BIRTH ORDER, ANXIETY, AND VERBALIZATIONS IN GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY.

AN INITIAL STUDY AND A REPLICATION WERE CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIRTH ORDER AND ANXIETY AS THEY RELATED TO SPEECH IN GROUP THERAPY. 48 PATIENTS UNDERGOING GROUP THERAPY AT A STATE MENTAL HOSPITAL SERVED AS SS, WITH 24 IN THE INITIAL STUDY AND 24 IN THE REPLICATION. IN BOTH STUDIES, 1/2 THE SS WERE 1ST BORN, AND 1/2 WERE LATER BORN. SPEECH WAS RECORDED FOR 5 CONSECUTIVE THERAPY MEETINGS IN 6 GROUPS, FOR A TOTAL OF 30 GROUP THERAPY MEETINGS INVESTIGATED. 3 ANXIETY MEASURES AND THE MINIMAL SOCIAL BEHAVIOR SCALE WERE ALSO ADMINISTERED. RESULTS SUPPORTED ALL HYPOTHESES IN THAT: (1) 1ST-BORN AND HIGH-ANXIOUS SS SPOKE MORE FREQUENTLY THAN LATER-BORN OR LOW-ANXIOUS SS, (2) 1ST-BORN PATIENTS ASKED MORE QUESTIONS DURING THERAPY THAN LATER-BORN PATIENTS, AND (3) 1ST BORNS SPOKE MORE THAN LATER BORNS WHEN HIGHLY ANXIOUS. VERBALIZATIONS OF HOSPITALIZED MENTAL PATIENTS ARE RELATED TO THEIR BIRTH ORDER AND ANXIETY LEVEL, WHICH HAS IMPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHOTHERAPY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH. (17 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INFLUENCE OF TEST-TAKING ATTITUDES ON PERSONALITY INVENTORY SCORES.

THE MMPI AND CROWNE-MARLOWE SCALES WERE ADMINISTERED TO 50 PSYCHIATRIC INPATIENTS WHO WERE GROUPED BY LEVELS OF MOTIVATION FOR DISCHARGE AND THEN RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO 1 OF 2 TESTING CONDITIONS. FOR THE "DEFENSIVE" CONDITION, THE PATIENTS WERE TOLD THAT THE TESTS WOULD DETERMINE THEIR READINESS FOR DISCHARGE; FOR THE "ROUTINE" CONDITION, THEY WERE ASSURED THAT THE TEST RESULTS WOULD NOT AFFECT THEIR DISCHARGE DATE. THE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT MAIN EFFECTS FOR THE CONDITIONS OF TESTING AND LEVELS OF MOTIVATION ON SEVERAL OF THE STANDARD AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALES. FROM AN ANALYSIS OF INTERACTION EFFECTS, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT SS ARE MORE LIKELY TO DISSIMULATE WHEN THE TESTING IS PERCEIVED AS A POTENTIAL BARRIER TO THE ATTAINMENT OF THEIR IMMEDIATE GOALS. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOCIAL HISTORY FACTORS AND PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS.

CONSECUTIVELY ADMITTED, NONGERIATRIC PATIENTS WITH FUNCTIONAL PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS WERE SELECTED FOR STUDY IF THEY HAD A VALID MMPI TAKEN WITHIN 14 DAYS OF ADMISSION TO A NEUROPSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL, AND AN M-B HISTORY RECORD COMPLETED BY THEIR NEAREST RELATIVE. DATA ON 120 PATIENTS WERE ANALYZED BY COMPUTING PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE 7 HISTORY THEMES AND 13 MMPI SCALES AND BY CANONICAL CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE 2 SETS OF DATA. THE RESULTS OF BOTH ANALYSES ARE SEEN AS SUPPORTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THERE ARE RELATIONS BETWEEN CERTAIN ASPECTS OF A PATIENT'S SOCIAL HISTORY AND THE SYMPTOMS REPORTED ON ADMISSION TO A PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PSYCHOLOGY VERSUS PSYCHIATRY: A STUDY OF PUBLIC IMAGE.

ATTEMPTED TO ASCERTAIN, IN A MAJOR METROPOLITAN AREA, THE PUBLIC'S ATTITUDE TOWARD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY. DATA WERE OBTAINED BY CONDUCTING TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS WITH 400 RESPONDENTS (200 MALES, 200 FEMALES) WHOSE NAMES WERE RANDOMLY SELECTED FROM THE ST. LOUIS TELEPHONE DIRECTORY. BOTH PROFESSIONS WERE CREDITED WITH ANALYZING PEOPLE, HELPING THEM WITH THEIR PROBLEMS, AND STUDYING THE MIND, EMOTIONS, AND PERSONALITY. RESEARCH AND TESTING WERE MORE OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHOLOGISTS, AND MEDICINE AND/OR THE MEDICAL DEGREE WITH PSYCHIATRISTS. MOST PEOPLE WOULD CONTACT THE FORMER TO DETERMINE THE IQ OF THEIR CHILD OR FOR MARITAL COUNSELING; THE LATTER WOULD BE CONTACTED IF THEY FELT DEPRESSED, WERE BECOMING MENTALLY ILL, WANTED TRANQUILIZERS, OR HAD A DRINKING PROBLEM. AS A DESIRABLE OCCUPATION, PSYCHOLOGY RANKED BEHIND SURGEON, ENGINEER, LAWYER, PSYCHIATRIST, AND DENTIST, RESPECTIVELY. IT WAS RECOMMENDED THAT AN ATTEMPT BE MADE MORE SYSTEMATICALLY TO CREATE A DESIRABLE PROFESSIONAL IMAGE AND TO IMPLEMENT A CONTINUING RESEARCH PROGRAM DESIGNED TO TELL US WHERE WE STAND AT ANY POINT IN TIME. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INCONGRUENCIES BETWEEN CONTENT AND TEMPORAL MEASURES OF PATIENTS' RESPONSES TO CONFRONTATION WITH PERSONALITY DESCRIPTIONS.

IT WAS HYPOTHESIZED THAT WHEN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS WERE CONFRONTED WITH AN INTERVIEWER'S STATEMENTS PURPORTEDLY DESCRIBING THEIR PERSONALITIES (1) THEY WOULD NOT CORRECTLY DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ACCURATE AND INACCURATE STATEMENTS ABOUT THEMSELVES, (2) STATEMENTS ATTRIBUTING SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR TO THEM WOULD BE RATED AS BEING MORE ACCURATE THAN LOW SOCIAL DESIRABILITY STATEMENTS, AND (3) DIFFERENCES IN THE ACCURACY AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERVIEWER'S STATEMENTS WOULD DIFFERENTIALLY INFLUENCE TEMPORAL MEASURES OF THE SS' VERBAL BEHAVIOR. SS' RATINGS OF THE INTERVIEWER'S STATEMENTS, WHICH WERE EXPERIMENTALLY VARIED IN ACCURACY AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY, AND TEMPORAL MEASURES OF THE SS' DESCRIPTIONS OF THEIR REACTIONS TO THE STATEMENTS PROVIDED DEPENDENT MEASURES. ACCURACY RATINGS SUGGESTED THAT THE SS DID NOT DISCRIMINATE ON THE DIMENSION OF ACCURACY BUT, IN CONTRADICTION TO THIS FINDING, DIFFERENTIAL PATTERNS OF TEMPORAL RESPONSE INDICATED THAT THEY HAD DISCRIMINATED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CONSISTENCY, RIGIDITY, AND POWER IN THE INTERACTION PATTERNS OF CLINIC AND NONCLINIC FAMILIES.

22 FAMILIES, INCLUDING BOTH PARENTS AND THE 2 OLDER CHILDREN, WERE STUDIED AS THEY INTERACTED ON 4 TASKS. PATTERNS OF FREQUENCY OF "WHO TALKS TO WHOM" WERE FOUND TO BE HIGHLY STABLE FOR FAMILIES IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS AND OVER TIME. THE LEADERSHIP PATTERNS OF THE 2 GROUPS OF FAMILIES WERE DIFFERENT: IN GENERAL, PARENTS IN NONCLINIC (NC) FAMILIES HAD MORE INFLUENCE THAN PARENTS IN CLINIC (C) FAMILIES, WHILE OLDER CHILDREN IN C FAMILIES HAD MORE INFLUENCE THAN THEIR COUNTERPARTS IN NC FAMILIES. C FAMILIES SHOWED LESS "RIGIDITY" OF CLIQUES THAN NC FAMILIES. IMPLICATIONS ARE RAISED FOR THE IMPORTANCE OF ROLE AND ORDINAL POSITION IN DETERMINING THE OPERATIONS OF MEMBERS IN THEIR FAMILY SYSTEMS. (15 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS IN PSYCHOSIS AND NEUROSIS.

78 NEUROTIC AND 85 PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS, TEMPORARILY RETIRED FROM NAVAL SERVICE, WERE REEVALUATED PERIODICALLY AND RATED ON DEGREES OF DISABILITY BY PHYSICAL EVALUATION BOARDS. PERSONAL HISTORY AND SYMPTOM VARIABLES WERE CORRELATED WITH CHANGES IN AMOUNT OF PSYCHIATRIC DISABILITY OVER A 5-YR PERIOD. RECOVERY OR IMPROVEMENT WAS MORE RAPID AND COMPLETE IN NEUROTICS, BUT IMPROVEMENT WAS MORE PREDICTABLE IN PSYCHOTICS. SIGNIFICANT CORRELATES OF IMPROVEMENT FOR NEUROTICS WERE AGE AT TIME OF HOSPITALIZATION, PAY GRADE (RANK), INADEQUATE SOCIAL LIFE, AND MEDICAL TREATMENT FOR OTHER THAN PSYCHIATRIC CONDITION. SIGNIFICANT PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS FOR PSYCHOTICS INCLUDED: DIAGNOSTIC SUBTYPE (PARANOID), AGE AT THE TIME OF HOSPITALIZATION, RACIAL GROUP, IDEAS OF REFERENCE, DELUSIONS, THOUGHT DISTURBANCE, AND ANXIETY LEVEL. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE INTERVIEWERS.

SAMPLE ADDRESSES WERE SELECTED ON A PROBABILITY BASIS FROM THE RECORDS OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND THE HOLDINGS REPORTED TO THE INTERVIEWER WERE COMPARED WITH INSTITUTION RECORDS FOR THE DAY OF THE INTERVIEW. THE FREQUENCY WITH WHICH AN INTERVIEWER OBTAINED INFORMATION ABOUT THE VALIDATED ACCOUNT(S) FORMS THE BASIS FOR THE CRITERIA OF INTERVIEWER EFFECTIVENESS. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE MORE EFFECTIVE INTERVIEWERS SCORED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER ON THE DOMINANCE AND INTRACEPTION TESTS AND LOWER ON THE SUCCORANCE AND CHANGE TESTS OF THE EPPS. IN ADDITION, THEY SCORED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN REFERENCE EVALUATIONS OF SELF-CONFIDENCE AND ATTENTION TO DETAIL. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ALIENATION, ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS, AND WORKER RESPONSES.

DATA GATHERED FROM 1900 MALE WORKERS LOCATED IN 21 PLANTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES ARE PRESENTED AND ANALYZED TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS PRESUMED TO INDEX FEELINGS OF ALIENATION FROM MIDDLE-CLASS NORMS. PREDICTIONS WERE MADE THAT WORKERS IN COMMUNITIES WHICH SHOULD FOSTER INTEGRATION WITH MIDDLE-CLASS NORMS WOULD STRUCTURE THEIR JOBS DIFFERENTLY AND WOULD RESPOND DIFFERENTLY THAN ALIENATED WORKERS. WORKERS IN COMMUNITIES FOSTERING INTEGRATION WITH MIDDLE-CLASS NORMS SHOULD REPORT HIGHER SATISFACTION ON HIGHLY SKILLED JOBS. THEY SHOULD VALUE RETIREMENT AND SHOULD PLAN FOR IT WHILE WORKING. ALIENATED WORKERS SHOULD REPORT LOWER SATISFACTION ON HIGHLY SKILLED JOBS. PAY SHOULD HAVE A STRONGER EFFECT ON THE SATISFACTION OF ALIENATED WORKERS, AND THESE WORKERS WOULD BE MORE LIKELY TO LOOK FOR OTHER WORK AFTER RETIREMENT. THE PREDICTIONS WERE REGARDED AS CONFIRMED FOR BLUE-COLLAR WORKERS. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THESE FINDINGS FOR STRIVING NEED-THEORETIC MODELS OF HUMAN MOTIVATION ARE DISCUSSED. (23 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE: ITS RELATION TO THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS AND THE DELINQUENT ROLE.

USED THE ASSUMPTION THAT PERSONAL FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE (FTP) IS RELATED TO THE OUTCOME OF THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT NONDELINQUENT (ND) AND DELINQUENT (D) BOYS WOULD BE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT IN THE EXTENT OF FTP. 100 NDS AND 100 DS MATCHED FOR AGE, SOCIAL STATUS, RACE, AND INTELLIGENCE WERE ADMINISTERED THE FUTURE EVENTS TEST. THE NDS ACHIEVED A SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER EXTENT OF FTP THAN THE DS. RESULTS WERE REPLICATED ON A RANDOM SAMPLE OF 100 NDS AND 100 DS. THE RESULTS WERE ALMOST IDENTICAL TO THOSE FOUND IN THE MATCHED GROUPS. AN ANALYSIS OF THE 36 TEST ITEMS REVEALED THOSE ITEMS WITH (1) DIFFERENTIAL ENDORSEMENT BETWEEN ND AND D SAMPLES, (2) SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT MEAN FUTURE AGE SCORES BETWEEN GROUPS, AND (3) DIFFERENTIAL VARIABILITY BETWEEN THE NDS AND DS. GENERALLY THE NDS ENDORSED THE MORE PROSOCIAL ITEMS, WERE MORE HOMOGENEOUS IN FTP SCORES, AND WERE MORE REALITY ORIENTED WITH REGARD TO THE FUTURE. (21 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPES AND SELF-CONCEPTS IN COLLEGE STUDENTS.

EXAMINED THE RELATIONSHIP OF SELF-CONCEPT TO DIFFERENTIALLY VALUED SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPES. ON A QUESTIONNAIRE CONSISTING OF 122 BIPOLAR ITEMS, 74 MALE AND 80 FEMALE STUDENTS INDICATED WHAT TYPICAL ADULT MALES, FEMALES, AND THEY, THEMSELVES, WERE LIKE. RESULTS INDICATE (1) STRONG AGREEMENT BETWEEN SEXES ABOUT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN, (2) SIMILAR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SELF-CONCEPTS OF THE SEXES, AND (3) MORE FREQUENT HIGH VALUATION OF STEREOTYPICALLY MASCULINE THAN FEMININE CHARACTERISTICS IN BOTH SEXES. CONTRARY TO EXPECTATIONS, DIFFERENTIATIONS BETWEEN SELF-CONSEPTS AND STEREOTYPIC CONCEPTS OF MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY, AS A FUNCTION OF SOCIAL DESIRABILITY, WERE NOT FOUND. (25 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EMPIRICAL AND THEORETICAL LIMITATIONS OF THE TWO-FACTOR HYPOTHESIS OF JOB SATISFACTION.

THE SALIENT REASONS FOR CURRENT JOB SATISFACTION WERE COMPARED FOR HIGH- AND LOW-SATISFACTION RESPONDENTS (613 TECHNICIANS) IN THE FRAMEWORK OF HERZBERG'S 2-FACTOR HYPOTHESIS. AN ALTERNATE NOTION STATED THAT "MOTIVATORS" ARE THE PRIME INFLUENCERS OF SATISFACTION WHILE "HYGIENE" FACTORS ACT TO LIMIT COMPLETE SATISFACTION FOR HIGHS AND COMPLETE DISSATISFACTION FOR LOWS. THE DATA, WHILE STRICTLY SUPPORTING NEITHER FORMULATION, WERE MORE ADEQUATELY COORDINATED WITH THE ALTERNATE CONCEPTION. THE MOUNTING BODY OF CONTRADICTORY RESULTS AND THE INABILITY OF THE 2-FACTOR THEORY TO HANDLE DEVIANT CASES CALL FOR A FRESH LOOK AT THE SATISFIERS/DISSATISFIERS CONCEPT. A NEW CONSTRUCT IS OFFERED IN TERMS OF ROTTER'S SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PHENOMENAL-REAL DISCRIMINATION AND THE CONSERVATION OF ILLUSION-DISTORTED LENGTH.

ATTEMPTED TO DETERMINE IF A RELATION EXISTS BETWEEN PHENOMENAL-REAL DISCRIMINATION AND LENGTH CONSERVATION. 75 5-6 YR. OLDS WERE ASKED TO DESCRIBE HOW 7 STIMULI LOOKED, HOW THEY REALLY WERE, AND ALSO TO CONSERVE THE LENGTH OF 2 EQUAL STICKS THAT WERE MADE TO LOOK UNEQUAL BY THE MULLER-LYER ILLUSION. THE RELATION WAS FOUND, BUT IT IS CONCLUDED THAT A GENERAL PHENOMENAL-REAL DISCRIMINATION CAPACITY MAY BE A NECESSARY BUT NOT SUFFICIENT CONDITION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF LENGTH. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MMPI STUDY OF NEGRO MENTAL HYGIENE CLINIC PATIENTS.

COMPARED MMPI DATA FOR 100 NEGRO AND 100 WHITE PATIENTS IN A MENTAL HYGIENE CLINIC. THE 2 GROUPS WERE SIMILAR IN EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, BUT THE NEGROES WERE AT A SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER OCCUPATIONAL LEVEL. THE MEAN PROFILES FOR THE 2 GROUPS WERE SIMILAR. ORDERING THE MMPIS BY THE HIGHEST AND 2 HIGHEST CLINICAL SCALE SCORES SHOWED DIFFERENCES ON FEMININE INTERESTS AND SCHIZOPHRENIA (SC) AS THE HIGHEST SCORES, AND ON HYPOCHONDRIASIS (HS)-SC, SC-HS, DEPRESSION (D)-PSYCHASTHENIA (PT), AND PT-D FOR THE 2 HIGHEST SCORES. THE CONCLUSIONS ARE THAT THE NEGROES TEND TO BE MORE CONFORMING TO MIDDLE-CLASS STANDARDS, MORE DENYING OF ANXIETY AND SENSITIVITY, AND MORE FOCUSED ON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS THAN THE WHITES. IT ALSO APPEARED THAT ANXIETY AND HOSTILITY WERE MORE FREQUENTLY DENIED AND PROJECTED ONTO IMPERSONAL AND DISTANT OBJECTS BY THE NEGROES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DEFENSIVENESS AND NEED FOR APPROVAL.

NEED FOR APPROVAL (N APP) AND EXPECTANCY (EXP) OF APPROVAL VS. DISAPPROVAL WERE MANIPULATED UNDER HIGH- AND LOW-CONSEQUENCES (CON) CONDITIONS (IN A 3 * 2 * 2 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE DESIGN) TO DETERMINE THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO DEFENSIVENESS (DEF). THE 3 N APP LEVELS WERE OBTAINED BY TRICHOTOMIZING SCORES ON THE MARLOWE-CROWNE SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALE; EXP WAS MANIPULATED BY PROVIDING SS WITH EITHER POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE VERBAL REINFORCEMENT DURING AN INTERVIEW; CON CONSISTED OF E POSING AS A THREATENING AUTHORITY FIGURE TO 30 SS AND AS A STUDENT TO THE REMAINING 30. 3 SEPARATE DEPENDENT-VARIABLE MEASURES WERE USED: THE K SCALE, GOUGH'S DEF SCALE, AND THE ROTTER INCOMPLETE SENTENCES BLANK. IT WAS PREDICTED THAT DEF WOULD INCREASE AS A FUNCTION OF N APP, EXP OF DISAPPROVAL, AND HIGH CON. HOWEVER, SS BECAME MORE DEFENSIVE ONLY UNDER THE HIGH CON CONDITION (P     

HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS ACCORDING TO BUSINESS STUDENTS AND MANAGERS.

THE ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS QUESTIONNAIRE WAS DEVELOPED TO SEE THE EXTENT GRADUATE BUSINESS STUDENTS AND MIDDLE MANAGERS ACCEPT THE OPINIONS OF THE SOCIAL THEORISTS AND THE POLITICAL THEORISTS ABOUT SUCCESS. 6 FACTORS EMERGED IN A 1ST ANALYSIS BUT FAILED TO REMAIN SUFFICIENTLY INDEPENDENT. CONSEQUENTLY, A SOCIAL APPROACH SCALE WAS CONSTRUCTED WITH A MEAN INTERNAL CONSISTENCY RELIABILITY OF .72 AND A MEAN RETEST RELIABILITY OF .52. A POLITICAL SCALE YIELDED SIMILAR RELIABILITIES. SLIGHT BUT MEANINGFUL RELATIONS WERE FOUND BETWEEN SCALE RESPONSES AND RESPONSES TO OTHER INVENTORIES OF ORIENTATION AND VALUE. BOTH SOCIAL AND POLITICAL APPROACHES ARE NEEDED FOR SUCCESS ACCORDING TO RESPONDENTS. BUT INITIALLY STUDENTS FAVORED LESS ACTIVITY OF EITHER KIND COMPARED TO MIDDLE MANAGERS. FOLLOWING TRAINING THE MANAGERS REMAINED UNCHANGED BUT THE STUDENTS BECAME MORE LIKE THE MANAGERS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SELF-PRESENTATIONS IN RELATION TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL REFERENTS.

SELF-PRESENTATIONS MAY BE DISCERNED IN TERMS OF THE REFERENTS USED, AND ARE CONSIDERED TO RELATE TO MORE BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS. 2 CRITERION GROUPS (54 SS IN EACH) WERE DRAWN FROM A POPULATION OF 204 SS, USING THE "WHO AM I?" TECHNIQUE. THOSE USING GROUP-RELEVANT OR EXTERNALLY IDENTIFIABLE REFERENTS WERE COMPARED WITH THOSE USING INTERNAL OR IDIOSYNCRATIC REFERENTS TO PRESENT THEMSELVES ON THE MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR AND THE FIRO-B. THOSE PRESENTING THEMSELVES VIA GROUP-RELEVANT CHARACTERISTICS USED SIGNIFICANTLY FEWER WORDS TO DO SO, WERE OLDER, AND HAD MORE MARRIED MEMBERS. ON THE MYERS-BRIGGS THEY WERE FOUND TO BE LESS INTUITIVE AND MORE JUDGMENTAL IN ORIENTATION. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND ON THE FIRO-B. (28 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF FREE-ASSOCIATIVE SEX RESPONSES TO DOUBLE-ENTENDRE WORDS.

SEX RELATED RESPONSES GIVEN IN FREE ASSOCIATION TO DOUBLE-ENTENDRE WORDS WERE RELATED TO THE PERSONALITY VARIABLES OF SEX GUILT, NEED FOR HETEROSEXUALITY, AND THE SOCIAL DESIRABILITY RESPONSE SET. TESTING WAS CONDUCTED INDIVIDUALLY. VARIABLES OF SEX GUILT, SEXUAL MOTIVE STRENGTH, AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY RESPONSE TENDENCY WERE MEASURED RESPECTIVELY BY THE MOSHER FORCED-CHOICE GUILT SCALE, THE EPPS, AND THE MARLOW-CROWNE SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALE. RESULTS INDICATED A POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NEED FOR HETEROSEXUALITY AND ASSOCIATIVE SEXUAL RESPONSES, AND A NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEX GUILT AND SEXUAL RESPONSIVITY. CONTRARY TO PREDICTION, ASSOCIATIVE SEXUAL RESPONSES WERE UNRELATED TO THE SOCIAL DESIRABILITY RESPONSE TENDENCY. DATA ALSO SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE RELATION BETWEEN SEX GUILT AND SEXUAL NEED STRENGTH, AND A LOW POSITIVE RELATION BETWEEN SEX GUILT AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MONITORING EYE MOVEMENTS OF HIGH- AND LOW-ANXIETY SUBJECTS DURING THE ACQUISITION OF COMPETITIVE AND NON-COMPETITIVE PAIRED-ASSOCIATE LISTS.

EYE MOVEMENTS OF 60 STUDENTS SCORING AT THE EXTREMITIES OF THE MA SCALE WERE MONITORED AS THEY ATTEMPTED TO LEARN COMPETITIVE AND NONCOMPETITIVE PAIRED ASSOCIATE LISTS. RESPONSE VIEWING WAS PREDOMINANT ON THE FORMER LIST WHILE STIMULUS VIEWING PREDOMINATED ON THE LATTER, THESE EFFECTS BEING MORE PRONOUNCED FOR HIGH ANXIETY SS. FINDINGS ARE INTERPRETED AS BEING CONSISTENT WITH SPENCE'S POSTULATES REGARDING THE RELATION OF DRIVE LEVEL TO PERFORMANCE IN COMPETITIVE AND NONCOMPETITIVE SITUATIONS. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (30 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COUNTERCONDITIONING THERAPY USING FREE ASSOCIATION: A PILOT STUDY.

DESCRIBES THE TREATMENT OF 2 SEVERELY NEUROTIC PATIENTS BY DESENSITIZATION USING FREE ASSOCIATION IN CONJUNCTION WITH MUSCLE RELAXATION. THIS THERAPY USED NO PREPLANNED FEAR HIERARCHIES; RATHER, THE SS SELECTED THEIR OWN MATERIAL AND THE RATE AT WHICH THEY DEALT WITH THAT MATERIAL IN EACH SESSION. PROCEDURES FOR TEACHING MORE EFFECTIVE INTERPERSONAL BEHAVIOR WERE USED WITH BOTH SS FOLLOWING COMPLETION OF COUNTERCONDITIONING. IN BOTH CASES, THE RATE OF IMPROVEMENT DURING COUNTERCONDITIONING WAS AT LEAST AS RAPID AS THAT REPORTED FOR COUNTERCONDITIONING USING HIERARCHIES OF SCENES. THE USE OF FREE ASSOCIATION OFFERS IMPORTANT ADVANTAGES WHERE AN S'S SOURCES OF ANXIETY ARE DIFFICULT TO ISOLATE AND SCALE FOR INTENSITY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)