PRIOR RECALL OF NEWLY LEARNED ITEMS AND THE RECENCY EFFECT IN FREE RECALL.

SUPPORTS THE W. F. BATTIG, M. ALLEN, AND A. R. JENSEN (SEE 39:6) FINDING THAT NEWLY LEARNED ITEMS IN FREE-RECALL LEARNING TEND TO BE RECALLED EARLIER THAN ITEMS WHICH HAVE ALREADY BEEN LEARNED, AS PREDICTED BY THE SIMPLE RESPONSE-STRENGTH THEORY. EXP. I SHOWED THAT: (1) A DISPROPORTIONATE NUMBER OF NEWLY LEARNED ITEMS COME FROM THE LAST FEW ITEMS PRESENTED, AND (2) THE LAST ITEMS PRESENTED TENDED TO BE AMONG THE 1ST RECALLED, WHETHER NEW OR OLD. EXP. II SHOWED THAT WHEN RECALL IS DELAYED BY A TASK WHICH PREVENTS REHEARSAL, THE EFFECT IS REVERSED; NEW ITEMS ARE SLIGHTLY LATER THAN OLD ITEMS. IT IS ARGUED THAT THESE RESULTS REFLECT THE OPERATION OF THE SHORT-TERM COMPONENT IN FREE-RECALL LEARNING. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (33 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE NORMAL SCORES TEST FOR THE TWO-SAMPLE PROBLEM.

WHEN ATTEMPTING TO FIND A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 2 POPULATIONS, BEHAVIORAL SCIENTISTS FREQUENTLY CHOOSE THE T TEST AS THEIR TEST STATISTIC. TO AVOID THE STRINGENT ASSUMPTIONS REQUIRED BY THIS TEST, E MAY DECIDE TO USE 1 OF A NUMBER OF NONPARAMETRIC TESTS THAT ARE AVAILABLE. IN THE PAST, THE TEST MOST COMMONLY CHOSEN WAS THE WILCOXON TEST (MANN-WHITNEY VERSION). A TEST YIELDING EVEN HIGHER ASYMPTOTIC RELATIVE EFFICIENCY THAN THE WILCOXON TEST IS THE NORMAL SCORES TEST. 3 FORMS OF THE TEST, ORIGINALLY DERIVED BY TERRY AND HOEFFDING; VAN DER WAERDEN; AND BELL AND DOKSUM, RESPECTIVELY, ARE DESCRIBED. ALSO INCLUDED ARE 2 EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF THESE TESTS FOR BOTH LARGE- AND SMALL-SAMPLE THEORY. (18 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SVIB KEY LENGTH: DISSIDENT DATA.

RECENT STUDIES OF INTEREST KEY LENGTH SUGGEST THAT ABOUT 60 ITEM RESPONSES ARE OPTIMAL FOR MAXIMIZING GROUP PREPARATION. THIS STUDY SOUGHT TO DETERMINE WHETHER THIS OPTIMUM STILL EMERGES WHEN CONTROL OF ITEM VALIDITY IS ACCOMPLISHED BY RANDOMLY SELECTING THE ITEM RESPONSES TO BE INCLUDED IN KEYS OF VARIOUS LENGTHS. THE POSSIBILITY OF AN OPTIMAL KEY LENGTH WAS EVALUATED IN TERMS OF VALIDITY AND TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY. THESE COMPARISONS INDICATED THAT VALIDITIES, AS WELL AS TEST-RETEST RELIABILITIES, SUBSTANTIALLY AND CONSISTENTLY INCREASED AS MORE ITEM RESPONSES WERE SCORED. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT NO OPTIMAL KEY LENGTH, SUCH AS THE ONE PREVIOUSLY PROPOSED, EXISTS WHEN VARIOUS ITEM CHARACTERISTICS ARE RANDOMIZED; CONSEQUENTLY, KEY LENGTH IS A DECISION SPECIFIC TO EACH ITEM POOL. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

REPORTED MATERNAL AND PATERNAL BEHAVIORS OF SOLITARY AND SOCIAL DELINQUENTS.

PREVIOUS RESEARCH SUGGESTS A DIFFERENT ETIOLOGY FOR SOLITARY AS OPPOSED TO SOCIAL DELINQUENTS, WITH SOLITARY DELINQUENTS COMING FROM SOCIOLOGICALLY NORMAL AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY DISTURBED HOMES, WITH THE REVERSE GENERALLY BEING THE CASE FOR SOCIAL DELINQUENTS. OTHER RESEARCH DEMONSTRATES THAT DELINQUENTS, AS A WHOLE, VIEW THEIR FATHERS' MORE THAN THEIR MOTHERS' BEHAVIORS AS BEING OF A TYPE THAT MIGHT BE CALLED PATHOGENIC. WHEN DESCRIPTIONS OF PARENT BEHAVIOR BY SOLITARY AND SOCIAL DELINQUENTS ARE COMPARED, SOLITARY DELINQUENTS REPORT MORE DEVIANT MATERNAL BEHAVIOR. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT SOLITARY AND SOCIAL DELINQUENTS DIFFER IN THE ETIOLOGY OF THEIR BEHAVIOR DIFFICULTIES, WITH BOTH VARIETIES HAVING DISTURBED RELATIONS WITH MALE AUTHORITY FIGURES, BUT ONLY THE SOLITARY DELINQUENTS HAVING DISTURBED RELATIONS WITH FEMALE AUTHORITY FIGURES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CHANGE STIMULUS SEQUENCES FOR DISCRIMINATION TASKS.

SEQUENCES OF POSITIONS FOR THE PLACING OF THE POSITIVE STIMULUS IN A 2-CHOICE VISUAL DISCRIMINATION TASK AS CONSTRUCTED BY GELLERMAN ARE EXAMINED BY MEANS OF A HYPOTHESIS-ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE AND ARE FOUND TO BE UNSATISFACTORY ON 2 COUNTS: (1) THEY FAIL TO ENSURE THAT NO POSITION HYPOTHESIS WILL PRODUCE OTHER THAN CHANCE PERFORMANCE ON THE LEARNING CURVE, AND (2) THEY FAIL TO PREVENT THE DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT OF POSITION HYPOTHESES. A NEW SET OF SEQUENCES IS PROPOSED WHICH SATISFY THESE CONDITIONS. SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE AS TO THE COMBINATION OF THESE SEQUENCES FOR USE IN RELATIVELY LONG DISCRIMINATION TASKS. (22 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PARTICULARISM AND ORGANIZATIONAL POSITION: A CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS.

THE STOUFFER-TOBY ROLE CONFLICT SCALE, MEASURING THE INSTITUTIONALIZED OBLIGATIONS OF FRIENDSHIP AS PARTICULARISM, WAS ADMINISTERED TO 230 EMPLOYEES IN 13 BANK BRANCHES IN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. FINDINGS SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MEXICANS ARE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE PARTICULARISTIC THAN MEXICAN-AMERICANS, WHO ARE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE PARTICULARISTIC THAN ANGLO-AMERICANS. THE HYPOTHESIS THAT, BY ETHNIC GROUP, OFFICERS ARE LESS PARTICULARISTIC THAN LINE EMPLOYEES WAS SUPPORTED. THE CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF PARTICULARISM AND THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THAT VALUE UPON ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR ARE DISCUSSED. SOME SUGGESTIONS ARE OFFERED TO MANAGEMENT AND TO RESEARCHERS CONCERNING THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING THE INTERACTIONS AMONG SPECIFIC VALUE ORIENTATIONS AND SPECIFIC ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORS, AND CONCERNING THE IMPLICATIONS OF SUCH INTERACTIONS FOR EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION AND ORGANIZATIONAL INTEGRITY. (24 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF POLICY FORMATION.

DISCUSSES "THE TREND OF DEVELOPMENTS IN THE STUDY OF POLICY FORMATION AND THE ROLE THAT SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS HAVE PLAYED AND CAN PLAY IN THESE DEVELOPMENTS." ESSENTIAL TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF THE POLICY PROCESS ARE 3 POINTS. "THE 1ST IS THAT MORALIZING AND GENERALIZING ARE NOT THE SAME THING AS POLICY MAKING." THE 2ND AND 3RD "ARE THAT POLICY FORMATION IS A SOCIAL PROCESS WITH INTELLECTUAL ELEMENTS CONTAINED WITHIN IT RATHER THAN AN INTELLECTUAL PROCESS, AND FURTHER, THAT THE MODEL OF THE INTELLECTUAL PROCESSES INVOLVED IS NOT THAT OF DECISION MAKING." PROPOSES THAT "THE PROCESS OF POLICY FORMATION BE VIEWED AS ONE OF EXPLICIT OR IMPLICIT NEGOTIATION IN WHICH A COURSE OF ACTION EVOLVED THAT WAS A REASONABLE RESOLUTION OF THE DIVERSITY OF VALUES AND INTERESTS. IN THIS PROCESS, A KEY SKILL IS THAT OF FORMULATING AND COMMUNICATING POLICY IN SUCH A WAY AS TO ELICIT THE NECESSARY SUPPORT." A STRATEGY OF RESEARCH IS OUTLINED, AND IT IS CONCLUDED THAT "IF WE ARE TO IMPROVE THE POLICY PROCESS WE WILL HAVE TO EFFECT THESE IMPROVEMENTS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF ESSENTIALLY THE SAME SYSTEM OF NEGOTIATION THAT PRESENTLY EXISTS." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INFLUENCE OF THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES ON COLLEGE STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF THERAPISTS.

USED AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALOG TO COMPARE COLLEGE STUDENTS' RELATIONSHIP INVENTORY (RI) PERCEPTIONS OF THERAPISTS AS A FUNCTION OF DIRECTIVE/NONDIRECTIVE THERAPIST BEHAVIOR. RESULTS SUPPORTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT NONDIRECTIVE THERAPIST BEHAVIOR ELICITS MORE FAVORABLE PERCEPTIONS BY COLLEGE STUDENTS IN TERMS OF EMPATHIC UNDERSTANDING, LEVEL OF REGARD, AND UNCONDITIONALITY OF REGARD. NO DIFFERENCES WERE OBTAINED ON CONGRUENCY, THE DIMENSION WHICH SOME CLIENT CENTERED THERAPISTS CONSIDER TO BE THE MOST IMPORTANT. THE 2ND THERAPIST OBSERVED WAS RATED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THE 1ST, INDICATING THAT ORDER EFFECTS SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN EVALUATING PATIENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF THERAPISTS WHEN REPEATED MEASURES ARE USED. A SEX EFFECT WAS OBTAINED ON 3 RI DIMENSIONS. IT WAS SUGGESTED THAT FEMALES MAY BE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO ORDER EFFECT THAN MALES. (15 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INFLUENCE OF TEST-TAKING ATTITUDES ON PERSONALITY INVENTORY SCORES.

THE MMPI AND CROWNE-MARLOWE SCALES WERE ADMINISTERED TO 50 PSYCHIATRIC INPATIENTS WHO WERE GROUPED BY LEVELS OF MOTIVATION FOR DISCHARGE AND THEN RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO 1 OF 2 TESTING CONDITIONS. FOR THE "DEFENSIVE" CONDITION, THE PATIENTS WERE TOLD THAT THE TESTS WOULD DETERMINE THEIR READINESS FOR DISCHARGE; FOR THE "ROUTINE" CONDITION, THEY WERE ASSURED THAT THE TEST RESULTS WOULD NOT AFFECT THEIR DISCHARGE DATE. THE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT MAIN EFFECTS FOR THE CONDITIONS OF TESTING AND LEVELS OF MOTIVATION ON SEVERAL OF THE STANDARD AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALES. FROM AN ANALYSIS OF INTERACTION EFFECTS, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT SS ARE MORE LIKELY TO DISSIMULATE WHEN THE TESTING IS PERCEIVED AS A POTENTIAL BARRIER TO THE ATTAINMENT OF THEIR IMMEDIATE GOALS. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECT OF SELF-ESTEEM UPON PERFORMANCE FOLLOWING FAILURE STRESS.

INVESTIGATED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2 CLASSES OF BEHAVIOR RELATED TO MENTAL HEALTH: SELF-ESTEEM, MEASURED BY THE TENNESSEE SELF-CONCEPT SCALE, AND STRESS TOLERANCE, A MEASURE OF PERSONALITY INTEGRATION. IT WAS PREDICTED AND SUPPORTED THAT 28 LOW SELF-ESTEEM SS WOULD BE MORE AFFECTED BY STRESS THAN 28 HIGH SELF-ESTEEM SS. SS PERFORMED AN INTELLECTUAL TASK AND RECEIVED EITHER NEUTRAL OR FAILURE PERFORMANCE REPORTS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT POSITIVE SELF-ATTITUDES AND STRESS TOLERANCE ARE RELATED AS EXPECTED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

LONGITUDINAL TRENDS IN THE RELATION OF THOUGHT TO ACTION.

ATABULATION OF THE SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MOTIVATIONAL IMAGERY AND BEHAVIOR OVER 20 YR. IN SKOLNICK'S (SEE 41:3) STUDY REVEALED (1) THAT THE NUMBER OF SUCH CORRELATIONS IS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER THAN CHANCE, (2) THAT THIS FINDING IS LARGELY CONFINED TO THE MALE SS, (3) THAT ORDINARY OS DO NOT PERCEIVE PEOPLE AS HAVING TRAITS CHARACTERISTIC OF THEIR IMAGERY TYPES, THOUGH CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS DO, (4) THAT IMAGERY RELATED MORE TO OPERANT ACTIONS IN MALES AND RESPONDENT ACTIONS IN FEMALES, (5) THAT ADOLESCENT IMAGERY SCORES ARE MUCH INFERIOR TO ADULT IMAGERY SCORES IN THE NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIPS THEY GENERATE, AND (6) THAT ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES PREDICT ADULT IMAGERY SCORES MUCH BETTER THAN ADOLESCENT IMAGERY PREDICTS ADULT ACTIVITIES, SUGGESTING THAT IMAGERY MAY BE MORE THE RESULT THAN THE CAUSE OF ACTION. THE FINDINGS ARE INTERPRETED IN TERMS OF A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK IN WHICH FANTASY IS CONSIDERED SIMPLY AS 1 TYPE OF BEHAVIOR (E.G., THOUGHT) WHICH IS RELATED TO ANOTHER TYPE OF BEHAVIOR (E.G., ACTION), RATHER THAN IN TERMS OF THE TRADITIONAL PROJECTIVE TEST FRAMEWORK. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

WEIGHTING COMPONENTS OF JOB SATISFACTION.

IS IT NECESSARY TO DETERMINE HOW IMPORTANT EACH COMPONENT OF THE JOB IS TO THE EMPLOYEE AS WELL AS HOW SATISFIED HE IS WITH EACH COMPONENT? EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF USING IMPORTANCE MEASURES TO ARRIVE AT WEIGHTED OVERALL JOB-SATISFACTION SCORES INDICATED THAT (1) SCORES ON AN 8-POINT SCALE OF IMPORTANCE MULTIPLIED BY SATISFACTION SCORES GAVE A "SATISFACTION-TIMES-IMPORTANCE" TOTAL SCORE THAT CORRELATED .99 WITH THE UNWEIGHTED TOTAL; AND (2) THE UNWEIGHTED TOTAL WAS AS HIGHLY CORRELATED WITH INDEPENDENT MEASURES OF OVERALL JOB SATISFACTION AS ANY OF THE WEIGHTED TOTALS. HOWEVER, THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENT AS DETERMINED BY A RANKING SCALE WAS MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO OVERALL JOB SATISFACTION THAN THE LEAST IMPORTANT COMPONENT. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE PRESENT RESULTS INDICATE THE NECESSITY OF EMPIRICALLY DEMONSTRATING THE USEFULNESS OF IMPORTANCE MEASURES BEFORE ACCEPTING TOTAL SCORES WEIGHTED BY IMPORTANCE AS SUPERIOR TO UNWEIGHTED TOTAL SCORES. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DEPENDENCE OF EMPIRICAL LAWS UPON THE SOURCE OF EXPERIMENTAL VARIATION.

THE NATURE OF THE RELATIONS OBSERVED BETWEEN SETS OF VARIABLES IS DEPENDENT UPON THE SOURCE OF EXPERIMENTAL VARIATION EMPLOYED. RECOGNITION OF THIS PRINCIPLE MAY LEAD TO SOMEWHAT DIFFERENT RESEARCH STRATEGIES, WHICH, IN TURN, MAY LEAD TO THE DISCOVERY OF NEW AND INTERESTING RELATIONS OR TO THEORETICAL CLARIFICATION. THE 1ST POINT DISCUSSED IS THE RELATION BETWEEN WITHIN-S AND BETWEEN-S DESIGNS. THE 2ND POINT IS THAT QUITE DIFFERENT CONCLUSIONS MAY BE DRAWN CONCERNING THE RELATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT RESPONSE MEASURES WHEN VARIATION IS BASED UPON EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION THAN WHEN IT IS BASED UPON INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES. EXAMPLES ARE GIVEN FROM SEVERAL RESEARCH AREAS. (28 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

VERBAL ASSOCIATIVE STABILITY AND COMMONALITY AS A FUNCTION OF STRESS IN SCHIZOPHRENICS, NEUROTICS, AND NORMALS.

4 ASSOCIATIONS TO EACH OF 16 STIMULUS WORDS, 8 JUDGED TO BE ANXIETY WORDS AND 8 NEUTRAL WORDS, WERE OBTAINED UNDER RELAXED AND TIME-PRESSURE CONDITIONS FROM EACH OF 40 SCHIZOPHRENICS, 32 NEUROTICS, AND 27 NORMALS ON 2 SUCCESSIVE DAYS. SCHIZOPHRENICS AND NEUROTICS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LESS STABLE THAN NORMALS IN THEIR ASSOCIATIONS, AND SCHIZOPHRENICS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LESS STABLE THAN NEUROTICS IN THEIR RESPONSES TO ANXIETY WORDS. TIME PRESSURE MADE SCHIZOPHRENICS EVEN LESS STABLE AND NEUROTICS MORE STABLE. THE ASSOCIATIONS OF SCHIZOPHRENICS WERE MORE UNCOMMON THAN THOSE OF NEUROTICS OR NORMALS. ALL GROUPS GAVE MORE UNCOMMON RESPONSES WHEN RESPONDING TO ANXIETY WORDS AS COMPARED TO CONTROL WORDS. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT A PARTIAL DISORGANIZATION OF VERBAL HABITS IS AN ASPECT OF SCHIZOPHRENIC THOUGHT DISTURBANCE, AND THE RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT WITH A RESPONSE-STRENGTH CEILING INTERPRETATION OF THIS DISORGANIZATION. (19 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE ANALYSIS OF CLASSICAL DISCRIMINATION CONDITIONING EXPERIMENTS.

A CR IN THE CLASSICAL DISCRIMINATION CONDITIONING SITUATION MAY BE VIEWED AS THE JOINT PRODUCT OF A CRITERION FOR A RESPONSE AND THE EXTENT TO WHICH S DISCRIMINATES BETWEEN THE STIMULI. RESPONSE BIAS IS THUS SEEN TO BE A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN SINGLE-STIMULUS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, AND SIGNAL DETECTION METHODS ARE SEEN TO BE RELEVANT TO THE ANALYSIS OF DISCRIMINATION CONDITIONING EXPERIMENTS. PRELIMINARY APPLICATIONS TO PUBLISHED DATA ON SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES SUGGEST THAT SS CLASSIFIED AS "VOLUNTARY," SS WITH HIGH MA SCALE SCORES, AND SS CONDITIONED WITH A HIGH-INTENSITY UCS DIFFER PRIMARILY BY RESPONDING WITH A LOWER CRITERION, I.E., ARE MORE RESPONSIVE, THAN "CONDITIONERS," LOW-MA SS, AND SS CONDITIONED WITH A LOW-INTENSITY UCS. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE NEW NEUROLOGY AND THE BIOLOGY OF EMOTION: A STRUCTURAL APPROACH.

REVIEWS THE PROBLEM OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF EMOTION. EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED TO SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT NEUROHUMORAL MECHANISMS ARE SUBJECT TO "TUNING" BY EXPERIENCE AND IS THEN ADDUCED TO SHOW THAT SENSORY AS WELL AS HOMEOSTATIC PROCESSES ARE ORGANIZED AS NEURAL SERVO-MECHANISMS. THE VIEW THAT THE DICHOTOMY BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND EMOTION RESTS ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SENSORY AND NEUROHUMORAL MECHANISMS WAS REEVALUATED. THE AROUSAL THEORY OF EMOTION PROVIDED A VEHICLE FOR THE NEEDED REVISION BUT EVIDENCE IS MARSHALED AGAINST THE NOTION THAT AROUSAL INVOLVES CHANGES IN NEURAL INTENSITY. RATHER, A CHANGE IN "DISTRIBUTION" OF EXCITATION, I.E., ITS ORGANIZATION, OCCURS WHICH IS MEASURABLE AS UNCERTAINTY, I.E., INFORMATION. ENGINEERS HAVE SHOWN THAT INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS CAN CONTINUE TO FUNCTION ONLY AS LONG AS A SUFFICIENT VARIETY IN CONTROL MECHANISMS DEVELOPS TO KEEP PACE WITH DEMAND. FROM THIS, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT MOTIVATION AND EMOTION REFLECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF REQUISITE VARIETY OF CONTROL. EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED TO SHOW THAT NEURAL MECHANISMS EXIST WHICH CAN REGULATE THE RATE OF INFORMATION FLOW IN AFFERENT CHANNELS. SOME OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS ARE DISCUSSED. (31 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

TASK PERFORMANCE OF REPRESSORS AND SENSITIZERS UNDER EGO-ORIENTED VERSUS TASK-ORIENTED INSTRUCTIONS.

SS WERE 40 REPRESSORS AND 40 SENSITIZERS. REPRESSORS SOLVED FEWER ANAGRAMS WHEN GIVEN EGO-ORIENTED INSTRUCTIONS THAN WHEN GIVEN TASK-ORIENTED INSTRUCTIONS. IN VIEW OF THE FINDINGS THAT SENSITIZERS ARE MORE EFFECTUAL PEOPLE UNDER EGO-ORIENTED CONDITIONS, IT WAS SUGGESTED THAT IT MAY BE NECESSARY TO REVISE THE CONCEPTION THAT REPRESSORS ARE BETTER ADJUSTED THAN SENSITIZERS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SUBJECTIVE REACTIONS OF A AND B QUASI-THERAPISTS TO SCHIZOID AND NEUROTIC COMMUNICATIONS: A REPLICATION AND EXTENSION.

PRIOR RESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT THERAPISTS CLASSIFIED AS "A'S" ON THE WHITEHORN-BETZ A-B SCALE ACHIEVE BETTER OUTCOMES IN PSYCHOTHERAPY WITH SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS, WHILE B'S PERFORM BETTER WITH NEUROTIC PATIENTS. THE PRESENT EXPERIMENT, A PSYCHOTHERAPY ANALOGUE USING 72 UNTRAINED SS AS QUASI-THERAPISTS, FOUND THAT A'S, WHEN PAIRED WITH A SCHIZOID PATIENT, AND B'S, WHEN PAIRED WITH A NEUROTIC PATIENT FOUND IT EASIER TO SELECT SELF-CHOSEN HELPFUL RESPONSES AND WERE MORE SATISFIED WITH THEIR PERFORMANCE THAN UNDER THE OPPOSITE THERAPIST-BY-PATIENT CONDITIONS OF PAIRING. THESE RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT WITH DATA ON ACTUAL THERAPIST. METHODOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHOTHERAPY AND ANALOGUE RESEARCH ARE ADDUCED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ADDENDUM TO "AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE HERZBERG TWO-FACTOR THEORY."

A 2-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE ON SELECTED A PRIORI CONTRASTS WAS PERFORMED ON THE DATA FROM THE STUDY BY EWEN, SMITH, HULIN, AND LOCKE (SEE 41:3). THE RESULTS CLEARLY SUPPORT THE TRADITIONAL THEORY WITHOUT THE ASSUMPTION THAT ALL VARIABLES ARE EQUALLY POTENT CONTRIBUTORS TO JOB SATISFACTION AND ARGUE AGAINST THE 2-FACTOR THEORY. THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE SATISFIER WAS DEMONSTRATED TO BE MUCH GREATER THAN THAT OF THE DISSATISFIER TO BOTH SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN SATISFIERS AND DISSATISFIERS IS NO LONGER REASONABLE. FURTHER, THE MOST LIKELY CANDIDATE ON WHICH TO MAKE THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN MORE AND LESS POTENT CONTRIBUTORS TO JOB SATISFACTION APPEARS TO BE THE INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC CLASSIFICATION. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY.

SEVERAL INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT, FOR THE AVERAGE S, ENDORSEMENT OF PERSONALITY INVENTORY ITEMS HAS ONLY A LOW TO MODERATE CORRELATION WITH SOCIAL DESIRABILITY (SD), UNLIKE THE CASE WHEN PROBABILITY OF ENDORSEMENT BY A GROUP IS RELATED TO DESIRABILITY. THESE STUDIES HAVE USED POINT-BISERIAL CORRELATION FOR THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PRODUCT-MOMENT COEFFICIENT FOR THE GROUP. WHEN A SINGLE S'S RESPONSES ARE ANALYZED IN A WAY THAT PERMITS ESTIMATION OF PROBABILITY OF ENDORSEMENT, THE PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION BETWEEN THIS PROBABILITY AND SD TYPICALLY IS HIGH, APPROACHING MUCH CLOSER TO THE GROUP VALUE. HIGH AVERAGE INDIVIDUAL CORRELATION BETWEEN ENDORSEMENT AND DESIRABILITY DOES NOT PREVENT A DIAGNOSTIC SCALE FROM DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN DISPARATE GROUPS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)