EFFECTS OF SENSORY AND PERCEPTUAL DEPRIVATION ON A BATTERY OF OPEN-ENDED COGNITIVE TASKS.

2 EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED WITH 43 MALE COLLEGE SS TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PERFORMANCE ON OPEN-ENDED COGNITIVE TESTS WILL BE IMPAIRED BY EXPOSURE TO AN IMPOVERISHED SENSORY ENVIRONMENT. THE GUILFORD BATTERY OF CREATIVE THINKING (10 TESTS) WAS ADMINISTERED BEFORE AND AFTER 3 DAYS OF EITHER SENSORY DEPRIVATION (DARKNESS AND SILENCE) OR PERCEPTUAL DEPRIVATION (UNPATTERNED LIGHT AND WHITE NOISE). IN BOTH EXPERIMENTS, NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND BETWEEN THE ISOLATED AND CONTROL SS ON ANY OF THE TESTS. HOWEVER, WHEN DATA OF THE 2 EXPERIMENTS WERE COMBINED, THE ISOLATED SS PERFORMED SIGNIFICANTLY WORSE THAN DID CONTROLS ON A TEST OF IDEATIONAL FLUENCY. IT WAS ALSO OBSERVED THAT THE PREEXPERIMENTAL SCORES OF A GROUP OF 6 ISOLATION QUITTERS WERE CONSISTENTLY LOWER, RELATIVE TO THOSE OF THE SUCCESSFUL ISOLATION ENDURERS AND CONTROLS, ON ALL 10 TESTS. ALTHOUGH NONE OF THE DIFFERENCES WERE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT (PROBABLY BECAUSE OF THE SMALL SAMPLE OF QUITTERS), THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT LOW PREEXPERIMENTAL SCORES ON OPEN-ENDED COGNITIVE TESTS MAY INDICATE ISOLATION INTOLERANCE. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (24 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

AN EVALUATION OF THE TRAIL MAKING TEST.

3 GROUPS (21 SS IN EACH) OF HOSPITALIZED WHITE MALES, HOMOGENEOUS AS TO AGE, SEX, AND EDUCATION, WERE EXAMINED WITH THE TRAIL MAKING TEST (TMT). THE GROUPS WERE IDENTIFIED AS BRAIN-DAMAGED, MIXED NEUROPSYCHIATRIC, AND HOSPITALIZED CONTROLS. THE NULL HYPOTHESIS THAT THE TMT SCORES OF THE 3 GROUPS WOULD NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY COULD NOT BE REJECTED. ALTHOUGH PART A OF THE TMT DIFFERS SIGNIFICANTLY FROM PART B, THE DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES BEING TAPPED BY BOTH ARE UNKNOWN. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT IF THE TMT IS TO BE APPLIED IN A CLINICAL SETTING, CONSIDERABLY MORE INFORMATION IS NEEDED CONCERNING TEST PERFORMANCE AS A FUNCTION OF AGE. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MODERATING EFFECTS OF INTELLIGENCE ON THE INDEPENDENCE OF EXTRAVERSION AND NEUROTICISM.

ATTEMPTED TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMATICALLY MODERATED THE RELATIONSHIP OF EXTRAVERSION (E) AND NEUROTICISM (N). FROM 215 MALE SS, 5 GROUPS OF 43 SS EACH WERE RANKED FROM HIGH TO LOW ON THE BASIS OF INTELLIGENCE TEST SCORES, AND WITHIN EACH GROUP E AND N MEASURES WERE CORRELATED. NO PATTERN OF CORRELATIONS EMERGED THAT INDICATED ANY MODERATING EFFECT OF INTELLIGENCE. AS EXPECTED, MOST OF THE CORRELATIONS WERE IN THE NEGATIVE DIRECTION AND INSIGNIFICANT. DATA WERE DISCUSSED IN REGARD TO THE SEARCH FOR RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COGNITIVE VARIABLES AND PERSONALITY/MOTIVATIONAL VARIABLES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

STIMULUS COMPLEXITY AS A DETERMINANT OF APPROACH BEHAVIOUR AND INSPECTION TIME IN THE HOODED RAT.

FOLLOWING THE THEORY OF DEMBER AND EARL, IT WAS PREDICTED THAT HOODED RATS WOULD BE MORE RESPONSIVE (IN TERMS OF APPROACH BEHAVIOR AND INSPECTION TIME) TO MODERATELY COMPLEX STIMULI THAN TO EITHER SIMPLE OR COMPLEX ONES. IN ORDER TO TEST THESE PREDICTIONS, SS WERE PLACED IN A DARK COMPARTMENT AND PERMITTED TO INSERT THEIR HEADS THROUGH A SMALL HOLE INTO AN ADJACENT COMPARTMENT ILLUMINATED THROUGH A TRANSLUCENT PANEL. 9 PANELS, PAINTED IN CHECKERBOARD PATTERNS, CONTAINED 2, 4, 9, 16, 25, 64, 100, 196, OR 256 ELEMENTS. EACH S WAS RUN FOR A SINGLE PERIOD OF 8 MIN.; 15 SS WERE USED ON EACH OF THE 9 STIMULUS PANELS. IT WAS FOUND THAT NUMBER OF APPROACHES TO THE PANELS DID NOT VARY SIGNIFICANTLY WITH STIMULUS COMPLEXITY, BUT THAT INSPECTION TIME PER APPROACH DID FOLLOW AN INVERTED U PATTERN. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (19 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CONSUMER CONFUSION IN THE SELECTION OF SUPERMARKET PRODUCTS.

THE MATTER OF TRUTH IN THE PACKAGING AND PRICING OF PRODUCTS IN THE AMERICAN MARKETPLACE HAS BEEN A SUBJECT OF PUBLIC CONTROVERSY IN RECENT YEARS. BY TREATING "TRUTH" OR "CONFUSION" AS POINTS ON AN UNDERLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSION, AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO DEFINE THE ISSUES IN THIS CONTROVERSY MORE OBJECTIVELY. 3 BEHAVIORALLY BASED QUANTITATIVE MEASURES OF CONFUSION IN UNIT-PRICE INFORMATION FOR PACKAGED PRODUCTS WERE DEVELOPED, AND APPLIED IN A SUPERMARKET SETTING. 33 YOUNG MARRIED WOMEN WERE INSTRUCTED TO SELECT THE MOST ECONOMICAL PACKAGE FOR EACH OF 20 PRODUCTS ON DISPLAY AT A LOCAL SUPERMARKET. EACH OF THE 3 MEASURES EMPLOYED PROVED TO BE HIGHLY RELIABLE, BASED ON A RETEST OF 13 OF THE SS, AND REASONABLY VALID, WHEN CORRELATED WITH AN INDEPENDENT MEASURE OF CONSUMER CONFUSION. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND FOR THE SET OF PRODUCTS ON ALL 3 MEASURES OF CONFUSION, AND THERE IS REASON TO BELIEVE THAT THESE DIFFERENCES REFLECT, AT LEAST IN PART, DIFFERENCES IN PACKAGING PRACTICES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DIGIT SYMBOL PERFORMANCE OF SUBJECTS VARYING IN ANXIETY AND DEFENSIVENESS.

SS WERE GIVEN THE TAYLOR MA SCALE AND THE MARLOWE-CROWNE SOCIAL DESIRABILTIY SCALE (M-C SD). HIGH-ANXIOUS SS WERE FOUND TO BE PRIMARILY NONDEFENSIVE (LOW M-C SD SCORES) COMPARED TO THE LOW-ANXIOUS SS, 1/2 OF WHOM WERE DEFENSIVE (HIGH M-C SD SCORES) AND 1/2 NONDEFENSIVE. A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE ON DIGIT SYMBOL PERFORMANCE FAVORING LOW-ANXIOUS SS WAS FOUND ONLY WHEN THE DEFENSIVE LOW-ANXIOUS SS WERE ELIMINATED FROM THE ANALYSIS. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT EQUIVOCAL FINDINGS IN PAST RESEARCH MAY HAVE RESULTED IN PART FROM THE FAILURE TO ELIMINATE THESE DEFENSIVE LOW-ANXIOUS SS, WHO APPEAR TO EXPERIENCE MANIFEST ANXIETY BUT REFUSE TO ADMIT IT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A TREATMENT HIERARCHY FOR THE ACCELERATION OF CONSERVATION OF SUBSTANCE.

ATTEMPTED TO DEVELOP A NUMBER OF LEARNING TASKS WHICH WOULD LEAD SS TO ACQUIRE THE CONCEPT OF CONSERVATION OF MASS PRIOR TO THE TIME WHEN THEY WOULD HAVE ACQUIRED IT NATURALLY. THE RESULT WAS A SERIES OF ORDERED CAPABILITIES DERIVED FROM THE OPERATIONS OF IDENTITY AND COMBINATIVITY. THE SCALE PROPERTIES OF THE TREATMENT HIERARCHY WERE EXAMINED USING SCALOGRAM ANALYSIS. 40 NONCONSERVING SS WERE EMPLOYED IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE EMPIRICAL VALIDITY OF THE TREATMENT HIERARCHY. 25 OF THESE SS WERE SUCCESSFUL ON A CONSERVATION OF MASS TEST AFTER TRAINING. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MALE-FEMALE DIFFERENCES IN MMPI EGO STRENGTH: AN ARTIFACT.

HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE LOWER EGO STRENGTH (ES) SCORES OF WOMEN WERE NOT A FUNCTION OF A GENERAL TENDENCY FOR WOMEN TO ADMIT TO MORE PATHOLOGY THAN MEN BUT RATHER WERE DUE TO A NUMBER OF ITEMS ON THE SCALE WHICH SEEMED TO MEASURE SEX-ROLE IDENTIFICATION. AN ITEM ANALYSIS INDICATED THAT THE ES DIFFERENCES WERE A FUNCTION OF A NUMBER OF SPECIFIC ITEMS WHICH IN MOST CASES WERE RELATED TO SEX ROLE. ES SCORES SIGNIFICANTLY PREDICTED SPEED OF RESPONSE TO PSYCHOTHERAPY. WHEN THE TESTS WERE RESCORED WITHOUT THE ITEMS TO WHICH MEN AND WOMEN HAD RESPONDED DIFFERENTIALLY, THE MALE-FEMALE DIFFERENCES IN ES WERE CANCELED OUT, BUT THE PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF ES IN REGARD TO PSYCHOTHERAPY WAS NOT AFFECTED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECTS OF APTITUDE-SCORE ADJUSTMENTS BY AGE CURVES ON PREDICTION OF JOB PERFORMANCE.

A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE RELATIVE VALIDITY OF UNADJUSTED AND AGE-ADJUSTED GENERAL APTITUDE TEST BATTERY (GATB) APTITUDE SCORES FOR PREDICTING OCCUPATIONAL SUCCESS. 11 LONGITUDINAL OCCUPATIONAL VALIDATION STUDIES, CONDUCTED ON SAMPLES VARYING IN SIZE FROM 56 TO 124 CASES, WERE SELECTED FOR THE ANALYSIS. FOR EACH SAMPLE THE VALIDITIES OF UNADJUSTED AND AGE-ADJUSTED APTITUDE SCORES FOR PREDICTING OCCUPATIONAL SUCCESS WERE COMPARED FOR THE 9 GATB APTITUDE MEASURES. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VALIDITIES TENDED TO BE SMALL. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECTS OF THE TYPE OF STIMULUS EMPLOYED AND THE LEVEL OF SUBJECT AWARENESS ON THE DETECTION OF DECEPTION.

COMPARED DETECTION OF PERSONAL MATERIAL WITH THAT OF NEUTRAL MATERIAL MADE RELEVANT ONLY IN THE EXPERIMENTAL CONTEXT. EACH OF 28 MALE UNDERGRADUATES ACTED AS AN ESPIONAGE AGENT TO CONCEAL PERSONAL IDENTITY AND CODE WORDS LEARNED. PERSONALLY RELEVANT MATERIAL WAS FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE DETECTABLE THAN THE NEUTRAL MATERIAL, ALTHOUGH CONSEQUENCES OF DETECTION WERE THE SAME. THE STUDY ALSO PROVIDED EXPLORATORY DATA CONCERNING PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSIVITY TO LIE-DETECTION STIMULI WHEN SS WERE UNAWARE THAT RESPONSES WERE BEING MONITORED. WHILE THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE THAT DETECTION WAS INFERIOR UNDER THE NONAWARE CONDITION, DIFFICULTIES IN ACHIEVING A COMPLETELY CONVINCING NONAWARE SITUATION SUGGEST CAUTION IN GENERALIZATION. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COMPARISON OF DESENSITIZATION AND PROGRESSIVE RELAXATION IN TREATING TEST ANXIETY.

STUDENTS WHO REPORTED HIGH LEVELS OF TEST ANXIETY RECEIVED SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION, RELAXATION TRAINING, OR NO TREATMENT. THESE SS WERE FOLLOWED ON 4 MEASURES BELIEVED TO REFLECT ANXIETY LEVEL. IT WAS PREDICTED, IN KEEPING WITH DESENSITIZATION BY COUNTERCONDITIONING, THAT DESENSITIZED SS WOULD SHOW LESS ANXIETY THAN SS WHO RECEIVED ONLY RELAXATION TRAINING AND THAT BOTH GROUPS WOULD SHOW LESS TEST ANXIETY AFTER TREATMENT THAN CONTROLS. RESULTS SHOW THAT DESENSITIZATION SS ATTAINED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER GRADES THAN THE OTHER 2 GROUPS WHICH DID NOT DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER. THE OTHER MEASURES SHOWED NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GROUPS. SINCE THE RESULTS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT AND NONREACTIVE MEASURE CONFIRM THE PREDICTION WITH REGARD TO THE SUPERIORITY OF DESENSITIZATION OVER THE 2 CONTROL CONDITIONS, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT EVIDENCE FOR THE COUNTERCONDITIONING EXPLANATION WAS PROVIDED. (29 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PREDICTION OF PATHOLOGY FROM MAKE-A-PICTURE STORY (MAPS) TEST FIGURES.

INVESTIGATED HOW RELIABLY AND VALIDLY CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS COULD EVALUATE THE PATHOLOGY STIMULUS VALUE OF THE MAKE-A-PICTURE STORY (MAPS) TEST FIGURES. 4 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS RATED THE 67 MAPS FIGURES ON 3 MAPS BACKGROUNDS IN TERMS OF HOW MUCH PATHOLOGY WOULD BE INDICATED BY THE USE OF THE FIGURE ON A PARTICULAR BACKGROUND. PATHOLOGY INDICATION (PI) SCORES WERE CALCULATED FOR ALL THE RELIABLY RATED FIGURES. THESE RATINGS WERE THEN COMPARED TO THE ACTUAL PERFORMANCES OF PATIENTS OF VARIOUS LEVELS OF PATHOLOGY. THE DATA INDICATE THAT THERE WAS LITTLE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PSYCHOLOGISTS' A PRIORI PI SCORES OF THE MAPS TEST FIGURES AND THE ACTUAL USE OF FIGURES BY THE PATIENTS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DISCRIMINANT ANALYSES OF THE SVIB FOR FEMALE STUDENTS IN FIVE COLLEGE CURRICULA.

MULTIPLE DISCRIMINANT-FUNCTION ANALYSIS DISCLOSED THAT GROUPS OF STUDENTS MAJORING IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, PHYSICAL THERAPY, MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY, NURSING, AND EDUCATION COULD BE SUCCESSFULLY DISTINGUISHED FROM EACH OTHER, ON THE BASIS OF 29 SCALES OF THE SVIB FOR WOMEN. FURTHERMORE, 2 DISCRIMINANT ANALYSES USING 11 SCALES ALSO INDICATED SUCCESSFUL DISCRIMINATION. 2 DISCRIMINANT FUNCTIONS WERE SIGNIFICANT IN EACH ANALYSIS AND THE CONFIGURATION OF THE GROUPS IN THE DISCRIMINANT SPACE AND THE EFFICIENCY OF CLASSIFICATION FOR ALL ANALYSES WERE HIGHLY SIMILAR. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE SVIB SHOULD BE A USEFUL INSTRUMENT FOR DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN COLLEGE MAJORS WHEN UTILIZING DISCRIMINANT-FUNCTION ANALYSIS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SEQUENTIAL EFFECTS IN THE REVISION OF SUBJECTIVE PROBABILITIES.

EXAMINED THE REVISION OF SUBJECTIVE PROBABILITY DURING SEQUENCES OF VARYING NUMBERS OF EVENTS. THE ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES CONSISTED OF 2 BAGS CONTAINING DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF RED AND BLUE CHIPS, AND INFORMATIVE EVENTS CONSISTED OF THE SAMPLING WITH REPLACEMENT OF A SINGLE CHIP FROM THE CHOSEN BAG. SS WERE PROVIDED WITH SEQUENCES OF 5, 10, OR 20 EVENTS, AND ESTIMATED THE PROBABILITIES THAT EACH BAG WAS BEING USED BY MEANS OF A POINTER AND SCALE MARKED IN PERCENTAGE UNITS. DATA ANALYSIS WAS CARRIED OUT IN TERMS OF SUBJECTIVE LOG LIKELIHOOD RATIOS (SLLR). SLLR CHANGES WERE AN INCREASING FUNCTION OF PRIOR PROBABILITY AND WERE INDEPENDENT OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES. CHANGES WERE GREATER DURING SHORT THAN LONGER SEQUENCES AND WERE GREATER FOLLOWING EVENTS CONFIRMING S'S CURRENTLY FAVORED HYPOTHESIS THAN FOLLOWING DISCONFIRMING EVENTS. ALL OF THESE FINDINGS SHOW SS TO BE SUBOPTIMAL RELATIVE TO A NORMATIVE MODEL. (FRENCH ABSTRACT) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE: ITS RELATION TO THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS AND THE DELINQUENT ROLE.

USED THE ASSUMPTION THAT PERSONAL FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE (FTP) IS RELATED TO THE OUTCOME OF THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT NONDELINQUENT (ND) AND DELINQUENT (D) BOYS WOULD BE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT IN THE EXTENT OF FTP. 100 NDS AND 100 DS MATCHED FOR AGE, SOCIAL STATUS, RACE, AND INTELLIGENCE WERE ADMINISTERED THE FUTURE EVENTS TEST. THE NDS ACHIEVED A SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER EXTENT OF FTP THAN THE DS. RESULTS WERE REPLICATED ON A RANDOM SAMPLE OF 100 NDS AND 100 DS. THE RESULTS WERE ALMOST IDENTICAL TO THOSE FOUND IN THE MATCHED GROUPS. AN ANALYSIS OF THE 36 TEST ITEMS REVEALED THOSE ITEMS WITH (1) DIFFERENTIAL ENDORSEMENT BETWEEN ND AND D SAMPLES, (2) SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT MEAN FUTURE AGE SCORES BETWEEN GROUPS, AND (3) DIFFERENTIAL VARIABILITY BETWEEN THE NDS AND DS. GENERALLY THE NDS ENDORSED THE MORE PROSOCIAL ITEMS, WERE MORE HOMOGENEOUS IN FTP SCORES, AND WERE MORE REALITY ORIENTED WITH REGARD TO THE FUTURE. (21 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

VALIDITY OF WPPSI SHORT FORMS.

CORRELATIONS WITH THE FULL SCALE OF ALL SHORT FORMS OF 2, 3, 4, AND 5 SUBTESTS WERE DETERMINED FROM WECHSLER PRESCHOOL AND PRIMARY SCALE OF INTELLIGENCE STANDARDIZATION DATA. THE 10 BEST SHORT FORMS OF EACH LENGTH WERE LISTED, AND INFORMATION WAS GIVEN ON THEIR STANDARD ERRORS OF ESTIMATE AND THEIR AGREEMENT WITH THE FULL SCALE IN CLASSIFYING SS. A METHOD THAT ENTAILS DIFFERENTIAL WEIGHTING OF SUBTEST SCORES, RATHER THAN SIMPLE SUMMATION, WAS CONSIDERED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MULTIPLE-REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF A PAIRED-CHOICE DIVISION-OF-TIME INVENTORY IN RELATION TO GRADE-POINT AVERAGE.

76 COLLEGE SS REPORTED HOW THEY WOULD DIVIDE AMOUNTS OF TIME PER WK. (7 AND 21 HR.) BETWEEN PAIRS OF ACTIVITIES FORMED IN ALL POSSIBLE PAIRS FROM A LIST OF 7 ACTIVITIES. MARGINAL UTILITY FUNCTIONS FOR THE ACTIVITIES WERE FITTED TO THE 42 PAIRED DIVISIONS OF TIME FOR EACH STUDENT. THE PARAMETERS OF THESE FUNCTIONS WERE THEN CORRELATED WITH GRADE-POINT AVERAGE (GPA) IN A COMBINED REGRESSION FOR THE 76 SS. THE CORRELATION OF THE VARIABLES WITH GPA IS INCREASED FROM .28 FOR COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION BOARD VERBAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCORES ALONE TO .45 FOR ACTIVITIES DATA PLUS APTITUDE SCORES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

APPLICABILITY OF THE COCHRAN Q TEST AND THE F TEST FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DICHOTOMOUS DATA FOR DEPENDANT SAMPLES.

DISCUSSES STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS GIVING DICHOTOMOUS DATA AND USING A DESIGN WITH REPEATED OBSERVATION OF THE SAME SS OR WITH MATCHED GROUPS. A MINOR EXTENSION OF COCHRAN'S Q TEST IS PRESENTED AND THE IMPORTANCE OF EXACTLY SPECIFYING THE NULL HYPOTHESIS WHEN USING THIS TEST IS EMPHASIZED. THE POSSIBILITY OF USING THE F TEST FOR DICHOTOMOUS DATA IS INVESTIGATED IN COMPUTER SIMULATED EXPERIMENTS. RESULTS INDICATE THAT FOR THE EXAMPLES CHOSEN, THE F TEST AS A RULE GIVES RESULTS AS GOOD AS THE Q TEST WITH REGARD TO TYPE I ERROR. APPROXIMATION TO THE THEORETICAL SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL IS GOOD EXCEPT IN SOME CASES WHERE THERE ARE VERY STRONG DEVIATIONS FROM F TEST ASSUMPTIONS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

AGE, CIGARETTE SMOKING, AND TESTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS.

HYPOTHESIZED THAT SMOKING WOULD DECREASE SS' PERFORMANCE ON PHYSICAL FITNESS TESTS CALLING FOR STRENUOUS ACTIVITY, BUT NOT FOR TESTS CALLING FOR MILD ACTIVITY. 88 SS WERE GIVEN 5 PHYSICAL FITNESS TESTS AS PART OF THEIR WORK REQUIREMENT, AND THEN ASKED TO REPORT THE NUMBER OF PACKAGES OF CIGARETTES SMOKED PER DAY. A MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS, USING AGE AS A COVARIATE AND AMOUNT OF SMOKING AS THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE, SUPPORTED THE HYPOTHESIS. THE SMOKING CONDITIONS RESULTED IN SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES FOR THE MOST STRENUOUS TEST AND THE 2 MODERATELY STRENUOUS TESTS WITH PERFORMANCE SCORES DECREASING AS REPORTED SMOKING SCORES INCREASED. THE LEAST PHYSICALLY DEMANDING TESTS SHOWED NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SMOKING CONDITIONS. AGE WAS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN ACCOUNTING FOR SS' PERFORMANCE ON ALL OF THE TESTS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PREDICTION OF THE STANDARD MMPI SCALE SCORES FROM 71 ITEMS: THE MINI-MULT.

SELECTED 71 ITEMS AS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE CONTENT CLUSTERS TAPPED BY THE 11 STANDARD VALIDITY AND CLINICAL MMPI SCALES. THE ABILITY OF THIS ITEM POOL TO PREDICT THE STANDARD SCALE SCORES WAS CONTRASTED WITH THE ABILITY OF A RETEST TO DO THE SAME. THE ABBREVIATED FORM (THE MINI-MULT) WAS ESTIMATED TO HAVE SUFFERED ONLY A 9% LOSS IN RELIABILITY AND A 14% LOSS IN CORRESPONDENCE IN COMPARISON WITH THE READMINISTRATION OF THE STANDARD FORM. CORRELATIONAL, CODE-TYPE, AND GLOBAL RATING DATA WERE USED IN ASSESSING THE DEGREE OF CORRESPONDENCE. THE LOSS IN RELIABILITY AND CORRESPONDENCE WAS NOT SUFFICIENT TO MITIGATE AGAINST THE USE OF THE MINI-MULT WHEN A STANDARD TEST COULD NOT BE OBTAINED. METHODOLOGICAL QUESTIONS RELEVANT TO THE USE OF THE SPEARMAN-BROWN FORMULA AND FACTOR ANALYSIS ARE DISCUSSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)