SVIB KEY LENGTH: DISSIDENT DATA.

RECENT STUDIES OF INTEREST KEY LENGTH SUGGEST THAT ABOUT 60 ITEM RESPONSES ARE OPTIMAL FOR MAXIMIZING GROUP PREPARATION. THIS STUDY SOUGHT TO DETERMINE WHETHER THIS OPTIMUM STILL EMERGES WHEN CONTROL OF ITEM VALIDITY IS ACCOMPLISHED BY RANDOMLY SELECTING THE ITEM RESPONSES TO BE INCLUDED IN KEYS OF VARIOUS LENGTHS. THE POSSIBILITY OF AN OPTIMAL KEY LENGTH WAS EVALUATED IN TERMS OF VALIDITY AND TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY. THESE COMPARISONS INDICATED THAT VALIDITIES, AS WELL AS TEST-RETEST RELIABILITIES, SUBSTANTIALLY AND CONSISTENTLY INCREASED AS MORE ITEM RESPONSES WERE SCORED. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT NO OPTIMAL KEY LENGTH, SUCH AS THE ONE PREVIOUSLY PROPOSED, EXISTS WHEN VARIOUS ITEM CHARACTERISTICS ARE RANDOMIZED; CONSEQUENTLY, KEY LENGTH IS A DECISION SPECIFIC TO EACH ITEM POOL. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF POLICY FORMATION.

DISCUSSES "THE TREND OF DEVELOPMENTS IN THE STUDY OF POLICY FORMATION AND THE ROLE THAT SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS HAVE PLAYED AND CAN PLAY IN THESE DEVELOPMENTS." ESSENTIAL TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF THE POLICY PROCESS ARE 3 POINTS. "THE 1ST IS THAT MORALIZING AND GENERALIZING ARE NOT THE SAME THING AS POLICY MAKING." THE 2ND AND 3RD "ARE THAT POLICY FORMATION IS A SOCIAL PROCESS WITH INTELLECTUAL ELEMENTS CONTAINED WITHIN IT RATHER THAN AN INTELLECTUAL PROCESS, AND FURTHER, THAT THE MODEL OF THE INTELLECTUAL PROCESSES INVOLVED IS NOT THAT OF DECISION MAKING." PROPOSES THAT "THE PROCESS OF POLICY FORMATION BE VIEWED AS ONE OF EXPLICIT OR IMPLICIT NEGOTIATION IN WHICH A COURSE OF ACTION EVOLVED THAT WAS A REASONABLE RESOLUTION OF THE DIVERSITY OF VALUES AND INTERESTS. IN THIS PROCESS, A KEY SKILL IS THAT OF FORMULATING AND COMMUNICATING POLICY IN SUCH A WAY AS TO ELICIT THE NECESSARY SUPPORT." A STRATEGY OF RESEARCH IS OUTLINED, AND IT IS CONCLUDED THAT "IF WE ARE TO IMPROVE THE POLICY PROCESS WE WILL HAVE TO EFFECT THESE IMPROVEMENTS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF ESSENTIALLY THE SAME SYSTEM OF NEGOTIATION THAT PRESENTLY EXISTS." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EMPIRICAL EVALUATIONS OF HUMAN FIGURE DRAWINGS: 1957-1966.

REVIEWS HUMAN FIGURE DRAWING RESEARCH LITERATURE PUBLISHED SINCE 1957, AND CONCLUDES THAT SUCH RESEARCH HAS IMPROVED SUBSTANTIALLY IN QUALITY AND HAS PRODUCED INCREASED EMPIRICAL SUPPORT FOR THE USE OF HUMAN FIGURE DRAWINGS AS A CLINICAL TOOL. THE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE VALIDITY OF A PARTICULAR ASPECT OF DRAWINGS IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE RELIABILITY OF THAT ASPECT OF THE DRAWING. GLOBAL RATINGS ARE THE MOST RELIABLE AND MOST VALID, WHILE INDIVIDUAL SIGNS ARE THE LEAST RELIABLE AND LEAST VALID. SINCE THE PRESENCE OF CERTAIN SIGNS IS RELATED TO THE OVERALL QUALITY OF THE DRAWINGS, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT FUTURE RESEARCH SHOULD CONTROL FOR THE QUALITY OF THE DRAWINGS. (4 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A THEORY OF ENESTRUENCE (EVENT-STRUCTURE THEORY): REPORT OF PROGRESS.

IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE ENESTRUENCE THEORY, AS PRESENTED, IS TENTATIVE, SPECULATIVE, AND INCOMPLETE. "IT IS HOPED THAT IN TIME . . .(MAN) MAY . . . NOT ONLY . . . EMPATHIZE WITH THE EARTHWORM BECAUSE ITS FUNCTIONS ARE INTELLIGIBLE IN THE SAME TELIC FRAME OF REFERENCE . . . BUT (ALSO) TO COMPREHEND MORE OF THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF THAT CREATURE, AND TO PROCEED TOWARD AN OBJECTIVE UNDERSTANDING OF THAT . . . PATTERN THAT IS REPEATED . . . IN THE GUISE OF ALL LIVING THINGS." (19 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AN MMPI SCALE OF ASSAULTIVENESS IN OVERCONTROLLED INDIVIDUALS.

REPORTS THE DERIVATION, STANDARDIZATION, AND CROSS-VALIDATION OF AN MMPI SCALE, O-H (OVERCONTROLLED HOSTILITY), WHICH DISCRIMINATES OVERCONTROLLED FROM UNDERCONTROLLED ASSAULTIVE CRIMINALS, NONVIOLENT CRIMINALS, AND NORMALS. SEVERAL CONSTRUCT VALIDITY STUDIES ARE PRESENTED WHICH INDICATE THAT THE SCALE IS SENSITIVE TO A MIXTURE OF SELF-CONTROL, HOSTILITY, AND ALIENATION. THE DATA ARE INTERPRETED AS SUPPORTING THE THEORY THAT ASSAULTIVE CRIMINALS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO OVERCONTROLLED AND UNDERCONTROLLED TYPES. THE USEFULNESS OF O-H IN CLINICAL ASSESSMENT AND IN PERSONALITY RESEARCH IS DISCUSSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

OLD WINE IN NEW SKINS: GROUPING WECHSLER SUBTESTS INTO NEW SCALES.

A REACTION TO THE EXTENSIVE LITERATURE ON NEW WECHSLER SUBTEST COMBINATIONS (E.G., SHORT FORMS AND FACTOR SCALES). ANY NEW WECHSLER COMPOSITE RAISES ELEMENTARY ISSUES OF RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND SCORE STANDARDIZATION. IT IS ARGUED THAT IN THE PAST, THESE ISSUES HAVE NOT BEEN DEALT WITH IN A SATISFACTORY MANNER. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY FORMULAS, APPROPRIATE FOR WECHSLER COMPOSITES, ARE PRESENTED. A MODIFIED PART-WHOLE CORRELATION FORMULA IS OFFERED FOR USE IN CASES OF NONINDEPENDENT TEST ADMINISTRATION OF PART AND WHOLE. IN ORDER TO FACILITATE APPROPRIATE CLINICAL USE, CONVERSION TABLES ARE PRESENTED FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF COMPOSITE SCORES, INCLUDING FACTOR SCORES, INTO, WECHSLER DEVIATION QUOTIENTS. (31 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DETECTING RESPONDENTS WHO FAKE AND CONFUSE INFORMATION ABOUT QUESTION AREAS ON SURVEYS.

OPINION-ATTITUDE AND MARKET SURVEY RESEARCHERS OFTEN INCLUDE IN QUESTIONNAIRES A NONEXISTENT ITEM IN A LIST OF ITEMS ON WHICH ATTITUDES AND INFORMATION LEVELS ARE SOUGHT. THESE RESEARCHERS ASSUME THAT RESPONSE TO THE PHONY ITEM IS EVIDENCE OF INVALID RESPONSES TO OTHER ITEMS. VERBAL BEHAVIOR OF RESPONDENTS CLAIMING AWARENESS OF SUCH A PHONY ITEM IS COMPARATIVELY ANALYZED IN EVALUATION OF THIS PRACTICAL TECHNIQUE. DATA ARE INTERVIEWS WITH 625 SAMPLE SURVEY RESPONDENTS. RESPONDENTS ASSERTING AWARENESS OF THE FICTITIOUS ITEM ARE MORE LIKELY (1) TO PROFESS AWARENESS OF GENUINE ITEMS, AND (2) TO EXPRESS FAVORABLE ATTITUDES TOWARD ITEMS. THE TECHNIQUE PERMITS A ROUGH BUT WORKABLE ESTIMATION OF RESPONSE VALIDITY AND DOES NOT GREATLY BIAS THE SAMPLE'S REPRESENTATIVENESS IF INVALID RESPONSES ARE DROPPED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE NEW NEUROLOGY AND THE BIOLOGY OF EMOTION: A STRUCTURAL APPROACH.

REVIEWS THE PROBLEM OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF EMOTION. EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED TO SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT NEUROHUMORAL MECHANISMS ARE SUBJECT TO "TUNING" BY EXPERIENCE AND IS THEN ADDUCED TO SHOW THAT SENSORY AS WELL AS HOMEOSTATIC PROCESSES ARE ORGANIZED AS NEURAL SERVO-MECHANISMS. THE VIEW THAT THE DICHOTOMY BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND EMOTION RESTS ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SENSORY AND NEUROHUMORAL MECHANISMS WAS REEVALUATED. THE AROUSAL THEORY OF EMOTION PROVIDED A VEHICLE FOR THE NEEDED REVISION BUT EVIDENCE IS MARSHALED AGAINST THE NOTION THAT AROUSAL INVOLVES CHANGES IN NEURAL INTENSITY. RATHER, A CHANGE IN "DISTRIBUTION" OF EXCITATION, I.E., ITS ORGANIZATION, OCCURS WHICH IS MEASURABLE AS UNCERTAINTY, I.E., INFORMATION. ENGINEERS HAVE SHOWN THAT INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS CAN CONTINUE TO FUNCTION ONLY AS LONG AS A SUFFICIENT VARIETY IN CONTROL MECHANISMS DEVELOPS TO KEEP PACE WITH DEMAND. FROM THIS, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT MOTIVATION AND EMOTION REFLECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF REQUISITE VARIETY OF CONTROL. EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED TO SHOW THAT NEURAL MECHANISMS EXIST WHICH CAN REGULATE THE RATE OF INFORMATION FLOW IN AFFERENT CHANNELS. SOME OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS ARE DISCUSSED. (31 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

OF FLIES AND MEN.

"INDIVIDUALITY, UNIQUENESS, IS NOT OUTSIDE THE COMPETENCE OF SCIENCE. IT MAY, IN FACT IT MUST, BE UNDERSTOOD SCIENTIFICALLY. IN PARTICULAR, THE SCIENCE OF GENETICS INVESTIGATES INDIVIDUALITY AND ITS CAUSES. THE SINGULARITY OF THE HUMAN SELF BECOMES COMPREHENSIBLE IN THE LIGHT OF GENETICS . . . . THAT EVERY PERSON DIFFERS FROM EVERY OTHER PERSON IS SO OBVIOUS THAT THIS IS TAKEN USUALLY FOR GRANTED." THE THEORY OF GENETIC INDIVIDUALITY "STEMS DIRECTLY FROM MENDEL'S 2ND LAW, THE LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT." RESEARCHES WITH DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA ON GEOTAXIS AND PHOTOTAXIS ARE SUMMARIZED AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR MAN CONSIDERED. "TO SAY THAT . . .(IT IS NOT KNOWN) TO WHAT EXTENT GROUP DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS ARE GENETIC IS NOT THE SAME AS SAYING THAT THE GENETIC COMPONENT DOES NOT EXIST. IT IS A CHALLENGE TO FIND OUT . . . . GENETICALLY SELECTIVE SOCIAL MOBILITY SEEMS TO BE A POWERFUL EVOLUTIONARY AGENT." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

BEHAVIOR-GENETIC, OR "EXPERIMENTAL," ANALYSIS: THE CHALLENGE OF SCIENCE VERSUS THE LURE OF TECHNOLOGY.

J. B. WATSON'S WORK HAS MUCH DETERMINED THE FORM AND SUBSTANCE OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY AND WATSON, THROUGH MISINTERPRETATION, SUGGESTED THAT "THE VAST MAJORITY OF THE VARIATIONS OF ORGANISMS ARE NOT INHERITED . . . .(HOWEVER) IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO STUDY THE GENETICS OF A BEHAVIOR. WE CAN STUDY THE BEHAVIOR OF AN ORGANISM, THE GENETICS OF A POPULATION, AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE EXPRESSION OF SOME BEHAVIOR BY THE MEMBERS OF THAT POPULATION." THE "TRYON EFFECT" (FAILURE TO OBTAIN A JUMP OR INCREASE IN VARIANCE FROM THE F1 TO THE F2 GENERATION IN SELECTIVE BREEDING STUDIES), REDUCTIONISTIC NAIVETE, AND CORRELATIONAL NAIVETE ARE CONSIDERED. ". . . THE IMPORTANCE OF A PURE SCIENCE APPROACH TO BEHAVIOR-GENETIC ANALYSIS IN MAN AS WELL AS IN ANIMALS (IS ARGUED). . . . AS THE SOCIAL, ETHNIC, AND ECONOMIC BARRIERS TO EDUCATION ARE REMOVED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, AND AS THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION APPROACHES A MORE UNIFORMLY HIGH LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS, HEREDITY MAY BE EXPECTED TO MAKE AN EVER LARGER CONTRIBUTION TO INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING AND CONSEQUENTLY TO SUCCESS IN OUR INCREASINGLY COMPLEX CIVILIZATION." (48 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EXPERIMENTAL AND CORRELATIONAL STUDIES OF THE FEAR OF DEATH.

THE TECHNIQUES USED TO MEASURE THE FEAR OF DEATH ARE REVIEWED. THE EFFECTS OF DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES AND PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS ARE DISCUSSED, AND THE LACK OF CONSISTENCY IN THE DIFFERENT STUDIES IS ATTRIBUTED TO LACK OF ATTENTION TO THE CONSISTENCY AND THE VALIDITY OF THE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND A FAILURE TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES ARE ASSESSING THE SAME DIMENSION. THE CHOICE OF VARIABLES IS CRITICIZED FOR A LACK OF RELEVANCE TO THE GENESIS OF THE FEAR OF DEATH. (58 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

USE OF THE SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL IN A TEST OF SUPER'S VOCATIONAL ADJUSTMENT THEORY.

3 HYPOTHESES DERIVED FROM THE THEORY THAT VOCATIONAL ADJUSTMENT IS DEPENDENT UPON IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SELF-CONCET WERE TESTED: (1) THE SAME DIMENSIONS OF MEANING ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE SELF- AND JOB-RELATED CONCEPTS, (2) SS WILL RATE THE CONCEPTS IN THE SAME WAY ACROSS THE DIMENSIONS, AND (3) THE SELF-CONCEPT IS STABLE OVER TIME. 89 JUNE GRADUATING SENIORS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, WERE USED AS SS FOR ESTABLISHING THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF THE MYSELF CONCEPT. THIS STRUCTURE WAS THEN COMPARED TO THE CONCEPTS MYSELF, MY JOB, AND EMPLOYER, ADMINISTERED AFTER SS WERE EMPLOYED. 40 JANUARY GRADUATING SENIORS WERE USED FOR CROSS-VALIDATION. HYPOTHESES 1 AND 2 WERE PARTIALLY REJECTED; HYPOTHESIS 3 WAS ACCEPTED AT THE .01 LEVEL. THE THEORY THAT JOB SATISFACTION AND LIFE ADJUSTMENT ARE DUE TO A GENERAL EVALUATIVE PERSONALITY DISPOSITION IS OFFERED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE CONGRUENCY THEORY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PREDICTION OF THE STANDARD MMPI SCALE SCORES FROM 71 ITEMS: THE MINI-MULT.

SELECTED 71 ITEMS AS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE CONTENT CLUSTERS TAPPED BY THE 11 STANDARD VALIDITY AND CLINICAL MMPI SCALES. THE ABILITY OF THIS ITEM POOL TO PREDICT THE STANDARD SCALE SCORES WAS CONTRASTED WITH THE ABILITY OF A RETEST TO DO THE SAME. THE ABBREVIATED FORM (THE MINI-MULT) WAS ESTIMATED TO HAVE SUFFERED ONLY A 9% LOSS IN RELIABILITY AND A 14% LOSS IN CORRESPONDENCE IN COMPARISON WITH THE READMINISTRATION OF THE STANDARD FORM. CORRELATIONAL, CODE-TYPE, AND GLOBAL RATING DATA WERE USED IN ASSESSING THE DEGREE OF CORRESPONDENCE. THE LOSS IN RELIABILITY AND CORRESPONDENCE WAS NOT SUFFICIENT TO MITIGATE AGAINST THE USE OF THE MINI-MULT WHEN A STANDARD TEST COULD NOT BE OBTAINED. METHODOLOGICAL QUESTIONS RELEVANT TO THE USE OF THE SPEARMAN-BROWN FORMULA AND FACTOR ANALYSIS ARE DISCUSSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

WHERE THE ACTION IS.

1 OF THE CRITICAL NEEDS IN MENTAL HEALTH CENTERS IS TO RELATE SYSTEMATICALLY CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TO DISPOSITION AND TREATMENT PROCEDURES, THAT IS, TO "WHERE THE ACTION IS." TRADITIONAL DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES ARE ONLY LOOSELY RELATED, IF AT ALL, TO DISPOSITION AND TREATMENT. THE THESIS OF THE PRESENT PAPER IS THAT DISPOSITION AND ACTION ARE THE ULTIMATE CRITICAL GOALS FOR ASSESSMENT. SEVERAL SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR IMPLEMENTING CLINICAL AND RESEARCH APPROACHES TO THE PROBLEM OF SYSTEMATICALLY RELATING ASSESSMENT AND CLINICAL ACTION. (20 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

HUNGER IN MAN: COMPARATIVE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES.

HUNGER AND FEEDING ARE UNDER MULTIFACTOR CONTROL. THESE FACTORS ARE INTEGRATED IN THE CNS, PARTICULARLY IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS, WHERE THERE ARE BOTH EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY MECHANISMS CONTROLLING FOOD INTAKE AND HUNGER MOTIVATION. 30 FIGURES SUMMARIZE CONCEPTIONS AND RESEARCH CONCERNING FEEDING AND DRINKING PRIMARILY IN ANIMALS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT: "1. WE CAN STUDY FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN MAN OBJECTIVELY. 2. IN OUR EXPERIMENTAL SITUATION, WE CAN REDUCE HUMAN FEEDING TO A BASIC, PHYSIOLOGICAL, REGULATORY RESPONSE. 3. MAN IS A SUPERB PHYSIOLOGICAL PREPARATION, AND UNDER THE RIGHT CONDITIONS PERMITS THE USE OF EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATIONS. 4. THE STUDY OF MAN ALSO GIVES US ACESS TO THE WHOLE SUBJECTIVE SIDE OF HUNGER, WITH VALIDATION IN ACTUAL FOOD INTAKE. 5. FINALLY, HUNGER AND THIRST ARE UNDER THE CONTROL OF A NUMBER OF PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS, CONTRIBUTING TO A CENTRAL NEURAL INTEGRATING MECHANISM THAT YIELDS THE PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION, THE MOTIVATIONAL CONTROL, AND PERHAPS ALSO THE SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

LONGITUDINAL TRENDS IN THE RELATION OF THOUGHT TO ACTION.

ATABULATION OF THE SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MOTIVATIONAL IMAGERY AND BEHAVIOR OVER 20 YR. IN SKOLNICK'S (SEE 41:3) STUDY REVEALED (1) THAT THE NUMBER OF SUCH CORRELATIONS IS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER THAN CHANCE, (2) THAT THIS FINDING IS LARGELY CONFINED TO THE MALE SS, (3) THAT ORDINARY OS DO NOT PERCEIVE PEOPLE AS HAVING TRAITS CHARACTERISTIC OF THEIR IMAGERY TYPES, THOUGH CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS DO, (4) THAT IMAGERY RELATED MORE TO OPERANT ACTIONS IN MALES AND RESPONDENT ACTIONS IN FEMALES, (5) THAT ADOLESCENT IMAGERY SCORES ARE MUCH INFERIOR TO ADULT IMAGERY SCORES IN THE NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIPS THEY GENERATE, AND (6) THAT ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES PREDICT ADULT IMAGERY SCORES MUCH BETTER THAN ADOLESCENT IMAGERY PREDICTS ADULT ACTIVITIES, SUGGESTING THAT IMAGERY MAY BE MORE THE RESULT THAN THE CAUSE OF ACTION. THE FINDINGS ARE INTERPRETED IN TERMS OF A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK IN WHICH FANTASY IS CONSIDERED SIMPLY AS 1 TYPE OF BEHAVIOR (E.G., THOUGHT) WHICH IS RELATED TO ANOTHER TYPE OF BEHAVIOR (E.G., ACTION), RATHER THAN IN TERMS OF THE TRADITIONAL PROJECTIVE TEST FRAMEWORK. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PLATONIC TRUE SCORES AND ERROR IN PSYCHIATRIC RATING SCALES.

THE TRUE SCORE IN CLASSICAL TEST THEORY IS DEFINED IN TERMS OF RELIABILITY OF MEASUREMENT. AN ALTERNATIVE DEFINITION IS BASED ON THE VALIDITY OF MEASUREMENT: TRUE SCORE ACCURATELY REFLECTS A CHARACTERISTIC OF THE MEASURED OBJECT. IN THIS PAPER, A TRUE SCORE DEFINED IN TERMS OF VALIDITY IS CALLED A PLATONIC TRUE SCORE. THE ASSUMPTIONS OF CLASSICAL TEST THEORY ARE SHOWN TO BE GENERALLY UNTENABLE FOR A THEORY BASED ON PLATONIC TRUE SCORES. SOME ELEMENTARY TEST THEORY DERIVATIONS BASED ON THE PLATONIC TRUE SCORE DEFINITION ARE PRESENTED AND THE RESULTS ARE COMPARED WITH STANDARD DERIVATIONS OF CLASSICAL TEST THEORY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

WLADIMIR VON DECHTEREW IS WLADIMIR VON BECHTEREW: A TYPOGRAPHICAL ERROR.

A. SILVERSTEIN'S (SEE 40:11) QUOTATION IN AN ARTICLE IN THIS JOURNAL OF "A SPEECH MADE BY VON DECHTEREW AT THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF PSYCHOLOGY" AND ESPER'S STATEMENT IN HIS A HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY THAT THE SPEECH WAS MADE BY "WLADIMIR VON DECHTEREW (NOT BECHTEREW)" ARE BASED ON A TYPOGRAPHICAL ERROR IN THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS. A THOROUGH SEARCH OF RUSSIAN PUBLICATIONS REVEALS NO EVIDENCE OF THE EXISTENCE OF ANY VON DECHTEREW AND THE FACT THAN VON BECHTEREW ATTENDED THE 3RD CONGRESS AND SAID WHAT THE ALLEGED VON DECHTEREW IS QUOTED TO HAVE SAID. SILVERSTEIN'S IMPUTATION IN THE ARTICLE THAT PAVLOV'S SYSTEM OF "HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY" AND RAZRAN'S OWN VIEWS ARE REDUCTIONISTIC IS A MISCONCEPTION. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ELECTRONIC INNOVATION IN THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES: A CALL TO RESPONSIBILITY.

A POSSIBLE COMBINATION OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY IS THAT OF "BEHAVIORAL ELECTRONICS," THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY TO THE UNDERSTANDING, MAINTENANCE, AND MODIFICATION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR. THIS RAISES MANY CRITICAL SOCIAL ISSUES WHICH MAY BE BEST RESOLVED BY PROFESSIONAL "PREVENTIVE" RESEARCH SIMILAR TO THAT USED IN DRUG AND MEDICAL DEVICE RESEARCH. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL ELECTRONICS AND THAT OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY AND THE PHYSICS LABORATORY ARE POINTED OUT, AND BROAD PROFESSIONAL INVOLVEMENT IS SUGGESTED AS A MEANS FOR DEVELOPING A WIDE RANGE OF OPTIONS CONSONANT WITH THE PUBLIC WELFARE. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE FEAR OF NOVELTY.

DISCUSSES VARIABLES THAT AFFECT THE AGE OF APPEARANCE, THE FORM, AND THE INTENSITY OF VISUALLY PROVOKED FEARS IN ANIMALS. EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE FEAR OF NOVELTY IS DEPENDENT UPON THE PREVIOUS ENCODING OF THE FAMILIAR, AND THAT SUCH FEARS ARE ATTENUATED BY THE PRESENCE OF THE MOTHER ANIMAL. CLAIMS THAT REARING IN A VISUALLY LIMITED ENVIRONMENT PRODUCES A CHRONICALLY FEARFUL ANIMAL ARE QUESTIONED. THE HYPOTHESES THAT MATURATIONAL PROCESSES CONTRIBUTE TO BOTH THE DELAYED APPEARANCE AND THE CHANGING FORM OF FEAR REACTIONS ARE TENABLE, BUT EVIDENCE FAVORING SUCH POSITIONS IS NOT CONCLUSIVE. ANIMALS ALSO SEEM TO POSSESS A SPECIFIC FEAR OF OBJECTS APPROACHING THEM; THIS FEAR REACTION MAY NOT BE DEPENDENT UPON PREVIOUS VISUAL EXPERIENCE. (40 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)