGURAL) AS OPPOSED TO A MORE LINEAR MANNER. STUDIES OF THE JUDGMENTAL PROCESSES INVOLVED IN IMPORTANT DECISIONS IN SUCH FIELDS AS MEDICINE (DIAGNOSING MALIGNANT VS. BENIGN ULCERS), PSYCHIATRY (DECIDING ON THE ADVISABILITY OF GRANTING TEMPORARY LIBERTY FOR PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS), CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY (DIAGNOSING NEUROSIS VS. PSYCHOSIS FROM MMPI PROFILES), AND SECURITIES ANALYSIS (PREDICTING FUTURE STOCK PRICES) ARE BRIEFLY DESCRIBED. THE FINDINGS FROM AN INTENSIVE INVESTIGATION OF THE PROCESS OF LEARNING CLINICAL INFERENCE PROVOKE SOME SPECULATIONS ABOUT THE OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR SUCH LEARNING TO OCCUR. (3 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

BEHAVIOR-GENETIC, OR "EXPERIMENTAL," ANALYSIS: THE CHALLENGE OF SCIENCE VERSUS THE LURE OF TECHNOLOGY.

J. B. WATSON'S WORK HAS MUCH DETERMINED THE FORM AND SUBSTANCE OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY AND WATSON, THROUGH MISINTERPRETATION, SUGGESTED THAT "THE VAST MAJORITY OF THE VARIATIONS OF ORGANISMS ARE NOT INHERITED . . . .(HOWEVER) IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO STUDY THE GENETICS OF A BEHAVIOR. WE CAN STUDY THE BEHAVIOR OF AN ORGANISM, THE GENETICS OF A POPULATION, AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE EXPRESSION OF SOME BEHAVIOR BY THE MEMBERS OF THAT POPULATION." THE "TRYON EFFECT" (FAILURE TO OBTAIN A JUMP OR INCREASE IN VARIANCE FROM THE F1 TO THE F2 GENERATION IN SELECTIVE BREEDING STUDIES), REDUCTIONISTIC NAIVETE, AND CORRELATIONAL NAIVETE ARE CONSIDERED. ". . . THE IMPORTANCE OF A PURE SCIENCE APPROACH TO BEHAVIOR-GENETIC ANALYSIS IN MAN AS WELL AS IN ANIMALS (IS ARGUED). . . . AS THE SOCIAL, ETHNIC, AND ECONOMIC BARRIERS TO EDUCATION ARE REMOVED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, AND AS THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION APPROACHES A MORE UNIFORMLY HIGH LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS, HEREDITY MAY BE EXPECTED TO MAKE AN EVER LARGER CONTRIBUTION TO INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING AND CONSEQUENTLY TO SUCCESS IN OUR INCREASINGLY COMPLEX CIVILIZATION." (48 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DEVELOPMENT OF A BEHAVIOR TAXONOMY FOR DESCRIBING HUMAN TASKS: A CORRELATIONAL-EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH.

DISCUSSES THE NEED FOR IDENTIFYING A SET OF UNIFYING DIMENSIONS UNDERLYING SKILLED BEHAVIOR. THE ISSUES BEAR ON PROBLEMS OF GENERALIZING PRINCIPLES FROM LABORATORY TO OPERATIONAL TASKS AND FROM 1 TASK TO ANOTHER. COMBINATIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CORRELATIONAL APPROACHES APPEAR TO BE REQUIRED. THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH STRATEGY UTILIZED IN RESEARCH ON PERCEPTUAL-MOTOR ABILITIES IS DESCRIBED AND ITS RELEVANCE TO TAXONOMY QUESTIONS DISCUSSED. THE INTEGRATIVE NATURE OF THE FRAMEWORK DEVELOPED IS ILLUSTRATED BY A WIDE VARIETY OF STUDIES, IN LABORATORY AND OPERATIONAL SITUATIONS, RANGING FROM THOSE OF SKILL LEARNING AND RETENTION TO THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON HUMAN PERFORMANCE, AND IN THE STANDARDIZATION OF LABORATORY TASKS FOR PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT. (40 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND THE ORIENTATION INVENTORY: A REVIEW.

REVIEWS RESEARCH BETWEEN 1959 AND 1967 RELATING ORIENTATION INVENTORY (ORI) SCORES TO OTHER SELF-REPORTS AND TO PERFORMANCE IN CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS. ALTHOUGH MANY OF THE STUDIES ARE BASED ON SMALL SAMPLES AND ORI SCORES ARE RELATIVELY LOW IN RETEST RELIABILITY, THE OVERALL PATTERNS OF RESULTS SUGGEST THE UTILITY OF ASSESSING ORIENTATION AS A WAY OF INCREASING UNDERSTANDING OF PERFORMANCE IN A VARIETY OF SOCIAL SITUATIONS. IN MANY SUCH SITUATIONS, THE GREATEST SOURCE OF VARIANCE MAY BE THE INTERACTION OF INDIVIDUAL ORIENTATION AND THE NATURE OF THE TASK. WHAT IS PUNISHING FOR THE SELF-ORIENTED MAY BE OF NO CONSEQUENCE TO THE INTERACTION-ORIENTED AND POSITIVELY REINFORCING TO THE TASK-ORIENTED. (3 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ACTUARIAL, NAIVE CLINICAL, AND SOPHISTICATED CLINICAL PREDICTION OF PATHOLOGY FROM FIGURE DRAWINGS.

87 PAIRS OF FIGURE DRAWINGS, 37 BY NORMALS AND 50 BY PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS, WERE GIVEN TO 27 CLINICAL STUDENTS AND 6 EXPERIENCED CLINICIANS, ALONG WITH A COMPLETE ACCOUNT OF THE PERTINENT RESEARCH FINDINGS OF HILER AND NESVIG. SS WERE ASKED TO JUDGE WHETHER THE DRAWINGS WERE NORMAL OR PATHOLOGICAL. THE STUDENTS WERE SUPERIOR TO THE CLINICIANS IN THE TASK, AND 23% OF THEM WERE SUPERIOR TO AN ACTUARIAL FORMULA THAT HAD BEEN CONSTRUCTED PREVIOUSLY. DATA WERE INTERPRETED TO SUPPORT THE RELATIVE SUPERIORITY OF SOPHISTICATED OVER NAIVE CLINICAL PREDICTION AND THE POSSIBILITY THAT IN SOME CIRCUMSTANCE IT MAY BE SUPERIOR TO ACTUARIAL FORMULAS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COLLABORATION IN AN INVISIBLE COLLEGE.

PRESENTS AN OUTLINE AND PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF A GROUP WHICH CONSTITUTES THE GREATER PART OF A SINGLE INVISIBLE COLLEGE. INVISIBLE COLLEGE REFERS TO THAT "INGROUP" IN EACH OF THE MORE ACTIVELY PURSUED AND HIGHLY COMPETITIVE SPECIALTIES IN THE SCIENCES. GROUP MEMBERS CLAIM TO BE REASONABLY IN TOUCH WITH EVERYONE WHO IS CONTRIBUTING MATERIALLY TO RESEARCH IN THEIR AREA NOT ONLY NATIONALLY, BUT INTERNATIONALLY AS WELL. "THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS STUDY ARE CONSIDERABLE FOR ANALYZING THE SOCIAL LIFE OF SCIENCE AND THE NATURE OF COLLABORATION AND COMMUNICATION AT THE RESEARCH FRONT . . . . PERHAPS THE RECENT ACCELERATION IN THE AMOUNT OF MULTIPLE AUTHORSHIP IN SEVERAL REGIONS OF SCIENCE IS DUE PARTLY TO THE BUILDING OF A NEW COMMUNICATION MECHANISM DERIVING FROM THE INCREASED MOBILITY OF SCIENTISTS, AND PARTLY TO AN EFFORT TO UTILIZE LARGER AND LARGER QUANTITIES OF LOWER-LEVEL RESEARCH MANPOWER. IF THIS IS SO, THEN THE CONVENTIONAL EXPLANATION OF COLLABORATION, AS THE UTILIZATION OF MANY DIFFERENT SKILLS AND PAIRS OF HANDS TO DO A SINGLE JOB OTHERWISE IMPOSSIBLE TO PERFORM, IS WOEFULLY INADEQUATE AND MISLEADING." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MAN AS AN INTUITIVE STATISTICIAN.

CONSIDERS EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH THAT HAS USED PROBABILITY THEORY AND STATISTICS AS A FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH TO STUDY HUMAN STATISTICAL INFERENCE. EXPERIMENTS HAVE INVESTIGATED ESTIMATES OF PROPORTIONS, MEANS, VARIANCES, AND CORRELATIONS, BOTH OF SAMPLES AND OF POPULATIONS. IN SOME EXPERIMENTS, PARAMETERS OF POPULATIONS WERE STATIONARY; IN OTHERS, THE PARAMETERS CHANGED OVER TIME. THE EXPERIMENTS ALSO INVESTIGATED THE DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE AND TRIAL-BY-TRIAL PREDICTIONS OF EVENTS TO BE SAMPLED FROM A POPULATION. IN GENERAL, THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT PROBABILITY THEORY AND STATISTICS CAN BE USED AS THE BASIS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS THAT INTEGRATE AND ACCOUNT FOR HUMAN PERFORMANCE IN A WIDE RANGE OF INFERENTIAL TASKS. (115 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

AN EXAMPLE OF "ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY": THE AIRCRAFT NOISE PROBLEM.

DISCUSSES THE AIRCRAFT NOISE PROBLEM IN TERMS OF THE "THE REACTIONS OF PEOPLE TO AIRCRAFT NOISE IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF, PRIMARILY, THEIR HOMES." PRACTICAL AND POLITICAL-LEGAL ASPECTS OF AVIATION AS A PRIVATE INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES ARE CONSIDERED. RESEARCH FACTS AND DATA ARE PRESENTED AND ENGINEERING DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS ARE EXPLORED. 3 CRITERIA, PREVIOUSLY EXPLAINED BY THE AUTHOR (SEE 40:6), FOR DETERMINING ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT NOISE RATING, AND A NOISE AND NUMBER INDEX) ARE DISCUSSED. "THE PROBLEM OF SETTING MAXIMUM TOLERABLE EXPOSURES TO SONIC BOOMS FOR COMMUNITIES . . ." IS CONSIDERED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SHORT-FORM TESTS: A METHODOLOGICAL REVIEW.

REVIEWS STUDIES IN WHICH CLINICAL INTELLIGENCE TESTS ARE ABBREVIATED TO SAVE TESTING TIME. SERIOUS METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ARE EVIDENT: SAMPLES ARE OFTEN SMALL, UNREPRESENTATIVE, AND HETEROGENEOUS IN COMPOSITION; AND SHORT-FORM VALIDITY IS SYSTEMATICALLY OVERESTIMATED. IT IS ARGUED THAT PRESENT STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM DO NOT LEAD TO A UNIQUE SOLUTION. THE GENERAL REQUIREMENT THAT AN ABBREVIATED TEST SHOULD SAVE TIME WHILE RETAINING MAXIMUM VALIDITY CANNOT BE SATISFIED IN THE ABSENCE OF A STATEMENT ABOUT THE RELATIVE UTILITY OF "TIME SAVED" AND "VALIDITY LOST." (65 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SELF-ESTEEM OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS.

THE BILLS INDEX OF ADJUSTMENT AND VALUES (IAV) WAS USED TO OBTAIN MEASURES OF SELF-ESTEEM FOR A SAMPLE OF 155 FACTORY WORKERS. THE WORKERS' SELF-ESTEEM WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN COLLEGE STUDENTS' USED AS A STANDARDIZATION GROUP FOR THE IAV. SELF-ESTEEM PROVED UNRELATED TO A VARIETY OF JOB-RELATED VARIABLES. MARRIED WORKERS DEMONSTRATED GREATER SELF-ESTEEM THAN UNMARRIED. THOSE WITH SOME COLLEGE EXPERIENCE DEMONSTRATED GREATER SELF-ESTEEM THAN THOSE WITH ONLY A HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION. EMPLOYEES WHO HAD TO CHANGE THEIR JOBS DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN LEVEL OF SELF-ESTEEM FOLLOWING THE JOB CHANGE. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THOSE EMPLOYEES WHO RESPOND READILY TO SURVEY-RESEARCH INQUIRIES ARE LOWER IN PERSONAL AND JOB ADJUSTMENT THAN THOSE WHO CHOOSE NOT TO RESPOND. (33 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

FRUSTRATIVE NONREWARD THEORY APPLIED TO CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOR.

REVIEWS RESEARCH RELATING TO CHILDREN'S REACTIONS TO NONREWARD IN A VARIETY OF EXPERIMENTAL SITUATIONS. PERFORMANCE IN NONCONTINUOUS RATHER THAN CONTINUOUS REWARD SITUATIONS WAS FOUND TO BE MORE VIGOROUS. THESE DATA AND THE RESULTS OF STUDIES DEALING WITH DISCRIMINATION LEARNING AND DIFFERENTIAL CONDITIONING PROVIDE CROSS-SPECIES SUPPORT FOR AMSEL'S FRUSTRATIVE NONREWARD THEORY. THE EFFECTS OF NONREWARD ARE ALSO EXAMINED IN RELATION TO CA, MA, PERSONALITY, SOCIAL FACTORS, AND SUCCESS-FAILURE MANIPULATIONS. FRUSTRATIVE NONREWARD THEORY MAY BE POTENTIALLY USEFUL IN DERIVING RELATED HYPOTHESES. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE NEW NEUROLOGY AND THE BIOLOGY OF EMOTION: A STRUCTURAL APPROACH.

REVIEWS THE PROBLEM OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF EMOTION. EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED TO SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT NEUROHUMORAL MECHANISMS ARE SUBJECT TO "TUNING" BY EXPERIENCE AND IS THEN ADDUCED TO SHOW THAT SENSORY AS WELL AS HOMEOSTATIC PROCESSES ARE ORGANIZED AS NEURAL SERVO-MECHANISMS. THE VIEW THAT THE DICHOTOMY BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND EMOTION RESTS ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SENSORY AND NEUROHUMORAL MECHANISMS WAS REEVALUATED. THE AROUSAL THEORY OF EMOTION PROVIDED A VEHICLE FOR THE NEEDED REVISION BUT EVIDENCE IS MARSHALED AGAINST THE NOTION THAT AROUSAL INVOLVES CHANGES IN NEURAL INTENSITY. RATHER, A CHANGE IN "DISTRIBUTION" OF EXCITATION, I.E., ITS ORGANIZATION, OCCURS WHICH IS MEASURABLE AS UNCERTAINTY, I.E., INFORMATION. ENGINEERS HAVE SHOWN THAT INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS CAN CONTINUE TO FUNCTION ONLY AS LONG AS A SUFFICIENT VARIETY IN CONTROL MECHANISMS DEVELOPS TO KEEP PACE WITH DEMAND. FROM THIS, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT MOTIVATION AND EMOTION REFLECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF REQUISITE VARIETY OF CONTROL. EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED TO SHOW THAT NEURAL MECHANISMS EXIST WHICH CAN REGULATE THE RATE OF INFORMATION FLOW IN AFFERENT CHANNELS. SOME OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS ARE DISCUSSED. (31 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

LEVEL OF PROFICIENCY AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL VIEWPOINTS ABOUT PROBLEM SIMILARITY.

THE OBJECT OF THIS RESEARCH WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER INDIVIDUAL CONSISTENCIES IN JUDGMENTS OF PROBLEM SIMILARITY ARE RELATED TO THE PROFICIENCY LEVEL OF THE JUDGES. 51 RADAR CONTROLLERS OF VARYING LEVELS OF EXPERIENCE AND COMPETENCY WERE ASKED TO JUDGE THE DEGREE OF SIMILARITY AMONG 30 AIR-TRAFFIC CONTROL STIMULI USING THE METHOD OF SUCCESSIVE INTERVALS. THESE DATA WERE ANALYZED ACCORDING TO THE "POINTS-OF-VIEW" PROCEDURES DEVELOPED BY TUCKER AND MESSICK. 4 DIMENSIONS OF VIEWPOINT WERE EXTRACTED REPRESENTING 4 MAJOR SUBGROUPS OF SS, EACH OF WHICH EXHIBITED CONSISTENTLY DIFFERENT EMPHASES IN THEIR JUDGMENT OF STIMULUS SIMILARITY. RESULTS INDICATED THAT (1) ASSIGNMENT TO A VIEWPOINT GROUP WAS RELATED TO TRAINING AND COMPETENCY LEVEL, AND (2) SS WITH GREATER PROFICIENCY TENDED TO VIEW THE STIMULI, NOT IN TERMS OF THEIR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, BUT RATHER IN TERMS OF THE RESPONSES THAT WOULD BE REQUIRED FOR AIR-TRAFFIC CONTROL. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)