"The Effect of Experimentally Induced Failure, Self-Esteem, and Sex on Cognitive Differentiation": Errata.

Reports errors in the original article by R. Cruz Perez (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1973[Feb], 81[1], 74-79). On Table 2, the numbers for the low self-esteem failure females for the before and after columns, respectively, should be 611.00 and 625.12. The numbers for the low self-esteem control females for the before and after columns, respectively, should be 484.00 and 463.87. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1973-21060-001.) Investigated the effect of experimentally-induced failure upon an immediately-following cognitive differentiation task, on the hypothesis that these effects are differentially mediated by self-esteem and sex variables. 32 male and 32 female undergraduates completed the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and the Embedded Figures Test (EFT). Ss were then given Raven's Progressive Matrices under time-limit failure or control conditions, and were retested on the EFT. Results support the hypothesis that after the experience of failure, high-esteem Ss would work faster and low-esteem Ss would work slower on the EFT retest. An additional hypothesis that males would work faster than females on the EFT was supported only for the low self-esteem females. Implications of these findings are explored. (25 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Repression-Sensitization and Medical Diagnosis": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by Mark S. Schwartz, Neal E. Krupp, and Donn Byrne (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1971[Dec], 78[3], 286-291). In Table 3 the number of female repressors in the 60-69 age group, with a purely organic diagnosis, should be 16 instead of 6. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1972-09554-001.) The transsituational consistency of trait measures can be demonstrated best through the establishment of relationships between personality test responses and nontest behaviors. The repression-sensitization scale shows promise as a correlate of both psychological disturbance and physiological malfunctioning. The association between repression-sensitization scale responses and medical diagnoses was investigated in 360 medical patients representing (a) 3 age levels (20-29, 40-49, and 60-69); (b) 3 repression-sensitization levels (repressors, neutrals, and sensitizers); and (c) both sexes, with 20 patients in each group. Repressors tended to have purely organic diagnoses, whereas sensitizers received diagnoses involving psychological components (p     

Correction to Ford and Collins (2010).

Reports an error in "Self-esteem moderates neuroendocrine and psychological responses to interpersonal rejection" by Máire B. Ford and Nancy L. Collins (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2010[Mar], Vol 98[3], 405-419). This article contained a misspelling in the last name of the first author in the below reference. The complete correct reference is included. The online version of the article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2010-02829-005.) In this study, the authors investigated self-esteem as a moderator of psychological and physiological responses to interpersonal rejection and tested an integrative model detailing the mechanisms by which self-esteem may influence cognitive, affective, and physiological responses. Seventy-eight participants experienced an ambiguous interpersonal rejection (or no rejection) from an opposite sex partner in the context of an online dating interaction. Salivary cortisol was assessed at 5 times, and self-reported cognitive and affective responses were assessed. Compared with those with high self-esteem, individuals with low self-esteem responded to rejection by appraising themselves more negatively, making more self-blaming attributions, exhibiting greater cortisol reactivity, and derogating the rejector. Path analysis indicated that the link between low self-esteem and increased cortisol reactivity was mediated by self-blame attributions; cortisol reactivity, in turn, mediated the link between low self-esteem and increased partner derogation. Discussion centers on the role of self-esteem as part of a broader psychobiological system for regulating and responding to social threat and on implications for health outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Assimilation Theory and the Ponzo Illusion: Quantitative Predictions": Erratum.

Reports an error in "Assimilation theory and the Ponzo illusion: Quantitative predictions" by A. W. Pressey, N. Butchard and L. Scrivner (Canadian Journal of Psychology Revue Canadienne de Psychologie, 1971[Dec], Vol 25[6], 486-497). A corrected formula is provided. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1972-10045-001.) Predicted that the ponzo illusion would increase, and then decrease as angle of the oblique arms increased, on the basis of assimilation theory. A reversed illusion was predicted when the angle was very obtuse. 4 orientations of the ponzo illusion were employed. In these the apex pointed to the top, bottom, left, and right. A different orientation was used on each of 4 sessions separated by a minimum of 1 day. The order was randomized for each of 9 men and 6 women ss. Both predictions were verified. Data suggest a change in the attentive field postulate of assimilation theory, and a general formula was derived to obtain a numerical estimate of illusion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Relation between mastery behavior in infancy and competence in early childhood": Correction to Messer et al.

Reports an error in "Relation between mastery behavior in infancy and competence in early childhood" by David J. Messer, Mary E. McCarthy, Susan McQuiston, Robert H. MacTurk, Leon J. Yarrow and Peter M. Vietze (Developmental Psychology, 1986[May], Vol 22[3], 366-372). In the article, an incorrect copyright note has been given. The copyright note has been corrected and is included in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1986-24138-001.) 53 infants were observed at 6 and 12 mo of age during 2 24-min play sessions. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) were given at 6 and 12 mo and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA) at 30 mo of age. Results reveal that measures of competence in infancy (successful task completion during play and the BSID scores) were not strongly correlated with the 30-mo MSCA scores. In contrast, infant mastery behavior during play strongly predicted MSCA scores: The time spent investigating toys at 6 mo and persistence in solving tasks at 12 mo of age were behaviors significantly positively correlated with the MSCA scales. It is suggested that infant behaviors that predict later competence do not remain static but change with age and that infants' mastery behavior is a more effective predictor of later development than their competence with either toys or developmental tests. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Situational and transsituational determinants of adolescent self-feelings": Correction to Savin-Williams and Demo.

Reports an error in "Situational and transituational determinants of adolescent self-feelings" by Ritch C. Savin-Williams and David H. Demo (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1983[Apr], Vol 44[4], 824-833). In regards to the article, in a reanalysis of Savin-Williams and Demo's data, Schilling found that within-subject and between-subject effects in analysis of variance were not differentiated and that consequently several findings were in error. Details of the reanalysis and the corrected findings are included in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1983-32498-001.) Employing a new self-report technique (paging devices), this study assessed the self-feelings of 35 adolescents (mean age 13.3 yrs) in various naturalistic contexts. Regression analysis was used to assess the stability of self-feelings. Ss fell into 3 groups: stable, oscillating, and unpredictable (the largest). For the sample as a whole, self-feelings were not influenced by the immediate context, although specific settings, activities, and others present within the contexts elicited various levels of self-feelings. More crucial for predicting the self-feelings were such enduring characteristics as sex, social class, pubertal maturation, stability group, birth order, and number of siblings. The authors argue for a baseline conceptualization of adolescent self-conception from which fluctuations occur. (44 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"CS and UCS intervals and orders in human autonomic classical differential trace conditioning": Erratum.

Reports an error in "CS and UCS intervals and orders in human autonomic classical differential trace conditioning" by John J. Furedy (Canadian Journal of Psychology Revue Canadienne de Psychologie, 1970[Dec], Vol 24[6], 417-426). The diagram appearing in this erratum should be substituted for the diagram appearing as Figure 2 on p. 423 of the article. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1971-24206-001.) Measured the GSR and digital volume-pulse change in 4 groups of 80 Ss each with light and tone as CS and shock as UCS. For Groups I and II, the CS-UCS interval was .75 and 7.5 sec., respectively; for Groups III and IV, the UCS-CS interval was .75 and 7.5 sec., respectively. Group III showed 'backward' differential conditioning in the GSR; Group II yielded reliable conditioning of 'multiple responses' occurring before UCS onset; the magnitude and extent of conditioning was greater in Group I than in Groups II and III, which did not differ; some evidence for 'reverse' conditioning was suggested in Group IV, with slightly greater responding to the CS not paired with the UCS; instructions which distracted 1/2 the Ss from the CS did not affect responding to those stimuli. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Direct Measurement of Differential Cognitive Deficit in Acute Schizophrenia": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by J. N. Deluca (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1967[April], Vol 72[2], 143-146). The author's affiliation on page 143 should read as follows: "290 Madison Avenue, Morristown, New Jersey. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 2005-09867-003). This is a longitudinal study in which 11 standardized test of cognitive function were administered to 20,000 normal Ss and at a later point in time readministered to those Ss of the original group (N=15) who became schizophrenic and were hospitalized. The tests were also readministered to part of the original group (N=40) who, at the same point in time, were still normal. The results, which revealed significant differential deficit on 5 of the measures, suggest that lack of motivation to reach out and actively manipulate stimuli or experience new learning produced the differences observed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Incidental concept learning, feature frequency, and correlated properties": Correction to Wattenmaker.

Reports an error in "Incidental concept learning, feature frequency, and correlated properties" by William D. Wattenmaker (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1993[Jan], Vol 19[1], 203-222). This article included three typographical errors in the statistics. The corrected statistics are provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1993-16363-001.) Four experiments examined sensitivity to feature frequencies and feature correlations as a function of intentional and incidental concept learning. Feature frequencies were encoded equally well across variations in learning strategies, and although classification decisions in both intentional and incidental conditions preserved correlated features, this sensitivity was achieved through different processes. With intentional learning, sensitivity to correlations resulted from explicit rules, whereas incidental encoding preserved correlations through a similarity-based analogical process. In incidental tasks that promoted exemplar storage, classification decisions were mediated by similarity to retrieval examples, and correlated features were indirectly preserved in this process. Results are discussed in terms of the diversity of encoding processes and representations that can occur with incidental category learning. [An erratum concerning this article appears in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1993(Mar), Vol 19(2). The statistics on page 211 are corrected.] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Social categorization and the truly false consensus effect": Correction to Krueger and Zeiger.

Reports an error in "Social categorization and the truly false consensus effect" by Joachim Krueger and Joanna S. Zeiger (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1993[Oct], Vol 65[4], 670-680). In this article, the second and third column headings of Table 2 were inadvertently transposed. The corrected table is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1994-33435-001.) The false consensus effect involves adequate inductive reasoning and egocentric biases. To detect truly false consensus effects (TFCEs), item endorsements were correlated with the differences between estimated and actual consensus within Ss. In Exp 1, Ss overgeneralized from themselves to gender in-groups and to the overall population, but not to gender out-groups. Exps 2 and 3 demonstrated intuitive understanding of consensus bias. Another person's choices were inferred from that person's population estimates or estimates about the gender in-group. In Exp 4, Ss inferred that consensus estimates for a behavior were higher among people who were willing to engage in that behavior than among those who were not. Implications of these findings for general induction, social categorization, and the psychological processes underlying TFCEs are discussed. [A correction concerning this article appears in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1993, Vol 65(6), 1090. The second and third column headings of Table 2 were inadvertently transposed and the corrected table is included.] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"The perpetuation and evolution of biological science": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by Beach (American Psychologist, 1966[Oct], Vol 21[10], 943-949). On page 943, Footnote 1 should have read "the official opening of three new science buildings at McGill University." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1967-03566-001.) Students should be trained for the future rather than the present and increasing emphasis should be placed on increasing the understanding of human behavior. "The social environment in which biological science exists and to which it must adapt is currently in a state of rapid and complex change." The environment is ripe for the rapid diversification and expansion of behavioral studies. "All of the conditions are propitious for prompt evolutionary radiation of the parent species biological science.... Various combinations of neurology, endocrinology, microbiology, and psychology have been tried, and some of them have yielded promising results. New permutations must be devised and the resulting strains of biology must be given a chance to survive, to reproduce, and to evolve still further.... Man's greatest problem... is not to understand and exploit his physical environment, but to understand and govern his own conduct.... If he is to survive he must proceed to explore himself and to control his own activities." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"The Impact of Stereotype-Incongruent Information on Perceived Group Variability and Stereotype Change." Correction to Garcia-Marques and Mackie (1999).

Reports an error in "The impact of stereotype-incongruent information on perceived group variability and stereotype change" by Leonel Garcia-Marques and Diane M. Mackie (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1999[Nov], Vol 77[5], 979-990). In this article, Table 3 (p. 987) contained an error. The row "Number of subgroups" was inadvertently omitted. The corrected table appears in this erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1999-01257-006.) Three experiments showed increases in the perceived variability of social groups after perceivers received stereotype-incongruent information about group members. In Experiment 1, participants generated flatter distributions after exposure to incongruent information, compared with equally deviant congruent information, in the form of typical verbal materials. Experiment 2 indicated similar changes in dispersion after the presentation of numeric information about a single group member. In Experiment 3, the authors manipulated cognitive load at encoding or at the time group judgments were requested. Under conditions of cognitive constraint, stereotype-incongruent information ceased to promote more dispersed group representations. These results are consistent with the idea that incongruent information triggers more deliberative and comprehensive retrieval and generation of exemplars. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for stereotype change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Common factors in the identification of an assortment of brief everyday sounds": Correction to Ballas (1993).

Reports an error in "Common factors in the identification of an assortment of brief everyday sounds" by James A. Ballas (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1993[Apr], Vol 19[2], 250-267). A previous notice regarding this article incorrectly identified the volume number and date of publication of the journal in which this article appeared. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1993-28211-001.) Acoustic, ecological, perceptual and cognitive factors that are common in the identification of 41 brief, varied sounds were evaluated. In Exp 1, identification time and accuracy, causal uncertainty values, and spectral and temporal properties of the sounds were obtained. Exp 2 was a survey to obtain ecological frequency counts. Exp 3 solicited perceptual–cognitive ratings. Factor analyses of spectral parameters and perceptual–cognitive ratings were performed. Identification time and causal uncertainty are highly interrelated, and both are related to ecological frequency and the presence of harmonics and similar spectral bursts. Exps 4 and 5 used a priming paradigm to verify correlational relationships between identification time and causal uncertainty and to assess the effect of sound typicality. Results support a hybrid approach for theories of everyday sound identification. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Temporal measures of vocalization: Some methodological considerations": Correction to Swingle.

Reports an error in "Temporal measures of vocalization: Some methodological considerations" by Paul G. Swingle (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1984[Dec], Vol 47[6], 1263-1280). The copyright notice was inadvertently omitted. The notice that should have appeared on the first page of this article is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1985-11098-001.) Five studies--with 164 university students, 56 military personnel, and 4 elderly persons--examined methodological issues associated with temporal measures of vocalization. The simple measures of phonation, silence, and interrupt and measures of silence relative to phonation were found to be sensitive to task and emotional factors and were stable across experience. A procedure for analyzing interviews is presented, and potential applications of the temporal measures are discussed. (46 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Facilitative and disruptive effects of prior exposure to shock on subsequent avoidance performance": Erratum.

Reports an error in "Facilitative and disruptive effects of prior exposure to shock on subsequent avoidance performance" by H. Anisman and T. Waller (Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1972[Jan], Vol 78[1], 113-122). On page 114, the sentence beginning on Line 56, Column 2, should read: "Thirty seconds after placement in the compartment one half of the rats were given 10 CS (light and tone) presentations in which the CS was 9 sec. in duration, while the remaining rats received 10 CS-US presentations in which the US was a 1-ma. shock (constant current, ac) 2 sec. in duration." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1972-22565-001.) Subjected 40 male rats from each of 5 strains to 10 signaled inescapable 1-ma shock presentations. Shock facilitated subsequent 1-way and shuttle-avoidance performance (1-ma shock) in Charles River hooded, Wistar, Holtzman, and Sasco Ss, but did not significantly affect avoidance learning in Sprague-Dawley Ss. A 2nd experiment employing 120 male Holtzman rats indicated that inescapable shock of 1 ma. facilitated subsequent 1-way and shuttle-avoidance performance, while exposure to shock of 2 ma. facilitated 1-way and interfered with shuttle-avoidance performance. Movement ratings recorded during both CS and intershock intervals in pretraining were found to be good predictors of subsequent avoidance performance in preshocked Ss. Results are interpreted in terms of response repertoire changes produced by shock in conjunction with the defense reaction necessary in acquiring the avoidance response. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Gender characteristics and adjustment: A longitudinal study": Addendum.

Reports an error in "Gender characteristics and adjustment: A longitudinal study" by Jennifer Aubé and Richard Koestner (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1992[Sep], Vol 63[3], 485-493). The authors would like to acknowledge that the age 41 longitudinal data used in their study were collected by David McClelland, Carol Franz, Joel Weinberger, Richard Koestner, and Joseph Healy. This data collection was supported by a grant from the Seaver Institute. The data are currently being archived at the Henry Murray Research Center of Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Massachusetts. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1993-01033-001.) Used a prospective longitudinal design to investigate the long-term developmental implications of gender-related interests and traits. Archival data were available for Ss in the R. R. Sears et al (1957) study. Men, who at age 12 yrs endorsed interests and undesirable traits more typically associated with women, had poorer social–personal adjustment at ages 31 and 41 yrs. No effects were found for women. Feminine expressive traits at age 31 yrs did not impact on 41-yr-old adjustment for either men or women, whereas masculine instrumental traits were positively related for both. These findings support a multidimensional view of gender and indicate that harsher consequences follow when adolescent boys endorse nontraditional gender-related interests and undesirable traits than when girls do so. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Learning of physiological responses: I. Habituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning": Correction to Dworkin and Dworkin.

Reports an error in "Learning of physiological responses: I. Habituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning" by Barry R. Dworkin and Susan Dworkin (Behavioral Neuroscience, 1990[Apr], Vol 104[2], 298-319). In the article, on page 310, the denotations for paired (CS+) and unpaired (CS-) stimuli within Table 2 were missing. The corrected table is included in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1990-27779-001.) Rats with chronic neuromuscular block (NMB) maintained by continuous infusion of α-bungarotoxin were classically conditioned. All rats showed reliable discriminative-conditioned tibial nerve firing, hind limb vasoconstriction, hypertension, bradycardia, and electroencephalographic (EEG) desynchronization. A regression analysis indicated that the conditioned vasoconstriction was neither centrally mediated by, nor inextricably linked to, skeletal (tibial) nerve firing. Throughout the experiment there were normal blood gases, pH, Na, serum protein, hematocrit, blood pressure, heart rate, vasomotor tone, and tibial nerve activity. The vital signs, EEG spectra, and cortical evoked potentials reflected regular sleep–wakefulness cycles and responsiveness to mild stimuli. The NMB rat preparation with its stable physiological state and fully intact central nervous system (CNS) may be a useful model for a variety of physiological, medical, and neurobehavioral studies. [An erratum concerning missing data in Table 2 of this article will appear in Behavioral Neuroscience 1990, Vol 104(4)]. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Maternal Emotional Reactions to the Premature Infant in the Context of the Family": Erratum.

Reports an error in "Maternal emotional reactions to the premature infant in the context of the family" by Robert M. Hodapp and Kathryn T. Young (Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science Revue canadienne des Sciences du comportement, 1992[Jan], Vol 24[1], 29-40). The authors of the article should be listed as Robert M. Hodapp, Yale University, Kathryn T. Young, Yale University, Marie Algieri, Hospital for Sick Children, and Klaus Minde, Montreal Children's Hospital. The two last names were inadvertendly omitted. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1992-27071-001.) Examined maternal emotional reactions to the birth and early development of premature infants and whether such reactions are influenced by specific social support variables. 22 mothers of premature infants (aged 26–31 wks) were rated on 13 general psychological characteristics common to "maternal mourning reactions" of mothers of handicapped and at-risk children. Ss experienced relatively brief adverse reactions. The proposed 3-stage model of maternal mourning (i.e., shock; emotional disorganization; emotional organization) did not appear to characterize this sample. Ss with supportive spouses and close friends experienced less severe emotional reactions, as did Ss whose husbands were looking forward to becoming fathers. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Five methods for computing significant individual client change and improvement rates: Support for and individual growth curve approach." Correction to Speer and Greenbaum (1995).

Reports an error in "Five methods for computing significant individual client change and improvement rates: Support for an individual growth curve approach" by David C. Speer and Paul E. Greenbaum (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1995[Dec], Vol 63[6], 1044-1048). In this article, the values reported for hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) in Table 2 (p. 1046) were incorrect. This erratum provides the correct values and further information on the conclusion of the study. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1996-00402-019.) Interest has been renewed in methods for determining individual client change. Currently, there are at least 4 pretreatment–posttreatment (pre-post) difference score methods. A 5th method, based on a random effects model and multiwave data, represents a growth curve approach and was hypothesized to be more sensitive to detecting significant (p?p?